Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
Contents
......................... .. .. ...... ...... ... .. .......................................................
September 2, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................... 3
FAA Grounds SpaceX's Falcon 9 After Landing Failure .................................................................................... 3
New US Guidelines For International STEM Students ...................................................................................... 3
Activists Urge Review of EU's 2030 Emission Goals ........................................................................................ 4
Greece Declares Emergency over Massive Flood of Dead Fish ........................................................................ 5
Rare Arnoux’s Beaked Whales Discovered Off Antarctica Coast ...................................................................... 6
Taiwan Plans Major Stinger Missile Purchase from US ................................................................................... 6
Hayao Miyazaki Wins 2024 Ramon Magsaysay Award .................................................................................... 7
UN Allocates $100 Million For Urgent Humanitarian Needs ............................................................................. 8
Who is Dr.TV Somanathan, the New Cabinet Secretary of India? ...................................................................... 9
September 3, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Navratna Status Granted to NHPC, SJVN, RailTel PSUs ................................................................................... 9
Centre approves ₹2,817 Crore Digital Agriculture Mission ............................................................................. 10
Ancient Ice Core Reveals Genomes of 1,700 Viruses ..................................................................................... 11
Who is Vithya Ramraj, Breaks 39-Year 400m Hurdles Meet Record? ............................................................... 11
What is 'Nambike Nakshe' Scheme? ............................................................................................................. 12
Study Reveals Water Security Risks in Major River Basins ............................................................................. 13
Cabinet Approves ₹18,036 Crore Mumbai-Indore Rail Line Project ................................................................. 14
23rd Law Commission of India .................................................................................................................... 14
September 4, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................. 15
Punjab Assembly Passes Law to Control Illegal Colonies .............................................................................. 15
Tripura Signs Peace Agreement With Insurgent Groups ................................................................................ 16
West Bengal's 'Aparajita' anti-rape Bill ......................................................................................................... 17
Jaipur Walled City Heritage Conservation Project ......................................................................................... 17
What is Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas? .................................................................................................................. 18
AgriSURE Fund Empowers Startups Supporting Indian Farmers ..................................................................... 19
eShram Portal Registers 30 Crore Unorganised Workers ............................................................................... 19
Indian Navy's P8i Aircraft Lands in France for Varuna Exercise ..................................................................... 20
Telangana, Tamil Nadu Top in GSDP Growth ................................................................................................ 21
September 5, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Rajasthan Approves 33% Women's Reservation In Police Force ..................................................................... 22
India Launches BioE3 Policy to Boost Sustainable Biotechnology .................................................................. 23
India, South Africa Sign Submarine Rescue Cooperation Agreement .............................................................. 23
Assam Cabinet Approves 57 Recommendations of Biplab Sarma Commission .............................................. 24
India Launches National Blockchain Framework ........................................................................................... 25
Researchers Reveal Graviton-Induced Uncertainty Relation in Gravity ............................................................ 26
Himachal Pradesh Assembly Introduces Zero Hour ...................................................................................... 27
2024 Chief Science Advisers Roundtable in Paris ......................................................................................... 28
IIT Delhi Campus Inaugurated in Abu Dhabi .................................................................................................. 28
September 6, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................. 29
US, EU, UK Set to Sign Historic AI Treaty ...................................................................................................... 29
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO) ............................................. 30
World's First Nuclear Clock ......................................................................................................................... 31
Konyak Union Seeks Boundary Correction from Nagaland CM ....................................................................... 32
2024 State of Global Air Report ................................................................................................................... 32
World Experiences Hottest Northern Hemisphere Summer ............................................................................ 33
New Antarctic Dragonfish Species Discovered by Researchers ...................................................................... 34

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
Why Planes Avoid the Tibetan Plateau? ........................................................................................................ 35
Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) ............................................................................................... 35
India Becomes World's Top Plastic Polluter, Study Finds .............................................................................. 36
September 7, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................. 37
India Commissioned Advanced Nuclear Submarine INS Arighaat ................................................................... 37
India's First Bio-Hydrogen Project ................................................................................................................ 38
India Successfully Launches Agni-4 Ballistic Missile in Odisha ...................................................................... 38
New Jumping Spider Species Discovered in Tamil Nadu ............................................................................... 39
India Reviews Trade Agreement With Malaysia ............................................................................................. 40
Tamil Nadu Unveils Cyber Security Policy 2.0 ............................................................................................... 40
India, EU Strengthen Defence Ties in Indo-Pacific Initiative ........................................................................... 41
Saturn's Rings to Disappear Temporarily in March 2025 ................................................................................ 42
India's Forex Reserves Hit Record High of USD 683.987 Billion ...................................................................... 43
Odisha Unveils India’s First Silicon Carbide Facility ...................................................................................... 43
September 9, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................. 44
Study Reveals Potential Collision Risk for Asteroid Apophis .......................................................................... 44
New Turmeric Cousin Discovered in Nagaland's Ungma Village ..................................................................... 45
NASA's DART Mission May Create First Human-Made Meteor Shower ........................................................... 45
SpaceX Aims to Launch Uncrewed Starships to Mars in Two Years ............................................................... 46
New High-End Research Centre Inaugurated at IIT Hyderabad ....................................................................... 47
Australia Recognizes 750 New Species, Including Laughing Frog .................................................................. 47
Who is Lance Naik Charan Singh? ................................................................................................................ 48
Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant ...................................................................................................................... 48
Researchers Discover New 'Dancing Girls' Ginger Species in India ................................................................. 49
September 10, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................ 50
What are AI Tokens? ................................................................................................................................... 50
Pacific Island Forum 2024 ........................................................................................................................... 51
US Announces Semiconductor Partnership With India ................................................................................... 52
Indian Navy Acquires 500 Sonobuoys .......................................................................................................... 52
Africa Urban Forum (AUF) 2024 ................................................................................................................... 53
Union Health Secretary Releases Health Dynamics Report 2022-23 ............................................................... 54
Yudh Abhyas-2024 ...................................................................................................................................... 55
ICA General Assembly and the Global Cooperative Conference 2024 ............................................................. 56
NASA's Europa Clipper Mission ................................................................................................................... 56
Chandrayaan-3 Detects Historic 250 Seismic Signatures on Moon ................................................................ 57
September 11, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................ 58
Apple Loses Court Battle, Must Pay €13 Billion in Taxes ............................................................................... 58
New Wetland Virus ...................................................................................................................................... 59
Tamil Nadu Sanctions ₹500 Crore For Irrigation Tank Rejuvenation ............................................................... 60
MeitY Launches Third Phase of Digital India Capacity Building ...................................................................... 60
54th GST Council Meeting ........................................................................................................................... 61
India Launches Malpe and Mulki Anti-Submarine Warfare Ships .................................................................... 62
SBI Foundation Launches 3rd Asha Scholarship Program For Students ......................................................... 63
Researchers Discover Endangered Myristica Swamp Forest in Maharashtra .................................................. 63
September 13, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................ 64
Vietnam, Philippines Strengthen Defense Ties .............................................................................................. 64
Union Cabinet Approves ₹2,000 Crore Mission Mausam Initiative .................................................................. 65
Ayushman Bharat Expands Coverage for Elderly Indians Over 70 ................................................................... 66
Ozone Pollution Hurts Tropical Forest Growth, Study Finds ........................................................................... 66

