Fourier Sine Transform:

Let f(x) be defined for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < ∞ and let f(x) be extended as an add function in
(-∞, ∞) satisfying the condition of Fourier integral theorem. If at the point of
2 ∞
continuity 𝑓̂𝑠 (𝑤) = √ ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋

Then sine transform of 𝑓̂𝑠 (𝑤) is represented by the inverse Fourier sine
transformation f(x).

Inverse Fourier sine transformation of f(x).

2 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = √ ∫ 𝑓̂ (𝑤) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑤
𝜋 0 𝑠

Fourier Cosine Transform:

If f(x) be defined for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < ∞ and let f(x) be extended as an even function in
(-∞, ∞) satisfying the condition of Fourier integral theorem. If at the point of
2 ∞
continuity 𝑓̂𝑐 (𝑤) = √ ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋

Then the cosine transform of 𝑓̂𝑠 (𝑤) is given by the function

2 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = √ ∫ 𝑓̂ (𝑤) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑤
𝜋 0 𝑠

Here 𝑓̂𝑠 (𝑤) is called Fourier cosine transform of f(x) and f(x) is called the
inverse Fourier cosine transform of 𝑓̂𝑠 (𝑤).

Properties of Sine and Cosine Transform:

 Linearity Property:
Let a, b be any constant and f(x), g(x) be the any function of x. then
Fourier transform of f(x) and g(x) exist. Such that
ℱ(𝑎𝑓 + 𝑏𝑔) = 𝑎 ℱ(𝑓) + 𝑏 ℱ(𝑔)
 Derivative Property:
 Let f(x) be continuous on the x-axis and 𝑓(𝑥) → 0as |𝑥| → ∞.
Furthermore it is absolutely integrable on the x-axis. Then 𝑓′(x) is
piecewise continuous on each finite interval.
2
a. ℱ{𝑓 ′ (𝑥)} = 𝑤 ℱ𝑠 {𝑓(𝑥)} − √ 𝑓(0)
𝜋
b. ℱ𝑠 {𝑓 ′ (𝑥)} = −𝑤 ℱ𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥)}
2
c. ℱ𝑐 {𝑓 ″ (𝑥)} = −𝑤 2 ℱ𝑐 {𝑓(𝑥)} − √ 𝑓′(0)
𝜋

2
d. ℱ{𝑓 ″ (𝑥)} = −𝑤 2 ℱ{𝑓(𝑥)} + √ 𝑤 𝑓(0)
𝜋

Note: If f and its 1st (n-1) derivatives are continuous and its nth derivative is
piecewise smooth in

(-∞, ∞), then ℱ{𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡)} = (−𝑖𝑤)𝑛 ℱ{𝑓(𝑥)} provided that f and its derivatives
are absolutely integrable. In addition we assume that f and its 1st (n-1)
derivatives approaches to zero as t→ ∞

Convolution Theorem:

Suppose that f(x) and g(x) are piecewise continuous, bounded and absolutely
integrable on the x-axis. Then

ℱ(𝑓 ∗ 𝑔) = √2𝜋 ℱ(𝑓) ℱ(𝑔)

2
Question: Find the Fourier transform of 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥

Solution:
2 2 −1 2
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
2

2 −1 −1 2
∴ ℱ(𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 ) = {ℱ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)} = 𝑖𝑤 ℱ(𝑒 −𝑥 ) (∵derivative property)
2 2
2
2 𝑒 −𝑤 /4𝑎
But ℱ(𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) =
√2𝑎
2
−𝑥 2 𝑖𝑤 𝑒 −𝑤 /4 𝑖𝑤 2 /4
i.e.ℱ(𝑥𝑒 )=− =− 𝑒 −𝑤
2 √2 2√2

Question: Find the Fourier cosine transform of

 1 , if 0 < 𝑥 < 1
f(x) = {−1 , if 1 < 𝑥 < 2
0, 𝑥>2
Answer:

We know that Fourier cosine transform is given by

2 ∞
𝑓̂𝑠 (𝑤) = √ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

2 1 2 ∞
= √ [∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋

2 1 2
= √ [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝜋

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑥 2
= √ {[ ] −[ ] }
𝜋 𝑤 0 𝑤 1

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤 1
=√ [ − 0 − (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑤 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤)]
𝜋 𝑤 𝑤

2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑤
=√ [ ]
𝜋 𝑤

Question: Find the Fourier sine transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥

Solution:

By definition of Fourier sine transform, we get

̂𝑓𝑠 (𝑤) = √ 2 ∫∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥

0 𝜋

2 ∞
= √ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

2 𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑤
= √ [ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑥 − 𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑠)∞
0 = √𝜋 (1+𝑤 2 )
𝜋 1+𝑤 2

And the inverse Fourier transform of f(x) is given by

2 ∞ 2 ∞ 𝑤
𝑓(𝑥) = √ ∫0 ̂𝑓𝑠 (𝑤) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑤
𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑤 2
 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘𝑥 , 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏
Question: Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 , 𝑎 < 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 𝑏
Solution:

By definition of Fourier transform, we get-

1 ∞ −𝑖𝑤𝑥
𝑓(𝑤) = ∫−∞
𝑒 𝑑𝑥
√ 2𝜋

1 𝑎 𝑏 ∞
= {∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
√2𝜋 −∞

1 𝑏
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2𝜋 𝑎

𝑏
1 𝑏 −𝑖(𝑘+𝑤)𝑥 1 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑘+𝑤)𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = [ ]
√2𝜋 𝑎 √2𝜋 −𝑖(𝑘+𝑤) 𝑎

1 𝑖 −(𝑘+𝑤)𝑏 −𝑖(𝑘+𝑤)𝑎
−𝑖 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑘+𝑤)𝑏 − 𝑒 −𝑖(𝑘+𝑤)𝑎
= [𝑒 −𝑒 ]= [ ]
√2𝜋 𝑘 + 𝑤 √2𝜋 𝑘+𝑤

EXERCISE 2.5

1. Find the Fourier transform of the following

𝑒𝑥 , −𝑎 <𝑥 <𝑎
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝑘 ,𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = {−𝑘 , 𝑏 < 𝑥 < 𝑐
0, 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
3. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of the following
𝑥, 0<𝑥<1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
1 − 𝑥2 , |𝑥| < 1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 , 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
4. Find the Fourier Cosine transform of the following
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , 0<𝑥<𝑎
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑥≥𝑎
−𝑥
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 ,𝑥 ≥ 0