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Today's Lecture Notes-08!10!2024

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23 views3 pages

Today's Lecture Notes-08!10!2024

Uploaded by

Kartikay Jain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section -A Important Questions

1. SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply):

Definition:
SMPS is a power supply unit used in computers that converts high-voltage AC (Alternating
Current) from the main power supply into low-voltage DC (Direct Current) required by
various components of the computer, like the motherboard, hard drive, and other peripherals.

Working Principle:
SMPS uses a switching regulator to efficiently convert electrical power. Unlike linear power
supplies, SMPS works by rapidly switching the input voltage on and off, producing the
desired voltage and current levels through a transformer and rectifier.

Advantages:

• Efficiency: SMPS is more efficient than traditional power supplies because it


minimizes energy loss.
• Compact Size: Due to its high efficiency and less heat generation, it can be more
compact.
• Cost-Effective: SMPS units are generally more affordable due to lower power
wastage.

2. Motherboard:

Definition:
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer that holds the crucial components
like the processor (CPU), memory (RAM), expansion cards, and connections to peripherals.

Components:

• CPU Socket: Holds and connects the processor.


• RAM Slots: For installing memory modules.
• Chipset: Manages data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals.
• BIOS/UEFI: Contains the firmware for booting up the system.
• Expansion Slots: Allows adding components like graphics or sound cards.

Importance:

• The motherboard acts as a central hub that connects and allows communication
between all hardware components of the computer.

3. Ports and Interfaces:

Definition:
Ports and interfaces are physical or logical connection points on a computer that allow the
system to communicate with external devices like keyboards, mice, printers, and storage
devices.
Common Types:

• USB (Universal Serial Bus): Used for connecting peripherals like keyboards, mice,
and external storage.
• HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): Transmits video and audio signals
to displays.
• Ethernet Port: For network and internet connections.
• Audio Jacks: For connecting headphones, microphones, and speakers.
• VGA and DVI: Older video ports for monitors.

Significance:

• Ports and interfaces enable communication between the computer and external
devices, providing essential functionality such as data transfer, networking, and
multimedia output.

4. Expansion Cards:

Definition:
Expansion cards are printed circuit boards that can be inserted into the motherboard’s
expansion slots to add or enhance the computer’s capabilities.

Types of Expansion Cards:

• Graphics Card (GPU): Enhances graphical output and is essential for gaming, video
editing, and 3D rendering.
• Sound Card: Improves the quality of audio output beyond what is provided by the
motherboard’s integrated sound system.
• Network Interface Card (NIC): Provides the computer with the ability to connect to
a network.
• Storage Controller Card: Adds support for additional storage devices, like hard
drives and SSDs.

Importance:
Expansion cards enhance the functionality of a computer by allowing upgrades and
customization according to the user’s needs.

5. Ribbon Cables:

Definition:
Ribbon cables are flat, wide cables made up of multiple parallel wires that are used to
connect internal components in a computer, such as hard drives, optical drives, and the
motherboard.

Uses:

• IDE Cables: Used to connect older hard drives and optical drives to the motherboard.
• Floppy Disk Drive Cables: Used in older computers to connect floppy drives.

Advantages:

• Flexibility: Ribbon cables are flexible and can fit into tight spaces within the
computer case.
• Parallel Transmission: They allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple
signals, which is useful for data transfer between internal components.

6. Memory Chips (RAM and ROM):

Definition:
Memory chips are integrated circuits that store data temporarily (RAM) or permanently
(ROM) for use by the computer’s processor.

Types:

• RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that temporarily stores data the
CPU needs while running programs. It is fast and essential for multitasking.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that permanently stores
firmware and boot instructions (BIOS/UEFI). It cannot be modified easily.

Importance:

• RAM is crucial for the smooth functioning of applications and multitasking, while
ROM stores essential instructions for starting the computer.

7. Processors (CPU):

Definition:
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing
instructions from programs and performing basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output
(I/O) operations.

Components:

• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic and logic operations.


• Control Unit: Directs the operation of the processor by managing the flow of data
between the CPU and other components.
• Registers: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU that temporarily hold data and
instructions.

Importance:

• The processor's speed and performance determine how fast a computer can execute
tasks and run programs. Modern CPUs often have multiple cores, allowing them to
handle multiple tasks simultaneously.

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