Arrangement of Ideas A Transitional Devices

 We are like bridges between parts of paper. They are cases that help the reader to
input ideas a paper develops. This are words or phrases that help carry a thought from
one sentence to another.

Common Transitional Devices.

TO ADD - and, again, besides, finally, further, nor, too, next, lastly
TO COMPARE - whereas, but, yet, however, nevertheless, where, although, meanwhile
TO PROVE - because, for, since, furthermore, besides, moreover, indeed, in fact
TO SHOW EXCEPTION - yet, chill, however, nevertheless, despite, of course, sometimes
TO SHOW TIME - immediately, there after soon, finally, then, later, formerly
TO REPEAT - in brief, as I have raid, as I have noted.
TO EMPHASIZE - definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, absolutely, naturally
TO SHOW SEQUENCE - first, second, third, firth, ABC, next then, after, hence
TO GIVE AN EXAMPLE - for example, for instance, in this case, to illustrate
TO SUMMARIZE OR CONCLUDE - to conclude, therefore, hence, on the whole,
summing up
B. REVIEW ON ORDER OF ORGANIZATION
 Chronological
 Spatial / Descripture Importance
 Compansion and Contract
 Cause and Effect
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER - CHRONOLOGICAL arrangements has following
purposes:
 To explain the history of event or a topic
 To tell a story or relate to the experience
 To explain the step in the process
 Mostly used in expository writing which from a writing that narrates, discuss,
informs or explain a process
ORDER OF IMPORTANCE
 Persuading and convincing
 Illustrating a solution,
 To Illustrating a situation, problem or solution
 Best begin with the most important point
SPATIAL ORDER
 Helping readers visualize something as you want them to see it
 Working a scene using the senses (sight, touch, smell, taste and sound)
 Writing a descriptive essay
  Behind between, across from, a few yards away
REVISING, EDITING, PROOFREADING
Revising is making structural and logical changes to your text-reformulating information.
arguments and reordering
Editing refers to making more local changes to things like sentence structure and phrasing
to make sure your meaning is conveyed clearly and concisely.
Proofreading involves looking at the text closely, line by line, to spot any typos and issues
with consistency and correct them

Twenty (20) of the Most Common Surface Errors

1.missing comma after introductory phrases
2.vague pronoun references
3.missing comma in a compound sentences
4.wrong words
5.missing comma(s) with a nonessential elements
6.wrong or missing verb endings
7.wrong or missing prepositionscomma splices
9.missing or misplaced possessive apostrophes
10. unnecessary shifts in tense WiFi
11. unnecessary shifts in pronouns
12.sentence fragments
13. wrong tense or verb forms
14. lack of agreement between subject and verb
15. missing commas in a series
16. lack of agreement between pronouns and antecedents
17.unnecessary comma(s) with a restrictive or essential elements
18. fused sentences
19. dangling or misplaced modifiers
20. its/it's confusion (Its is the possessive case of the pronoun it; it's is a contraction of it is
or it has) It's a wise dog who knows its limits
 WRITING A POETRY
 A poem is a collection of spoken written words that expresses ideas or emotions in a
powerfully vivid and imaginative style.
 A poem is comprised of a particular rhythmic and metrical pattern. In fact, it is a literary
technique that is different from prose or ordinary speech, as it is either in Metrical
pattern or in a free verse.
Characteristics:
1. It has a focused purpose. (paints a picture, recreates a feeling, tells a story, captures a
moment.
2. It includes many sensory images for readers to see, hear, smell, taste, almost exactly
what is in the poem.
3. It uses strong verbs and precise nouns to vividly capture the essence the poetry.
Employs variety of types of poetic language such assimiles, metaphors, and
personification, among others.
5. It uses different poetic devices like rhythm, repetition, and alliteration.
6. It also uses line breaks and punctuation effectively for a smooth flow.