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
Union Minister Launches Rangeen Machhli App for Ornamental Fisheries ...................................................... 67
India's Second Largest Butterfly Species Discovered in TamilNadu ............................................................... 68
Ecological Degradation in Veli-Akkulam Lake ............................................................................................... 68
IIL Partners with ICMR for India's First Zika Vaccine ..................................................................................... 69
International Conference on Green Hydrogen (ICGH-2024) ............................................................................ 70
DRDO, Indian Navy Successfully Test VL-SRSAM Missile ............................................................................... 71
India-Oman Joint Military Exercise AL NAJAH .............................................................................................. 72
September 14, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................ 73
OpenAI Unveils New Reasoning AI Model O1 in Project Strawberry ................................................................ 73
North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Programme ................................................................................................ 74
India Launches PM E-Drive Scheme for Electric Vehicles .............................................................................. 74
WHO Grants First Vaccine Authorization for Mpox in Adults .......................................................................... 75
Indian International Maritime Dispute Resolution Centre (IIMDRC) ................................................................. 76
DRDO Conducts Successful Trials of Indian Light Tank Zorawar .................................................................... 77
BRICS Literature Forum 2024 ....................................................................................................................... 77
Port Blair Renamed Sri Vijaya Puram ............................................................................................................ 78
September 16, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................ 79
Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 ......................................................................................................................... 79
India Launches BHASKAR to Transform Startup Ecosystem .......................................................................... 80
India Engages in Bilateral Talks at G20 Agriculture Meeting .......................................................................... 80
India Achieves Tier 1 Status in Global Cybersecurity Index 2024 .................................................................... 81
Turkey Seeks Membership in BRICS ............................................................................................................. 82
Kalvari Submarine Escape Training Facility - VINETRA .................................................................................. 83
UNGA 79th Session Begins .......................................................................................................................... 84
India Unveils First Mountain Tank 'Zorawar' After Trials ................................................................................ 84
September 17, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................ 85
U.S.-India 2+2 Dialogue Focuses on Global Issues ........................................................................................ 85
Odisha’s Subhadra scheme ......................................................................................................................... 86
Typhoon Yagi .............................................................................................................................................. 86
Six Finalists Shortlisted For 2024 Booker Prize ............................................................................................. 87
India to Host COP9 Bureau and Fund Committee Meetings ........................................................................... 88
State of Africa’s Environment 2024 .............................................................................................................. 88
Global Bio-India 2024 Summit ..................................................................................................................... 89
India Set to Launch Carbon Market by 2026 ................................................................................................. 90
Earth Welcomes Temporary 'Mini-Moon' 2024 .............................................................................................. 91
September 18, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................ 91
NPS Vatsalya Scheme ................................................................................................................................. 91
India Water Week 2024 ............................................................................................................................... 92
Angkor Wat Named Most Photogenic UNESCO Site in Asia ........................................................................... 93
Amrit Mohan Prasad Appointed Director General of SSB ............................................................................... 94
Periyar EV Ramasamy Remembered on 146th Birth Anniversary .................................................................... 94
Hezbollah Pager Explosions Result in 3,000 Injuries in Lebanon .................................................................... 95
Scotland To Host 2026 Commonwealth Games ............................................................................................ 96
Hottest August Recorded: Climate Records Continue to Break ...................................................................... 96
Gujarat Leads Awards at Global Renewable Energy Expo .............................................................................. 97
September 19, 2024 ............................................................................................................................................ 98
Exercise 'AIKYA' .......................................................................................................................................... 98
India Seeks Modifications to Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan ................................................................... 98
Cabinet Approves Extension of PM-AASHA Schemes for Farmers ................................................................. 99

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
Scientists Discover New Blood Group System MAL ..................................................................................... 100
China's Chang'e-6 Mission Returns Unique Lunar Soil Samples .................................................................... 100
Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Approves ₹5,000 Crore for MSME Sector ............................................................... 101
One-Horned Rhinos Among Most Vulnerable to Climate Change .................................................................. 102
Southern States Lead in GDP Contribution .................................................................................................. 102
Zimbabwe Plans To Cull 200 Elephants Amid Drought ................................................................................ 103
Who is Atishi Marlena, New CM of Delhi? ................................................................................................... 104
September 20, 2024 .......................................................................................................................................... 104
Jafar Hassan Appointed as New Prime Minister of Jordan .......................................................................... 104
Supermassive Black Hole Jets Recorded Extend Vast Distances ................................................................. 105
Taiwan Legalizes Marriage Registration for Same-Sex Cross-Strait Couples ................................................. 105
India's First Astronaut to ISS Set for Ax-4 Mission ...................................................................................... 106
IISc Develops Nanomaterial to Clean Chromium from Groundwater ............................................................. 107
Telangana Launches Comprehensive MSME Policy for Growth .................................................................... 108
World Food India 2024 .............................................................................................................................. 109
Cabinet Approves Chandrayaan-4, Venus Orbiter Mission ............................................................................ 110
September 21, 2024 .......................................................................................................................................... 110
White Revolution 2.0 ................................................................................................................................. 110
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Alliance Strengthens Indo-Pacific Cooperation ............................................ 111
New COVID Variant XEC ............................................................................................................................ 112
National Achievement Survey 2024 Set for December 4 .............................................................................. 113
EU Pledges ₹35 Billion Loan to Support Ukraine’s Recovery ......................................................................... 114
Jordan Becomes First Country to Eliminate Leprosy ................................................................................... 115
India to Host World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit 2025 .................................................................. 115
ISRO Signs 75 Technology Transfer Agreements With Private Firms ............................................................ 116
19th Edition of Divya Kala Mela ................................................................................................................. 117
September 23, 2024 .......................................................................................................................................... 117
India, US Sign Agreement for Semiconductor Fabrication Plant ................................................................... 117
PM Vishwakarma Scheme ......................................................................................................................... 118
Kumar Tuhin Appointed Ambassador of India to Netherlands ...................................................................... 119
Union Cabinet Approves Next Generation Launch Vehicle ........................................................................... 119
Amazon Faces Severe Drought and Record Wildfires in 2024 ...................................................................... 120
Kaziranga Sees 86% Drop in Rhino Poaching Since 2016 ............................................................................. 121
India Signs Agreements for Clean and Fair Economy in IPEF ....................................................................... 122
Anura Kumara Dissanayake Elected Sri Lanka's New President ................................................................... 123
Kerala Tops 2024 State Food Safety Index ................................................................................................. 124
September 24, 2024 .......................................................................................................................................... 125
Nagar Van Yojana Surpasses Target with 111 Urban Forests ....................................................................... 125
Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003 - Recent Updates .............................................. 125
Union Ministry Launches 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' App" ................................................................................. 126
India Launches First Comprehensive Cancer Multi-Omics Data Portal .......................................................... 127
ADB Funds Rs 530 Crore for Tripura's Water Supply Upgrade ...................................................................... 127
World Gorilla Day ...................................................................................................................................... 128
Eastern Bridge VII Exercise ........................................................................................................................ 129
National Conclave on Gender Mainstreaming Held in New Delhi .................................................................. 129
ICMR Wins 2024 UN Inter-Agency Task Force Award ................................................................................... 130
September 25, 2024 .......................................................................................................................................... 131
Portable X-Ray Protection Barrier Developed by Indian Institute Collaboration .............................................. 131
Indian Army Set to Receive Apache Helicopters .......................................................................................... 132

