A Report on

Voltage Multiplier
for

Mini Project 1A (REV- 2019 ‘C’ Scheme) of Second Year, (SE Sem-III)

in

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

by

1. Ayush Talkar
2. Jishnu Udyavar
3. Atharva Velaskar

Under the guidance of

Prof. Ankit D
 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Atharva College of Engineering
Malad West Mumbai
University of Mumbai
2024-25

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled Project Title is a bonafide work of

1. Ayush Talkar
2. Jishnu Udyavar
3. Atharva Velaskar

submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of Mini Project 1A (REV- 2019 ‘C’ Scheme) of Second Year, (SE Sem-III) in Electronics
& Telecommunication Engineering as laid down by University of Mumbai during
academic year 2024-25.

Project Guide H.O.D Project Coordinator

(Prof. Ankit D) (Dr. Bhavin Shah ) (Prof. Jyoti Gurav)

Principal Internal Examiner External

Examiner (Dr. Ramesh Kulkarni )

Date of Examination: __/__/____

 INDEX

Sr. No. Name of Topic Page Number

Abbreviation ………………………………………………. i
List of Figures ……………………………………………… ii
List of Tables ………………………………………………. iii
List of Graphs ………………………………………………. iv
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Need ………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Definition …………………………………………………………
2. Comparative study. (Similar projects done previously)............................
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT ..........................................................
4. Mini Project DESIGN (PRINCIPLE AND WORKING)
4.1 Block Diagram ………………………………………………
4.2 Block Diagram Description……………………………………
4.3 Circuit diagram and Working ………………………………………………
5. COMPONENTS/TOOL TO BE USED
5.1 Components (with features related to project ……………………………..
5.2 Software …………………………………………………..
6. PROPOSED EXECUTIONS STEPS
6.1 Implemented Steps ……………………………………….
6.2 layout and soldering (actual photos of project from front and back view)----
7. Troubleshooting
7.1 Problems/Faults in project ……………………………………….
7.2 Steps to solve problems/faults in project …………………………………..

REFERENCES ………………………………………………….

Appendix: Data sheets of components

 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Need for the Project:

In modern electronic applications, there is a growing demand for efficient and compact high-
voltage power supplies. Traditional methods like transformers often suffer from bulkiness
and energy losses, making them less suitable for low-power devices and portable
applications. Voltage multipliers offer a more space-saving solution, especially in
environments where weight and size are critical constraints.

The need for this project also arises from the increasing use of high-voltage, low-current
circuits in medical devices, renewable energy systems, and precision electronics. A reliable
voltage multiplier can enhance the performance of these systems by providing the necessary
high voltage without requiring significant current, thus minimizing energy consumption.

Furthermore, as technology trends continue towards miniaturization, there is a need for more
compact and efficient power supply solutions. This project addresses these requirements by
designing a voltage multiplier that optimizes output stability and efficiency, laying the
groundwork for future innovations in high-voltage power supplies.

1.2. Definition

A voltage multiplier is an electronic circuit designed to convert a lower input

voltage into a higher output voltage using a combination of diodes and
capacitors. Unlike transformers, which change voltage levels through magnetic
coupling, voltage multipliers rely on rectification and charge storage to step up
the voltage. This approach makes them particularly suitable for applications
where high voltage is needed, but current requirements are low.

The circuit works by successively charging capacitors to higher voltage levels,

with diodes directing the current flow to achieve voltage multiplication. Each
stage in the multiplier increases the output voltage by an additional multiple of
the input voltage, allowing for significant voltage boosts in a compact design.
Voltage multipliers are commonly used in devices such as cathode ray tubes
(CRTs), high-voltage power supplies, and scientific instruments. Their ability to
provide high voltage in a lightweight and space-saving manner makes them
valuable for modern electronics, especially in low-power applications.
 2.Comparative Study

1. Cockcroft-Walton vs. Villard Voltage Multipliers:

The Cockcroft-Walton multiplier uses a series of diodes and capacitors to

achieve high voltage levels in multiple stages, making it ideal for high-
voltage applications like particle accelerators. In contrast, the Villard
voltage multiplier is simpler but less efficient, suitable for lower-voltage
applications. Comparing these two reveals that Cockcroft-Walton offers
better efficiency at the cost of increased complexity and component count.

2. Voltage Multiplier vs. Transformer-based Step-up Converters:

While both techniques can achieve high output voltages, transformers are
bulkier and typically less efficient for low-power applications. Voltage
multipliers, on the other hand, are more compact and lightweight, making
them ideal for portable devices. However, they have limitations in current
output and may experience higher voltage ripple, which transformers can
better manage.

5. Multi-stage Voltage Multipliers vs. Single-stage Multipliers:

Multi-stage configurations provide higher output voltages by stacking

multiple stages of diodes and capacitors, but they suffer from increased
losses and more complex design requirements. Single-stage multipliers offer
simplicity and fewer losses but are limited in the achievable voltage.
Choosing between them depends on the application's voltage requirements
and space constraints.

4. Silicon-based Voltage Multiplier Circuits vs. MEMS-based Multipliers:

Traditional silicon-based circuits are widely used for voltage multiplication

in standard electronic devices. In contrast, Micro-Electro-Mechanical
Systems (MEMS)-based multipliers offer benefits such as miniaturization
and integration into smaller electronic systems. MEMS-based designs, while
innovative, are still emerging and may face challenges in high-voltage
tolerance compared to silicon-based solutions.
 4. Mini Project DESIGN (PRINCIPLE AND WORKING)

Block Diagram:

Block Diagram Description:

1. AC Input Source:
This block represents the input voltage source, typically an AC supply. It
provides the necessary low voltage that needs to be stepped up by the
voltage multiplier circuit.