Ingredients to get started:

 The message of your poem is the most important part
 The form and structure-length/shape of each stanza enhance the poem
 The perspective / point of view of your poem can dramatically change its meaning
and impact on the reader.
 Voice is important in everything that you write
 Rhyme Scheme plays a major role to attract the readers Grammar is incredibly
important in poetry
 Line breaks can be effectively used as an alternative to punctuation,
 Make sure you have a reason for omitting grammar in abstract poems
• Ensure that your poem naturally fits into or suits a particular rhythm

1. Free Verse Free verse is poetic form/technique where the poet does not follow the
conventions of any meter or rhyme. With free verse, there is no pattern until the poet
creates one.
 Without set rules, you are free to decide where to break your poem into stanzas. You
may arrange your poem in stanzas of two or more lines. You may break at each new
thought, much like paragraphs.
EX:
Fog by Carl Sandburg
The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and
then moves on.
2. Haiku - It's a 3 line poem generally where first and last lines have 5 syllables, and the
middle has seven syllables. Haiku is a unique ancient Japanese style of writing that uses
17 syllables divided into 3 lines of 5, 7 and 5 syllables.
EX:
Stark, the branches wait, not dead, but in quiet song. Blossom's kiss to come.
Characteristics of Haiku
 Focus on nature. A "season word" such as "snow" which tells the reader what time of
year it is.
 A division somewhere in the poem, which focuses first on one thing, than on another.
The relationship between these two parts is sometimes surprising.
 Instead of saying how a scene makes him or her feel, the poet shows the details that
caused that emotion. If the sight on empty winter sky made the poet feel lonely.
describing that sky can give the same feeling to the reader.
3. Sonnet - There are various forms of sonnets, but the most popular tends to be the
English or Shakespearean sonnet. It is a 14 line poem written in lambic pentameter.
4. Blank Verse - This is basically a poem written in lambic pentameter but it does not
rhyme. It can follow other meter, but lambic pentameter is the most common by far.

How to write blank verse

 Blank verse is unrhymed poetry written in a regular
 meter, a rhythm that sounds like: bah-BAH bah-BAH bah-BAH bah-BAH bah-BAH. arby
iambic pentameter. Iambic pentameter is
 271463
An lamb has the rhythm bah-BAH, An iamb is a rhythmic unit made of an unstressed
syllable as in the words "forget," or "begin." lambic pentameter is a line of poetry that
consists of five iambs.
Here are examples of two sentences written in iambic pentameter.
 Forget the car, I'll take the train to work
 As school today, he caught a nasty cold.
 Much of Shakespeare's dramatic work is written in blank verse. Here's an example,
taken from Hamlet.

To be, or not to be: that is the question:

~ (1) ~
Whether it is nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune... (Hamlet, 3.1.56-58)

5. Limerick - A Limerick is at its core (and there is more too them) a 5 line poem that
follows a strict meter and always has a AABBA rhyme scheme.
 A limerick is a poetic form that can be particularly fun to read and to write. Limericks are
often humorous, mean- spirited, or pornographic.
 Limericks consist of five lines. The rhyme scheme is aabba. In other words, Lines One,
Two, and Five all rhyme with each other, and Lines Three and Four rhyme with each
other (in some limericks, Lines One and Five end with the same word and rhyme with
Line Two).

Here's an example of a classic limerick by Edward Lear, where the first and last lines hyme
There was a Young Lady
whose eyes, Were unique as to colour and size; When she opened them wide,
People all turned aside,
And started away in surprise.

 The Tropical rhythm of a limerick is like this: bah-BAH bah-bah- BAH Dan bah-BAH
bahBAH bah-bah-BAH bah-bah-BAH bahBAH bah-bah-BAH bah-BAH bah-bah-BAH
bah-BA
6. Tanka - Related in a sense to the Haiku, Tanka poem is basically a poem that has 5,
7,5,7,7 for its lines. So it's basically a Haiku with 2 seven syllable lines added on to the
end.
 The Tanka poem is very similar to haiku but Tanka poems have more syllables and it
uses simile, metaphor and personification.
 There are five lines in a Tanka poem. Tanks poems are written about nature, seasons,
love, sadness and other strong emotions. This form of poetry dates back almost 1200
years ago.