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
National Conference on Digital Public Infrastructure ................................................................................... 133
What is the Butterfly Effect? ...................................................................................................................... 133
Bihar Government Approves Culling of Nilgai and Wild Boars ...................................................................... 134
10th Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Conference ....................................................................... 135
Indian Navy Hosts Goa Maritime Symposium 2024 ..................................................................................... 135
'Dust-Free Delhi' Drive ............................................................................................................................... 136
Majority of Atrocities Against Scheduled Castes From 13 States ................................................................. 137
India's First CO2-to-Methanol Pilot Plant in Pune ........................................................................................ 138
September 26, 2024 .......................................................................................................................................... 138
Who is Harini Amarasuriya, the new Sri Lankan Prime Minister? .................................................................. 138
India State of Forest Report (ISFR)2023, Report .......................................................................................... 139
CAG of India, Murmu Elected as ASOSAI 2024-2027 Chairman .................................................................... 140
Women In Space Leadership Programme Launched By DST ........................................................................ 141
India, Australia Trade Ministers Discuss Free Trade Agreement Progress .................................................... 142
India Surpasses Japan, Ranks Third in Asia Power Index ............................................................................ 142
DRDO, IIT Delhi Develops Advanced Light Weight Bullet Proof jackets ......................................................... 143
"Ocean-24" Russia and China Massive Naval Exercises ............................................................................... 144
World Free Zones Organisation (World FZO) Congress ................................................................................ 144
Mankidia Community Granted Habitat Rights in Odisha Forests .................................................................. 145
"Pact for the Future" .................................................................................................................................. 146
September 27, 2024 .......................................................................................................................................... 146
One In Three Children Affected By Myopia Surge ........................................................................................ 147
PM Modi Launches Three PARAM Rudra Supercomputers in India ............................................................... 147
Karnataka Government Rejects Kasturirangan Committee Report ................................................................ 148
Telangana Launches ‘Darshini’ Scheme for Educational Student Tours ........................................................ 149
India to host the World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA) ........................................... 149
India Joins US-Led Minerals Security Finance Network ............................................................................... 150
Global Aerospace Summit Begins in Abu Dhabi .......................................................................................... 151
New Catfish Species Exostoma Sentiyonoae Discovered in Nagaland .......................................................... 152
September 30, 2024 .......................................................................................................................................... 153
Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) ..................................................................................................... 153
India Becomes Third Largest Ethanol Producer and Consumer .................................................................... 153
New Zealand Scientists Discover Rare Ghost Shark Species ........................................................................ 154
Scientists Discover New Mechanism for Protein Regulation in Cells ............................................................ 154
'Most Dangerous Bird in the World' Faces Extinction Threat ........................................................................ 155
India Jumps to 39th in Global Innovation Index 2024 .................................................................................. 156
Shigeru Ishiba, Prime Minister of Japan ..................................................................................................... 156
New Invasive Flatworm Species Discovered in Southeastern USA ................................................................ 157
Kerala Tops Urban Governance Index in India ............................................................................................. 158

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024

September 2, 2024
FAA Grounds SpaceX's Falcon 9 After Landing Failure
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered SpaceX to temporarily stop using its Falcon 9 rocket, on
August 28, 2024. This decision came after the rocket failed to land properly after completing a mission to
launch Starlink satellites. This was the second time in recent months that technical problems led the FAA to
step in; a similar incident happened in July 2023.
What is the Falcon 9 Rocket?
The Falcon 9 is a rocket developed by SpaceX, a company owned by Elon Musk. It’s called “Falcon 9”
because it has nine engines in its first stage. The rocket is special because it can be reused. It has two main
parts:
First Stage: This part has nine engines and is designed to come back to Earth and land so it can be used
again.
Second Stage: This part has one engine and is responsible for placing the payload (like satellites or
astronauts) into the correct orbit.
Falcon 9 is mainly used to send things like satellites into space or to transport astronauts to the
International Space Station (ISS).
What Went Wrong?
On August 28, 2024, Falcon 9 successfully launched Starlink satellites into space. However, when the first
stage of the rocket tried to land back on Earth, it tipped over and fell into the ocean instead of landing
properly. Just a month earlier, in July, another Falcon 9 mission had problems when one of its engines
failed, leaving satellites in a bad orbit where they couldn’t survive.
The FAA is now looking into why the Falcon 9 failed to land correctly. Even though they are investigating,
the FAA might still allow SpaceX to continue launching rockets while they figure out what went wrong. This
is important because SpaceX has many planned launches, including one in September 2023 that will carry
NASA astronauts.
How Successful is Falcon 9?
In 2023, Falcon 9 has been very busy. It completed 96 launches, which is more than any other country’s
rockets. For comparison, China completed 67 rocket launches in 2023. The Falcon 9 is crucial because it’s
also scheduled to take NASA astronauts to space in September and return them in February 2024.
If the FAA doesn’t allow SpaceX to quickly resume using Falcon 9, it could delay upcoming missions. This
includes the important NASA astronaut launch in September 2023 and their return in February 2024.
About Falcon 9
Falcon 9 was first launched in June 2010. It has since completed over 180 missions. The rocket’s name
comes from the “Millennium Falcon” in Star Wars and the nine engines in its first stage. One of its unique
features is that the first stage can land back on Earth, allowing SpaceX to reuse it for future missions.
Falcon 9 is also known for being the first commercial rocket to reach orbit and successfully carry
astronauts into space.
New US Guidelines For International STEM Students
The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has updated its policy guidelines for international
students, particularly those studying in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields.
These changes, effective from August 27, affect both current and future applications for Optional Practical
Training (OPT).
What is OPT?
OPT allows international students to work in the U.S. related to their field of study. STEM students can now
benefit from up to three years of OPT, giving them more time to gain work experience. This is much longer
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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
than the one-year OPT available to non-STEM students.
How does the New Policy Address Online Studies?
The updated guidelines allow international students to include one online class or up to three distance
learning credits per academic session as part of their full course load. This is in line with F1 visa
regulations, ensuring students remain eligible while taking some classes online.
Can students transfer between Schools more easily?
Yes, the new policy makes it easier for international students to transfer between schools. Students can
now move between different educational institutions that are certified by the Student and Exchange Visitor
Program (SEVP). This applies even if the schools are at different educational levels, providing more
flexibility in their studies.
What are the new rules for Post-Completion OPT?
After completing their degree (whether it’s an associate, bachelor’s, master’s, or doctoral degree),
international students can apply for post-completion OPT. This means they can continue working in the U.S.
after finishing their studies, expanding their options for gaining work experience.
How can students extend their OPT?
Students in STEM fields can apply for a 24-month extension of their OPT, which gives them a total of three
years of work authorization. They need to apply for this extension up to 90 days before their current work
authorization expires. To qualify, they must have a valid post-completion OPT, a degree in a STEM field, and
a job with an employer who is enrolled in the E-Verify program (a system that verifies employment
eligibility).
What is the 60-Day Grace Period?
After completing their OPT, students have a 60-day grace period. During this time, they can either move to a
higher level of education, transfer to another SEVP-certified school, or apply for a different immigration
status. This period also allows employers to sponsor the student for an H-1B visa, which is a common work
visa for foreign workers.
The new guidelines clarify when students should apply for their STEM OPT extensions. This ensures that
students are aware of the correct time to submit their requests, helping them avoid delays or issues with
their applications.
Study Abroad Programme Guidelines
Students enrolled in SEVP-certified schools can keep their student status in the Student and Exchange
Visitor Information System (SEVIS) while participating in study abroad programs that last less than five
months. If the program is longer, they will need to get a new Form I-20, which is a document proving their
eligibility for student status. Students on a STEM OPT extension must also report any changes in their
personal or employment information within 10 days and confirm their details every six months, even if
nothing has changed.
Activists Urge Review of EU's 2030 Emission Goals
Environmental activists, including groups like Climate Action Network and the Global Legal Action Network,
are taking legal action against the European Commission. They believe that the European Union’s (EU)
current plans to reduce emissions by 2030 are not strong enough to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement.
The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to 1.5°C, and the activists argue that the EU’s targets fall
short of this important goal.
Background of the Case
This case is significant because it’s the first time that EU courts will look into whether the EU’s climate
targets are adequate. In the past, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled that countries must set
emission targets based on science to stay within the 1.5°C limit. This case will test if the EU’s targets are