2. Rectifier (Diode Configuration):

The rectifier block consists of a series of diodes arranged to convert the AC
input voltage into a pulsating DC voltage. The diodes direct the current flow
to ensure proper charging of the capacitors in the multiplier stages.

3. Capacitor Stages (Voltage Multiplication):

This block consists of multiple capacitor-diode pairs that form the core of
the voltage multiplier circuit. Each stage adds an increment to the output
voltage, effectively multiplying the input voltage. The number of stages
determines the final output voltage.

4. Filtering Stage (Optional):

A filtering stage, often implemented with additional capacitors, may be
added to reduce voltage ripple. This block smoothens the output voltage for
applications that require a more stable DC supply.

5.High-Voltage DC Output:
The final block represents the output of the voltage multiplier, where the
stepped-up DC voltage is delivered. This output can be used for various
applications requiring high voltage, such as medical equipment or energy-
efficient systems.

Circuit Diagram:

Working:
The voltage multiplier circuit begins with an AC input voltage, which is
converted into pulsating DC using diodes arranged in a rectifier
configuration.

The diodes direct the current flow, enabling the capacitors to charge
sequentially to higher voltage levels during each AC cycle. As the AC
signal alternates, the stored charge in the capacitors accumulates, effectively
multiplying the input voltage across multiple stages.

The number of capacitor-diode pairs determines the final output voltage. An

optional filtering stage can be used to smooth the DC output, providing a
stable high-voltage supply for applications that require high voltage but low
current.
5.Components used:

1. 12 piece of 1n4007 diode

2. 12 piece of 100uF 35v Capacitors
3. 1 piece Step down Transformer 220v to 12v
6. Proposed Execution Steps

1. Component Selection:

Identify and procure the necessary components, including diodes,

capacitors, an AC voltage source, and optional filtering capacitors.
Ensure component ratings match the desired output voltage and current
requirements.

2. Circuit Design:
Design the voltage multiplier circuit using simulation software. Create a
schematic with appropriate diode and capacitor configurations based on
the required number of stages for achieving the target output voltage.

3. Simulation and Testing:

Simulate the circuit to verify its functionality, ensuring the output voltage
multiplies as expected. Adjust component values if necessary for optimal
performance.

4. Prototype Assembly:
Assemble the voltage multiplier circuit on a breadboard or general-
purpose PCB, following the design. Connect diodes and capacitors
according to the schematic, ensuring proper orientation and connections.

5. Measurement and Verification:

Test the assembled circuit by applying the input AC voltage and
measuring the output. Verify that the multiplied voltage matches the
design specifications.

6. Optimization and Troubleshooting:

If needed, optimize the circuit for stability and reduce any voltage ripple.
Troubleshoot any issues by checking component connections and
replacing faulty parts.

7. Final Testing and Documentation:

Conduct final tests for performance consistency. Document the results,
including circuit diagrams, testing procedures, and measured data.
7.Layout and Soldering:
8.Troubleshooting and Potential Problems:

1. Incorrect Component Orientation:

Diodes and capacitors have polarity, and if they are connected
incorrectly, the circuit won't function as intended. Double-check
the orientation of diodes (anode to cathode) and capacitors
(positive to negative) before powering the circuit.

2. Inadequate Voltage Output:

If the output voltage is lower than expected, it could be due to
insufficient input voltage, faulty diodes, or capacitors with
incorrect values. Verify the input voltage and replace any
components that may be damaged or out of specification.

3. High Voltage Ripple:

Excessive voltage ripple may occur if the capacitors are not
charging correctly. Adding more filtering capacitors or
increasing their capacitance can help smooth the output.

4. Overheating Components:
Diodes may overheat if the current exceeds their rating. Ensure
that diodes with appropriate current handling capacity are used,
and consider using heat sinks if necessary.

5. Open or Short Circuits:

Loose connections, open circuits, or solder bridges causing short
circuits can disrupt the operation. Inspect the circuit thoroughly
for connection issues and correct any identified faults.
7.2 Steps to solve problems/faults in project

1. Check Component Orientation:

Verify the polarity of diodes and capacitors. Ensure diodes are placed correctly with the
anode and cathode in the right direction, and that capacitors are oriented with the correct
polarity.

2. Measure Input Voltage:

Use a multimeter to confirm the input voltage matches the design requirements. If it's too
low, adjust the power supply settings or replace it with a suitable source.

3. Replace Faulty Components:

If the output voltage is still inadequate, check for any damaged diodes or capacitors.
Replace any components that do not meet their specified values or are visibly damaged.

4. Add or Increase Filtering Capacitors:

To reduce voltage ripple, add more filtering capacitors in parallel or increase the
capacitance of existing ones. This helps smooth out fluctuations in the output voltage.

5.Use Higher-Rated Diodes:

If diodes are overheating, replace them with ones that have a higher current rating. Adding
heat sinks to the diodes may also help dissipate excess heat.

6. Inspect for Open or Short Circuits:

Carefully examine all connections for loose wires, open circuits, or solder bridges. Repair
any faulty connections and ensure proper continuity across the circuit.
References:

1. "The Art of Electronics" by Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill

This book provides comprehensive details on electronic
components, circuits, and troubleshooting techniques.

2. "Microelectronic Circuits" by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C.

Smith
It covers the theory and practical aspects of various electronic
circuits, including rectifiers, multipliers, and filtering methods.

3. "Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications" by Allan

R. Hambley
This textbook discusses the fundamentals of circuit analysis,
diodes, capacitors, and power supply design.

4. Online Engineering Resources like Electronics Tutorials and All

About Circuit
These platforms offer tutorials and articles on voltage multipliers,
their design, working principles, and troubleshooting.

5. IEEE Xplore Digital Library This resource contains research

papers and technical articles on voltage multiplier designs and their
practical applications.