7. ABC - This type of poem strives to create emotion and images and consists of five lines.
The first four lines are alphabetized and can begin with any letter but the fifth line is not
restricted to the use of any letter
Example:
Changes, they are
Dreadful, sometimes Exacting, occasionally
Fun felt, at times
Life changing and sustaining to the end
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
STRUCTURE - An important method of analyzing a poem is to look at the stanza
structure or style of the poem. Generally speaking, structure has to do with the overall
organization of lines and/or the conventional patterns of sounds.
STANZAS - Stanzas are a series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty
fine from other stanzas. They are the equivalent of a paragraph in an essay.
 Couplet (2 lines)
 Sestet/ sexain (6 lines)
 Tercet (3 lines)
 Septet (7 lines)
 Quatrain (4 lines)
 Octave (8 lines)
 Cinquain (5 lines)
FORM - A poem may or may not have specific number of lines, Rhyme Scheme, and/
or Metrical pattern, but it can still be labeled according to its form or style.
1. Lyric poetry: it is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who
expresses strong thoughts and feelings. Most poems. especially modem ones are lyric
poem.
2. Narrative poem: it is a poem that tells a story, its structure resembles the plot line of a
story.
3. Descriptive poem: it is a poem that describes the world that Surrounds the speaker.
If uses to elaborate imagery and adjectives.
RHYME - A rhyme consists of the repetition, in the rhyming words, of the last stressed
vowel and of all the speech sounds following that vowel: late-fate; follow-hollow.
 Rhyme scheme describes the pattern of rhyming sounds within a poem.
(A) Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
(A) Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
(B) Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. (A) And summer's lease hath all too
short a date.
METER - Meter is the basic rhythmic structure of a fine within a work of poetry.
Meter consists of two components:
1. The number of syllables
2. A pattern of emphasis on those syllables
FEET - The four standard feet distinguished in English are:
1) Lambic: an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
2) Anapestic: (two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.
3) Trochaic: a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable.
4) Dactylic: a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.
EX.
 Trochee, Pronounced DUH-duh, as in "ladder." lamb, Pronounced duh-DUH, as in
"Indeed." Spondes, Pronounced DUH-DUH, as in "TV."
 Dactyl. Pronounced DUH-duh-duh, as in "certainly"
 Anapest, Pronounced duh-duh-DUH, as in "what the heck!"

A METRIC LINE IS NAMED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF FEET COMPOSING IT:

 monometer: one foot
 dimeter: two feet
 trimeter: three feet
 tetrameter: four feet
 pentameter: five feet
 hexameter: six
 heptameter: seven feet

10 TYPES OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

1. Simile - A simile is a figure of speech that compares two separate concepts through the
use of a clear connecting word such as "like" or "as."
Examples of simile are phrases such as "He was wily as a fox." or "I slept like a log."
2. Metaphor - A metaphor is like a simile, but without connecting words. It simply posits
that two separate things are the same.
For example, "He was a wily fox," or "She cried a river of lears."
3. Implied metaphor - Metaphor takes a few different forms. Sometimes the object of
comparison is purely implied rather than directly referenced, such as in the phrase, "He
barked commands at the team," which implies comparison to a dog.
4. Personification - Personification projects human qualities onto inanimate objects, or
perhaps animals or natural elements.
FOR EXAMPLE: "The wind howled." "The words leapt off the page," and "Time marches
on" are all examples of personification,
5.Hyperbole - Hyperbole is extravagant, intentional exaggeration. " have a million
things to do today" is a common example of hyperbole.
6. Allusion - Allusion is when a text references another external text-or maybe a
person, place or event. It can be either explicit or implicit. "We've entered a Garden of
Eden" is an allusion to the biblical place, for instance.
7. Idlom - Idioms are non-literal turns of phrase so common that most people who speak
the same language know them. English examples include, "He stole her thunder" and
"We'll cross that bridge when we come to it."
8. Pun - A pun is a play on words. It exploits the different meanings of a word or its
homonyms, usually to humorous effect. A well- worn example of a pun is: "Time flies like an
arrow. Fruit flies like a banana,
9. Onomatopoela - In onomatopoeia, words sound like the thing they describe. Sound
effects like "lick-lock" and "ding-dong" are everyday examples, as well as words like "zap"
and "hiccup."
10. Alliteration - Many experts also consider alliteration an example figurative language,
even though il does not involve figures of speech Rather, alliteration is a sound device
that layers some additional meaning on top of the literal language of the text.
 It occurs when a series of words start with the same letter sound. such as "wicked
witch" or "from forth the fatal loins of these two foes. This can help build imagery or
mood, hence the connection to figurative language.