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
truly science-based and if they meet the necessary standards to protect the environment.
What Legal Steps Have Been Taken?
On August 23, 2024, the two non-profit organizations asked the European Commission to review its Annual
Emissions Allocations (AEA), which are the emission reduction targets set for each EU member state. When
the Commission refused their request on December 14, 2023, the NGOs decided to take the matter to the EU
Court on February 27, 2024. The court has recognized the urgency of the climate crisis, so it has given this
case a high priority, with a hearing planned for 2025.
Emission Targets and Regulations
The Annual Emissions Allocations (AEA) are part of the EU Effort-Sharing Regulation, which requires each
EU country to reduce emissions by a specific amount by 2030. This covers sectors like transport, buildings,
and agriculture. However, the activists argue that these targets have not been thoroughly evaluated through
scientific studies, and they worry that the targets won’t be enough to meet climate goals.
Implications of Insufficient Targets
The activists believe that the current EU emission targets could lead to a global temperature increase of 3°C
by the year 2100 if other countries follow similar weak efforts. This level of warming could have severe
consequences for the planet. To avoid this, the activists are pushing for a 65% reduction in emissions by
2030. They believe this is necessary for the EU to remain a leader in the fight against climate change.
If the activists win the case, the EU might be forced to set more ambitious emission reduction targets. This
would not only align the EU’s actions with its own environmental laws but also strengthen its commitments
under global climate agreements.
About the European Union
The European Union (EU) began in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community and has since grown
into a union of 27 member countries with over 447 million people. The euro is the official currency in 19 of
these countries. The Schengen Area allows people to travel between 26 countries without needing a
passport. The EU has signed important treaties like the Maastricht and Lisbon Treaties, and it is committed
to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. It also supports cultural exchanges through programs like
Erasmus+.
Greece Declares Emergency over Massive Flood of Dead Fish
The port city of Volos in Greece has declared a month-long state of emergency. This is because an
unusually large number of dead fish have washed up in the Pagasetic Gulf, creating a major problem for
residents and businesses.
Cause of the Crisis
The dead fish issue began after severe flooding hit the Thessaly region last year. The floods caused a
nearby lake to overflow. As a result, freshwater fish from the lake were carried into the sea, where they
couldn’t survive in the salty water, leading to their deaths.
Impact on Local Economy
The local economy, especially businesses related to tourism and hospitality, has suffered greatly. Visitor
numbers have dropped by 80% since the flooding, which has caused financial difficulties for many residents
and businesses in Volos. People are worried about their jobs and income because fewer tourists are coming
to the city.
To address the situation, the Greek climate ministry is providing funding and resources for cleaning up the
mess. They have placed special nets at the mouths of rivers to catch dead fish before they reach the
beaches. Authorities have already removed a large amount of dead fish from local beaches.
Environmental Concerns
This is not the first environmental problem Volos has faced. It is the second major environmental disaster

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
for the city, prompting public prosecutors to investigate the situation. They are looking into how this
incident affects the environment and what it means for the future.
The situation in Volos shows how serious environmental issues can have far-reaching effects on both
nature and local economies. It highlights the need for better preparedness and response to climate-related
disasters to protect communities and their livelihoods.
Rare Arnoux’s Beaked Whales Discovered Off Antarctica Coast
A team of researchers recently found Arnoux’s beaked whales off the coast of Antarctica. This is a big deal
because these whales hadn’t been seen for decades. The sighting happened during a 2022 survey in the
Weddell Sea, where scientists were studying top predators in the area.
Discovery Details
During their expedition, the researchers used aircraft to survey the area from above and took photographs
of three separate groups of these whales. They were spotted swimming slowly near the sea ice, often just
below the surface, or diving briefly under the ice.
Species Overview
Arnoux’s beaked whales can grow up to 30 feet long and look similar to dolphins with their dark color. They
are known for their amazing diving skills. They can stay underwater for more than an hour, which is one
reason they are so rarely seen.
Between 1988 and 2018, scientists went on 11 trips to the area but didn’t spot any Arnoux’s beaked whales.
Even though there were some unconfirmed reports of sightings, there was doubt about their existence
because there were no official observations.
Arnoux’s beaked whales are hard to spot because they dive very deep and stay underwater for long periods.
It’s tough to detect them from ships or planes due to their diving abilities. Their skills help them avoid being
seen, making it challenging for scientists to study them.
Implications of the Discovery
Finding these whales suggests that they might live in Antarctic waters all year round and could be more
numerous than previously thought. This new information encourages further research, especially in the
shallow, icy areas where they might be thriving.
About Arnoux’s Beaked Whales
Arnoux’s beaked whales were discovered in 1851 and are elusive marine animals mostly found in the
Southern Hemisphere. They can grow up to 13 meters long and show sexual dimorphism, with males having
noticeable tusks. They can dive more than 2,000 meters deep and hold their breath for up to 90 minutes.
These whales mainly eat squid and deep-sea fish. Their population is not well known, which is why they are
considered data-deficient. They don’t often interact with humans and usually avoid observation and study.
Taiwan Plans Major Stinger Missile Purchase from US
Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defence (MND) plans to boost its defense by buying over 1,000 additional
Stinger missiles from the United States. This move comes in response to increased military threats from
China. Taiwan needs better air defense systems because of the growing Chinese military activity near its
borders.
Historical Purchases
In the past, Taiwan has made several purchases of Stinger missiles:
2015: The navy bought 250 Stinger missiles.
2019: The army ordered another 250 missiles.
These purchases were part of Taiwan’s effort to strengthen its military against possible threats.
Current Acquisition Plans
Taiwan’s latest order is for 1,985 Stinger missiles, costing about NT$55.54 billion (which is roughly USD 1.8

