Applied Dc and Ac Machines

ELE215
Level 5
Credit hours 3

Presented by:
DR: Sayed M. Ahmed
 Essential Content
 LO1 Understand the classification, construction,
characteristics, connection and performance of DC
machines.
 Principles of Direct Current Machines. Direct-Current
Motor Characteristics and Operation. Types of DC
motors (series, shunt and compound) . DC Generator
Characteristics and Operation. Types of DC generators.

 LO2 Determine and analyze the principles of operation

and construction of transformers.
 Transformers types and construction. The ideal
transformer, the theory of operation of Real
Transformers. Exact and approximate equivalent circuits.
Open circuit and short circuit tests. Voltage regulation
and efficiency. Three Phase transformers construction
and connection. Applications of power transformer.
 Essential Content Con.
 LO3 Determine and analyze the classification, connection
and performance of Induction machines.
 Construction of single phase and three phase induction
machines. Basic Concepts and Slip. Equivalent Circuit,
power, torque and efficiency calculations in Induction
Motors and generators. Torque- Speed Characteristics.
Methods of Starting for single and three phase machines
and methods of Speed Control.

 LO4 Analyze the classification, connection and

performance of Synchronous machines
 Construction of synchronous machines. Equivalent Circuit
and Phasor Diagram of Synchronous motors and
generators. Power, Torque and efficiency calculations in
Synchronous motors and generators. Equivalent circuit of
Synchronous machines. Synchronous machines torque-
speed characteristic.
 Recommended Resources

 Textbooks: HUGHES, A. (2013) Electric Motors and

Drives: Fundamentals, Types and Applications. 4th
Ed. Newness.
 Websites: MIT Open Course Ware Electric Machines
Tutorials.
 Introducti
on
M o s t of the electrical machine in service are
A C type.
D C machine are of considerable industrial
importance.
D C machine mainly used a s D C motors
and the D C generators are rarely used.
D C motors provides a fi ne control of the
speed which can not be attained by A C
motors.
D C motors can developed rated torque at
all speeds from standstill to rated speed.
Developed torque at standstill is many
Dr. Adel 3
Gastli times greater than the torque developed by
an A C motor of equal power and speed
rating.
Application of D C
Machines

The d.c. machine can operate as either a motor or

a generator, at present its use as a generator is
limited because of the widespread use of ac power.

Large d.c. motors are used in machine tools,

printing presses, fans, pumps, cranes, paper mill,
traction, textile mills and so forth.

Small d.c. machines (fractional horsepower

rating) are used primarily as control device-such
as tachogenerators for speed sensing and
servomotors for position and tracking.
4
 Application
of D C
Machines
DC
Motor
Paper
Mills
Oil
Rigs

Steel Robo
Mills ts

Minin
Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210:Machine
Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 5
g Petrochemi
Tools cal

Advantages & Disadvantages Of D.C.

Motors
Advantages
• High starting torque
• Rapid acceleration and deceleration.
• Speed can be easily controlled over wide
speed range.
• Used in tough g o b s (traction motors,
electric trains, electric cars,….)
• Built in wide range of sizes.

Disadvantages
• Needs regular maintenance
• Cannot be used in explosive area
• High cost
6
 Introducti
on
Electric
Machine

Mechanic Electric Electric Motor Mechanic

Generator
al al al al
Input Output Input Output
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
i
 T Mechanical system
Electrical system v +
Ideal
Electric Machine
_
Moto
Energy r v i=T 
Generat Flow
or

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Gastli Actuators

Construction of D C
Machine

Parts of a DC Machine
Armature core
Leading pole tip
Armature winding

Field coil

Rotation
Pole axis

Shaft Pole core

Trailing pole tip

Pole face
Field yoke

Dr. Adel 8
Gastli
 Construction of D C
Machine
Shaft
Armature

Commutator

Stator

Field coil

Construction of D C Machine: Field

System
The field system is to produce uniform magnetic field within which the armature
rotates. This consists of Yoke or frame: Acts as a mechanical support of the
machine

2000HP DC Motor field System

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 Construction of D C Machine:
Armature
The rotor or the armature core, which carries the rotor or armature winding, is
made of sheet-steel laminations. The laminations are stacked together to form a
cylindrical structure
Teeth
Slots
Slots for wedges The armature coils that make the
armature winding are located in
the slots

Non-conducting slot liners are

wedged in between the coil and the
slot walls for protection from
abrasion, electrical insulation and
mechanical support

Cooling ducts for

air circulation
Portion of an armature lamination
of a dc machine showing slots and
teeth 1
1

Construction of D C Machine:
Armature

Armature of a DC Machine

1
2
 Construction of D C Machine:
Commutator
Commutator: is a mechanical rectifier, which converts the alternating voltage
generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brush. It is
made of copper segments insulated from each other by mica and mounted on
the shaft of the machine. The armature windings are connected to the
commutator segments.

Commutator

Dr. Adel MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & 1

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Construction of D C Machine:
Brush

The purpose of the brush is to ensure electrical connections between the rotating
commutator and stationary external load circuit. It is made of carbon and
rest on the commutator.

Commutator and Brushes

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 Construction of D C Machine: Armature
Winding

Top
coil sides

Top Bottom
coil sides coil sides

Commutat or 1 2 3 1 2
Brush Brush

Elements of Lap Winding Elements of Wave Winding

1
5

Construction of D C Machine: Armature

Winding

End connection

Conductors

Turn Coil Winding

1
6
 Construction of D C Machine: Armature
Winding Lap Winding
a b c d e a b c d e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

N S N S
f g h f g h

19 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
+ - + -

+ + Ia -
+ + +
+
- - - ab p
Icoil
// paths brushes poles
+ -
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Construction of D C Machine: Armature

Winding Wave Winding
d e a b c d e
a b c

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

N S N S

i j k h
h f g
g
f
k
17 18 19 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 i j
- + - +

+ Ia +
+ + - +
+

Icoil
a2
- Nb. of // paths
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-
-