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PTH

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9 views

PTH

Uploaded by

adeel.aucrowns
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

The parathyroid glands, often overshadowed by their neighbor, the thyroid


gland, are small yet vital components of the human endocrine system. These
glands are paramount in maintaining the body’s calcium and phosphorus
balance, which is crucial for the proper functioning of the nervous and
muscular systems, as well as maintaining bone integrity. This paper aims to
delve into the intricate world of the parathyroid glands, exploring their
anatomy, physiology, histology, functions, mode of action, secretions, and
the regulatory mechanisms that govern them.

Anatomy of the Parathyroid Gland

The human body typically houses four parathyroid glands, which are located
on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. These bean-shaped glands are
small, with each one measuring about 6 mm in length. The superior pair is
positioned near the cricothyroid junction, while the inferior pair is situated
near the lower pole of the thyroid gland. Despite their diminutive size, the
parathyroid glands play a monumental role in the regulation of calcium levels
within the blood.

Physiology of the Parathyroid Gland

The primary function of the parathyroid glands is to secrete parathyroid


hormone (PTH), which is the key regulator of calcium and phosphorus
homeostasis in the body. PTH acts on three main target organs: the bones,
kidneys, and intestines. In the bones, PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb
bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. In the kidneys, it
reduces calcium excretion and increases phosphate excretion. Furthermore,
PTH influences the intestines indirectly by promoting the activation of
vitamin D, which in turn enhances intestinal absorption of calcium.
Histology of the Parathyroid Gland

Histologically, the parathyroid glands consist predominantly of chief cells,


which are responsible for the production and secretion of PTH. These cells
are arranged in cords and clusters, interspersed with a rich network of
capillaries that facilitate the rapid release of hormones into the circulation.
Oxyphil cells are also present in the parathyroid glands, but their function
remains less understood.

Functions and Mode of Function of the Parathyroid Hormone

PTH maintains calcium homeostasis through a delicate interplay of actions


on its target organs. It increases serum calcium levels by enhancing bone
resorption, reducing renal excretion, and increasing intestinal absorption of
calcium. The hormone operates within a tight feedback loop, with serum
calcium levels directly influencing its secretion.

Secretions and Their Regulation

The secretion of PTH is exquisitely sensitive to the levels of ionized calcium


in the blood. A decrease in serum calcium levels is sensed by the calcium-
sensing receptors on the surface of the chief cells, triggering the release of
PTH. Conversely, an increase in serum calcium levels inhibits PTH secretion,
demonstrating the gland’s critical role in calcium regulation

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