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
billion). This order includes:
Army: 549 launch systems and identification systems (IFF) to distinguish between friendly and enemy
forces.
Navy: 45 man-portable missiles, 15 launch systems, and 15 IFF devices.
These new systems are expected to be delivered by 2031.
Urgent Request to the US
In March, Taiwan’s army sent 11 urgent letters to the United States, stressing the need for 250 missiles they
had previously requested. This shows how critical it is for Taiwan to enhance its air defense due to rising
tensions.
China has been increasing its military activities around Taiwan. This includes frequent incursions into
Taiwan’s Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) and naval exercises. Recently, Taiwan has detected several
Chinese aircraft and ships close to its territory, raising regional tensions and pushing Taiwan to strengthen
its military readiness.
Former President Tsai Ing-wen highlighted the importance of getting more Stinger missiles to improve
Taiwan’s air defense. This is especially important because Taiwan’s military service is now one year long,
so better preparation for live-fire training is needed.
Regional Impact
Taiwan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has expressed worry about China’s military actions. These activities not
only threaten Taiwan but also affect the security of Japan’s air and sea zones. This creates a more unstable
security situation in the region.
About Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defence
Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defence, established in 1949, oversees the country’s military and defense
policies. It evolved from the Government of the Republic of China. Taiwan’s military includes conscripted
soldiers, but the country is working to modernize its forces. The ministry also manages the National
Defense Mobilization Agency, important for preparing for wartime. Taiwan’s defense budget is among the
highest in Asia, reflecting the ongoing tensions with China. The ministry works with international allies to
enhance defense strategies and share technology.
What is Stinger Missiles?
Stinger missiles are portable surface-to-air missiles developed by the U.S. in the 1970s. They weigh around
35 pounds and can travel about 5 miles. A single soldier can operate them. They use infrared guidance to
track heat sources, which makes them effective against aircraft. The name “Stinger” reflects their quick and
powerful nature. They were famously used in the Soviet-Afghan War and have been updated over time,
including the FIM-92H variant. Stinger missiles are still a key part of U.S. military operations around the
world.
Hayao Miyazaki Wins 2024 Ramon Magsaysay Award
Hayao Miyazaki, the acclaimed film director and co-founder of Studio Ghibli, has been awarded the
prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award for 2024. This award is frequently referred to as Asia’s Nobel Prize,
highlighting Miyazaki’s significant contributions to cinema and culture.
Who is Hayao Miyazaki?
Hayao Miyazaki is one of the co-founders of Studio Ghibli, a famous animation studio. He is best known for
films like Spirited Away and often explores themes related to nature and the environment in his work.
Miyazaki prefers traditional, hand-drawn animation over computer-generated images, which gives his films
a unique and classic feel. Although he has announced his retirement multiple times, his passion for
storytelling always brings him back to filmmaking. His movie Princess Mononoke was a big hit at the box
office and broke new ground for animated films. Miyazaki is also passionate about aviation, and this

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
interest often shows up in his movies. His storytelling is special because it mixes elements of fantasy with
deep emotional themes, making his films both imaginative and touching.
Significance of the Award
Hayao Miyazaki receiving the Ramon Magsaysay Award is a big deal because it recognizes how he uses his
art to make difficult topics easier for children to understand. His films don’t just entertain; they also educate
and inspire people to think about important issues. The award highlights the global impact of his work and
how it has touched the hearts of many.
What is Studio Ghibli’s Legacy?
Under Miyazaki’s leadership, Studio Ghibli has become one of the most respected animation studios in the
world. Recently, the studio made history by becoming the first recipient of the honorary Palme d’Or at the
Cannes Film Festival. Miyazaki came out of retirement to direct The Boy and the Heron, a film that received
critical praise and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. This continued success shows how
influential and enduring Miyazaki’s work is in the world of cinema.
About Ramon Magsaysay Award
The Ramon Magsaysay Award was created in 1957 to honor people in Asia who have done outstanding
work. Named after a former president of the Philippines, it recognizes achievements in areas like
community leadership, government service, and journalism. Often called “Asia’s Nobel Prize,” this award
has been given to over 300 people, including famous figures like A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and Mother Teresa.
The selection process is fair because the nominees’ names are kept secret. The award focuses on
promoting social justice, honesty, and good citizenship, and it celebrates those who show bravery in
difficult situations across various fields.
UN Allocates $100 Million For Urgent Humanitarian Needs
The United Nations has recently allocated $100 million from its Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF)
to help address urgent humanitarian needs in ten countries facing severe crises. This decision highlights
the pressing need for funding, as noted by UN humanitarian chief Joyce Msuya.
How Is the Funding Distributed?
The $100 million is divided among several countries facing different challenges:
Yemen ($20 million): Dealing with a long-lasting civil war.
Ethiopia ($15 million): Struggling with internal conflict and ethnic tensions.
Myanmar ($12 million), Mali ($11 million), Burkina Faso ($10 million), Haiti ($9 million): These countries
are dealing with ongoing conflicts and climate-related problems.
Cameroon ($7 million) and Mozambique ($7 million): Both countries are facing chronic instability.
Burundi ($5 million) and Malawi ($4 million): Experiencing severe food shortages due to climate issues.
Historical Context
This $100 million allocation is the second of its kind in 2024, with the first one made in February. Over the
last three years, the total amount of CERF funding has decreased. This shows a growing gap between the
increasing humanitarian needs and the available resources.
Global Humanitarian Needs
The global humanitarian community has requested $49 billion this year to help 187 million people. However,
only 29% of this amount has been provided so far, leaving a $35 billion shortfall. Some of the current
funding supports climate-related initiatives through CERF’s Climate Action Account, which was introduced
at COP28. This account focuses on addressing climate emergencies by funding proactive measures and
resilience projects.
CERF’s Impact and Goals
Since it started in 2005, CERF has distributed $9.3 billion to help millions of people in over 110 countries. Of

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this, $3.2 billion has gone to underfunded crises. CERF is crucial for quick humanitarian responses and
aims to raise $1 billion annually for its efforts.
About the United Nations
The United Nations (UN) was created in 1945 after World War II to promote peace and cooperation. It has
193 member countries and six official languages, with its headquarters in New York City. The UN’s budget is
mainly funded by contributions from its member states. It has five main organs, including the General
Assembly and the Security Council. The UN conducts peacekeeping missions, with its first mission starting
in 1948. Specialized agencies like UNICEF and WHO are part of the UN system. UN Day is celebrated on
October 24, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN in 1948.
Who is Dr.TV Somanathan, the New Cabinet Secretary of India?
TV Somanathan has recently become the Cabinet Secretary of India. This change happened after Rajiv
Gauba retired from the position, having served for five years. Rajiv Gauba’s term ended and his five-year
service was notably long. Rajiv Gauba was a well-known civil servant who served as Cabinet Secretary from
2019 until his retirement. His time in office was marked by significant contributions to government policy
and administration.
Appointment of TV Somanathan
TV Somanathan was appointed as the new Cabinet Secretary on August 10, 2024. He has been given a fixed
term of two years for this role. Before becoming Cabinet Secretary, Somanathan was the Union Finance
Secretary. TV Somanathan is an experienced IAS officer from the 1987 batch of the Tamil Nadu cadre. He is
highly qualified, with degrees as a chartered accountant, cost accountant, and company secretary.
Key Positions Held
Throughout his career, TV Somanathan has held several important positions, including:
Joint Secretary and Additional Secretary in the Prime Minister’s Office
Joint Secretary in the Union Ministry of Corporate Affairs
Director for Corporate Affairs at the World Bank in Washington, D.C.
Secretary in the Department of Expenditure
In Tamil Nadu, he has also served as:
Managing Director of Chennai Metro Rail Corporation
Secretary to the Chief Minister
Additional Chief Secretary and Commissioner of Commercial Taxes during the GST rollout.
TV Somanathan’s extensive experience in finance and administration makes him a significant figure in the
Indian government. His background suggests he will have a strong impact as the new Cabinet Secretary.
September 3, 2024
Navratna Status Granted to NHPC, SJVN, RailTel PSUs
NHPC, SJVN, and RailTel, three major public sector companies in India, have been given the prestigious
“Navratna” status by the Government of India. This makes them the 18th, 19th, and 20th companies to earn
this special title. This status is a significant achievement for these companies, giving them more freedom
and power to make decisions and expand their operations.
Eligibility Criteria
To be awarded Navratna status, a company must meet specific criteria:
Miniratna-I Status: The company must already have Miniratna-I status, which is a lower level of recognition
given to profitable public sector companies.
Excellent Performance: The company must have received an “Excellent” or “Very Good” rating in its
performance evaluation (MoU rating) for at least three of the last five years.
Strong Financial Performance: The company must score at least 60 points in six key financial indicators,
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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
such as Net Profit, Net Worth, and Earnings Per Share.
Investment Autonomy
With Navratna status, NHPC, SJVN, and RailTel now have more freedom to make investment decisions:
Investment Autonomy: These companies can now invest up to ₹1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth in a
single project without needing approval from the government. They can also invest up to 30% of their net
worth in a year if it does not exceed the ₹1,000 crore limit.
Expanded Operational Capabilities: The Navratna status also allows these companies to set up subsidiaries
abroad, form joint ventures, and restructure their organizations to improve efficiency and performance.
Overview of the Companies
SJVN (Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited): SJVN, which became a Miniratna in 2008, manages a large
portfolio of 56,802 MW across 75 energy projects, including hydroelectric, solar, and wind power.
NHPC (National Hydroelectric Power Corporation): Established in 1975, NHPC is one of India’s leading
hydropower companies, with an installed capacity of 7,144.2 MW. The company aims to increase its
capacity to 23,000 MW by 2032 and 50,000 MW by 2047, focusing on major projects in northeastern states
like Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
RailTel: In 2000, RailTel provided telecom infrastructure and broadband services in India. The company
manages over 55,000 kilometers of optical fiber networks along railway tracks, making it one of the largest
telecom infrastructure providers in the country. RailTel also offers Wi-Fi services at railway stations and
supports various government initiatives like Smart Cities and e-governance.
The announcement of Navratna’s status has drawn attention to the shares of these companies. However,
despite this positive news, the shares of SJVN, NHPC, and RailTel have recently experienced significant
declines, with SJVN and NHPC shares down by 18% and RailTel shares down by 21% from their all-time
highs.
Centre approves ₹2,817 Crore Digital Agriculture Mission
The Indian government has recently given the green light to the Digital Agriculture Mission, dedicating
₹2,817 crore to improve farming practices and boost the livelihoods of farmers. This decision was made
during a cabinet meeting, showing the government’s strong commitment to modernizing agriculture using
digital technology.
What is the Digital Agriculture Mission?
The Digital Agriculture Mission is a new initiative aimed at creating a digital framework for agriculture,
similar to other successful digital infrastructures in the country. The goal is to use technology to make
farming more efficient and productive. This mission builds on previous pilot projects that have shown
promising results, and it is expected to bring significant improvements to farming in India.
Support for Farmers
Alongside the Digital Agriculture Mission, the government has also launched several other programs to
support farmers and ensure food and nutritional security. One key focus is helping farmers prepare for
climate change by introducing resilient crops that can withstand changing weather patterns.
Financial Plan
The government has laid out a detailed investment plan with specific allocations for various programs:
Digital Agriculture Mission: ₹2,817 crore to integrate technology into farming.
Food and Nutritional Security Programme: ₹3,979 crore to ensure that everyone has access to enough
nutritious food.
Sustainable Horticulture Development: ₹860 crore to promote the growth of fruits, vegetables, and other
plants in a sustainable way.
Strengthening Krishi Vigyan Kendra: ₹1,202 crore to support agricultural research centers that provide

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
training and advice to farmers.
Natural Resource Management: ₹1,115 crore to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources like water
and soil.
Sustainable Livestock Health and Production: ₹1,702 crore to improve the health and productivity of
livestock.
Overall Impact
These initiatives aim to improve the lives of farmers by making agriculture more productive, sustainable,
and resilient to climate change. By taking this comprehensive approach, the government hopes to create a
strong and sustainable agricultural system in India by the year 2047.
Ancient Ice Core Reveals Genomes of 1,700 Viruses
Scientists from the United States have made a remarkable discovery of over 1,700 ancient viruses in ice
core samples taken from the Guliya Glacier on the Tibetan Plateau. Some of these viruses are over 40,000
years old. The study, led by Zhi-Ping Zhong of Ohio State University, offers valuable insights into how
viruses have evolved and survived in response to changing climates.
Ice Core Sampling
Ice cores are cylindrical samples drilled from glaciers, which allow scientists to study layers of ice that have
built up over thousands of years. Each layer holds important environmental information, including preserved
microorganisms like viruses. The ice core from the Guliya Glacier is 310 meters long and provides samples
from different climatic periods, making it a valuable resource for studying ancient climates and viral history.
Genomic Analysis
The research team used advanced techniques to extract DNA and sequence the genomes of the viruses
found in the ice. They identified 1,705 different species of viruses, each showing significant genetic
differences based on the climate conditions when they were active.
Viral Communities and Adaptation
The study revealed that some viral communities were unique to the region and were particularly active
around 11,000 years ago during periods of climate change. These viruses showed remarkable adaptations,
such as acquiring genetic material from the bacteria they infected (like Flavobacterium) to improve their
own survival and metabolic functions.
Evolutionary Insights
The analysis showed a strong connection between viral activity and climate change. This suggests that as
the climate shifted, new viruses emerged, putting pressure on existing strains to evolve. This kind of
evolutionary interaction may have played a key role in shaping viral populations over time.
As global warming causes glaciers and permafrost to melt, there is a growing concern that ancient viruses,
long trapped in ice, could be released into modern environments. This poses potential health risks, as these
ancient viruses might interact with current ecosystems in unpredictable ways. Further research is needed to
understand how these viruses behave and adapt.
Importance of the Research
This study highlights the importance of collecting and analyzing ice core samples from around the world,
especially as glaciers continue to melt. These ice cores contain critical information about past viral and
climate interactions, which could be lost forever if not studied soon. Understanding these ancient viruses is
essential for predicting how they might respond to current and future climate changes in the Anthropocene
era—the current period in which human activity is the dominant influence on climate and the environment.
Who is Vithya Ramraj, Breaks 39-Year 400m Hurdles Meet Record?
At the 63rd National Open Athletics Championships, held at the Sree Kanteerava Stadium in Bengaluru,
Vithya Ramraj made history by breaking a 39-year-old record in the women’s 400m hurdles. She completed

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the race in 56.23 seconds, surpassing the previous record of 56.80 seconds, which was set by the legendary
Indian athlete P.T. Usha in 1985.
Significance of the Record
Vithya’s achievement is not just a personal victory; it holds great significance in the history of Indian
athletics. P.T. Usha is one of India’s most celebrated athletes, often referred to as the “Queen of Indian
Track and Field.” By breaking a record that had stood for nearly four decades, Vithya has added to her own
reputation and brought new attention to Indian athletics.
Outstanding Performances in Men’s Events
The championships also featured impressive performances in the men’s events. Nithin from Tamil Nadu
broke the men’s 200m meet record by finishing in 20.66 seconds, surpassing the previous record held by
Animesh Kujur. Other notable performances included:
800m: P. Mohammed finished with a time of 1:48.10.
10,000m: Abhishek completed the race in 29:48.18.
400m hurdles: Aman clocked in at 50.52 seconds.
Highlights from the Women’s Events
In the women’s events, Ancy Sojan excelled in the long jump with a leap of 6.71 meters, earning her the title
of the best woman athlete of the championships. Other key performances included:
200m: Nithya Gandhe finished in 23.51 seconds.
800m: Chanda clocked in at 2:01.16.
10,000m: Seema completed the race in 33:56.86.
Awards and Overall Achievements
The championships ended with several athletes being recognized for their outstanding performances.
Vithya Ramraj (400m hurdles) and Nithin (200m) were highlighted as standout athletes of the event. The
team championships were won by the Railways in the women’s category and by Services in the men’s
category, with Railways also taking home the overall title.
What is 'Nambike Nakshe' Scheme?
Bengaluru’s Deputy Chief Minister, D.K. Shivakumar, has introduced a new scheme called ‘Nambike Nakshe’
to make the process of getting building approvals simpler and faster. This scheme is designed to help
property owners get approval for buildings up to 4,000 square feet within the areas managed by the Bruhat
Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP).
Scheme Overview
The ‘Nambike Nakshe’ scheme allows property owners to get temporary (provisional) approval for their
building plans from authorized architects or engineers. This is a big change because it means that owners
can start planning their buildings without having to go through many different approval steps right at the
beginning.
Target Audience
The scheme is especially helpful for people who own land in areas developed by the Bangalore Development
Authority (BDA) and the Karnataka Housing Board. Many of these plots are around 50×80 feet in size, which
fits well within the limits of this scheme.
Provisional Approval Process
Under this new scheme, property owners can get provisional approval that lets them start construction.
After receiving this provisional approval, they need to upload the plan online for final approval by the BBMP.
This makes the whole process quicker and more straightforward.
The main goal of this initiative is to cut down on the bureaucratic obstacles that property owners usually
face. By allowing direct approvals from qualified professionals like architects or engineers, the government

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is making it easier and faster for people to get their building plans approved.
Ensuring Compliance
Even though the approval process is being simplified, BBMP engineers will still inspect the construction to
make sure that the buildings meet all the required standards and regulations.
The ‘Nambike Nakshe’ scheme is currently being tested in two zones within BBMP. If it works well, it will
likely be expanded to cover the entire city. This could greatly reduce the challenges that property owners
face, making it easier and more efficient for them to start construction projects.
About the Nambike Nakshe Scheme
The ‘Nambike Nakshe’ scheme was originally launched in 2020 in Karnataka. It was designed to digitize
land records, making it easier for people to access information about their land. The scheme also helps
resolve land disputes and supports better land management. By making land information available online,
the initiative is helping to improve urban planning and rural development in the state.
Study Reveals Water Security Risks in Major River Basins
A new study published in Nature Water raises serious concerns about water security in four major river
basins: the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, and Congo. The research highlights that poor governance and
environmental management are key factors increasing the risks to water availability in these regions.
Key Study Findings
The study looked at how well countries are managing their water resources. It found that India ranks in the
middle when it comes to governance factors like accountability, political stability, how well the government
works, the quality of regulations, and the rule of law. However, India ranked very low in environmental
performance, meaning it is not doing enough to protect the environment. Additionally, India faces very high
risks from natural hazards, such as floods and droughts.
The Upwind Approach
The study introduced a new way of thinking about water called the ‘precipitationshed.’ This concept looks at
where the moisture in the air comes from before it turns into rain. Instead of just focusing on the areas right
next to a river or lake, this approach considers the broader regions where moisture evaporates into the air.
This helps researchers understand how changes in one area can affect water availability far away.
Water Security Risks
Using this new approach, the study found that about 32,900 cubic kilometers of water that people need
each year are at very high risk. This is almost double what previous studies estimated. The study showed
that when moisture evaporates from the land, especially in areas far from the rivers, it can significantly
affect the amount of rain that falls in other areas.
How Evaporation Affects Water Availability
The study revealed that about 40% of the rain that falls on continents comes from moisture that evaporates
from the land. This means that changes in how land is used—like deforestation, where trees are cut
down—can greatly reduce the amount of rain in other regions, making water less available.
Regional Differences in Water Risks
The study also found that different regions face different types of risks. In African and Middle Eastern
countries, the main problem is low governance, meaning these countries struggle with weak laws and
regulations. In Asian countries, like India, the bigger issue is poor environmental performance, meaning the
environment is not being protected well enough.
The Congo River Basin, like the other river basins mentioned, is also at risk. The countries around the Congo
River often have weak governance and lack strong environmental protections. This makes the area
vulnerable to problems like deforestation and unregulated land use changes, which can threaten water
security.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
The researchers emphasize that managing water resources cannot be done by individual countries alone.
Since water flows across borders, countries need to work together to ensure that water is available for
everyone in a sustainable way.
Cabinet Approves ₹18,036 Crore Mumbai-Indore Rail Line Project
The Union Cabinet has approved a major railway project to build a new 309-kilometer rail line connecting
Mumbai and Indore. The project is estimated to cost ₹18,036 crore and is expected to be completed by the
financial year 2028-29.
Objectives of the Project
The main goal of this new rail line is to improve transportation between the two important cities of Mumbai
and Indore by creating the most direct and efficient route. Additionally, the rail line will connect areas in
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh that currently have limited or no railway access.
Key Features
New Stations: The project will include the construction of 30 new railway stations along the route. These
stations will improve accessibility, particularly in the Barwani district, which is considered an “aspirational”
district needing more development.
Village Connectivity: The rail line will connect around 1,000 villages, directly benefiting about 30 lakh (3
million) people by providing them with better transportation options.
Economic Impact
The new rail line is expected to make the transportation of various goods smoother and more efficient. This
includes agricultural products, fertilizers, containers, iron ore, steel, and cement. The improved
transportation is likely to increase annual freight traffic by approximately 26 million tonnes, which will boost
economic activities in the region.
The rail line will also directly connect to the Pithampur Auto Cluster, an industrial area that hosts both large
companies and many small and medium enterprises. This connection will make it easier for these
businesses to transport their products, further supporting economic growth.
Agricultural Significance
The new rail line will be particularly important for farmers in millet-producing districts of Madhya Pradesh
and onion-producing districts of Maharashtra. It will help streamline the distribution of these crops to
markets in the north and south of India, ensuring quicker and more efficient delivery.
Tourism Enhancement
The rail line is also expected to boost tourism in the Ujjain-Indore region. This includes attracting more
visitors to important religious sites like the Sri Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Temple, one of the most revered
temples in India.
This railway project is part of the PM-Gati Shakti National Master Plan, which focuses on improving
connectivity across different modes of transportation, such as roads, railways, and ports. The plan aims to
create a seamless network for the movement of people, goods, and services across the country, ensuring
that development is well-integrated and efficient.
23rd Law Commission of India
President Droupadi Murmu has approved the creation of the 23rd Law Commission of India. This new
commission will be active from September 1, 2024, to August 31, 2027. The decision comes as the 22nd
Law Commission’s term ends, and there were delays in pending reports due to the lack of a chairperson.
Structure of the Commission
The 23rd Law Commission will consist of the following members:
Chairperson: A full-time leader who will head the commission.
Full-Time Members: Four full-time members, including a Member-Secretary.

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Ex-Officio Members: Two members who are Secretaries of the Legal and Legislative Departments.
Part-Time Members: Up to five part-time members.
The main purpose of the Law Commission is to review the Indian legal system and suggest improvements.
They focus on making laws more effective and relevant to current needs.
Pending Issues from Previous Commission
The 22nd Law Commission faced difficulties after its Chairman, Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi, resigned. This led
to delays in addressing important topics like the Uniform Civil Code and the idea of holding elections
simultaneously across the country.
Terms of Reference for the 23rd Commission
The 23rd Law Commission has several key objectives:
Review and Repeal of Obsolete Laws: Identifying old laws that are no longer needed and suggesting
their removal. They will also develop a process to review laws regularly.
Law and Poverty: Evaluating how laws affect economically disadvantaged people and suggesting
changes to benefit them.
Judicial Administration: Finding ways to reduce court delays and make the legal process more
efficient.
Directive Principles and Constitutional Objectives: Ensuring that current laws align with the Directive
Principles of State Policy, which guide the government’s policies.
Gender Equality: Proposing changes to laws to promote equality between men and women.
Revision of Central Acts: Simplifying important Central Acts (laws passed by the Parliament) to make
them easier to understand and apply.
Government References: Handling specific legal issues referred to them by the government.
International Research Assistance: Providing legal research support to other countries.
Globalization Impact: Assessing how globalization affects key social issues, such as food security.
Additional Provisions
The Commission will make recommendations after consulting relevant stakeholders. These
recommendations will be documented in both Hindi and English and will be accessible online. The
Commission will also work with educational institutions to support legal research and education initiatives.
September 4, 2024
Punjab Assembly Passes Law to Control Illegal Colonies
The Punjab State Assembly passed a new law called the Punjab Apartment and Property Regulation
(Amendment) Act, 2024, on September 3, 2024. This law was created to address the growing problem of
illegal colonies in Punjab. Illegal colonies are areas where buildings or homes are constructed without
proper permission from the government. The new law aims to better regulate these areas and prevent more
illegal colonies from being built.
Why was the Amendment Made?
The amendment has two main goals:
Control Illegal Colonies: The law introduces measures to stop the creation of unauthorized developments,
which are colonies built without following the proper rules.
Help Small Property Owners: The law also makes it easier for small landowners to register their properties,
providing them with legal protection.
Punjab’s Chief Minister, Bhagwant Mann, praised the new law as an important step in protecting the
interests of ordinary people. He emphasized that this amendment is vital for public welfare, especially
considering the history of illegal colonies in the state.

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What are the Penalties for Violating the Law?
The amendment includes strict penalties for those who break the property regulations. This means that
anyone who tries to build or sell property in an illegal colony could face severe consequences, making it
harder for such colonies to spread.
The Punjab Apartment and Property Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2024, is an important step in controlling
illegal property developments in Punjab. It aims to protect the rights of genuine property owners while
cracking down on unauthorized colonies.
About Punjab Apartment and Property Regulation Act
The original Punjab Apartment and Property Regulation Act was introduced in 1995 to oversee real estate
activities in Punjab. It requires builders and developers to register with the government and sets up a
regulatory authority to ensure transparency in property transactions. The law also protects buyers by
ensuring that common areas and facilities are properly maintained. Additionally, it provides a way to resolve
property ownership and management disputes, which helps build consumer confidence in the real estate
market.
Tripura Signs Peace Agreement With Insurgent Groups
The Indian government and the State of Tripura will sign an important agreement with two groups known for
their past involvement in insurgency: the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) and the All Tripura
Tiger Force (ATTF). The signing event will occur in New Delhi, with key figures like Union Home Minister
Amit Shah and Tripura Chief Minister Manik Saha attending.
Background on Insurgent Groups
The NLFT and ATTF are groups from Tripura, a state in northeastern India. These groups have a history of
fighting against the government, seeking more autonomy or self-rule for the indigenous people of Tripura.
Their actions have sometimes involved violence, which has led to instability in the region.
Government Initiatives for Peace
The Indian government, especially through the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), has been actively working to
bring peace to the Northeast region of India. Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership, there has
been a strong focus on reducing extremism and violence to create a peaceful and developed Northeast.
What about Past Agreements?
Since Prime Minister Modi took office, the government has signed 12 important agreements aimed at
resolving conflicts in the Northeast. Three of these agreements specifically dealt with issues in Tripura.
These efforts have led to about 10,000 people giving up their weapons, showing a significant move towards
peace in the region.
The upcoming agreement, known as the Memorandum of Settlement, is expected to continue the dialogue
between the government and the insurgent groups. It’s an important step towards lasting peace and
stability in Tripura, which aligns with the national goals of security and development.
About the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT)
The National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) is a militant group that has been active in Tripura since
1989. It was formed as a breakaway group from another insurgent group, the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF).
The NLFT aims to create a separate state called “Tipraland” for the indigenous people of Tripura. The group
has been involved in activities like extortion and armed conflict, leading to several government crackdowns.
The NLFT has been labeled a terrorist organization by the Indian government.
About the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF)
The All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) is another militant group from Tripura, formed in 1990. It was created as
a splinter group from the Tripura National Samata Party. The ATTF fights for the rights of the indigenous
people of Tripura, seeking more autonomy and protection of tribal rights. In 2000, the ATTF signed a

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ceasefire agreement with the Indian government, but the violence resumed in 2009. Like the NLFT, the ATTF
has also been designated as a terrorist organization by the Indian government.
West Bengal's 'Aparajita' anti-rape Bill
The West Bengal Assembly recently passed the Aparajita Woman and Child Bill (West Bengal Criminal Laws
and Amendment) Bill 2024. This new law is designed to provide stronger protections for women and
children, particularly in response to the rising concerns about sexual crimes. Notably, the bill received
unanimous support, including from the Opposition, showing how important and urgent these measures are.
What are the Key Provisions of the Bill?
Life Sentence Without Parole: People convicted of rape will face life imprisonment with no chance of
parole, meaning they will stay in prison for the rest of their lives. Additionally, they will have to pay a
financial penalty.
Capital Punishment: The Bill introduces the death penalty for offenders whose crimes lead to the victim’s
death or leave the victim in a permanent, severely disabled state.
Revisions to the POCSO Act: The Bill includes strict changes to the Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences (POCSO) Act, which is a law that protects children from sexual abuse. These changes aim to
further strengthen the safety and rights of minors.
Aparajita Task Force: A special task force will be created to speed up the legal process in cases involving
sexual crimes. The goal is to ensure that those accused are charged within 21 days after the initial
investigation, with the trial being completed within 30 days.
Enhanced Security for Medical Personnel: The Bill sets aside ₹120 crores to improve security for doctors
and nurses, especially when they are traveling to and from work. This is to ensure their safety, given the
rising incidents of violence against medical staff.
Acid Attack Convictions: Those convicted of acid attacks will also face life imprisonment without the
possibility of parole, reflecting the severity of these crimes.
Background to Legislation
The urgency for this Bill was underscored by a recent tragic incident where a female medical professional
was brutally raped and murdered. This horrific crime led to widespread public outrage and compelled the
assembly to take immediate action. The Bill was introduced by Law Minister Moloy Ghatak as a strong
response to the ongoing violence against women and children in West Bengal.
Jaipur Walled City Heritage Conservation Project
In 2019, the Walled City of Jaipur was officially recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This means
that the historic area is now protected as a place of great cultural and architectural importance. To support
its conservation and development, the Indian government has allocated a budget of ₹100 crore. This money
will be used to improve the infrastructure while making sure that the unique architecture and cultural
heritage of Jaipur are preserved.
Heritage Significance
The Walled City of Jaipur is famous for its beautiful pink buildings and its well-organized grid layout. The
city’s design includes large public squares called chaupars, and it showcases a blend of different
architectural styles, including ancient Hindu, Mughal, and Western influences. This mix of styles makes
Jaipur’s Walled City a unique and important example of urban planning.
Conservation Initiatives
The conservation efforts in the Walled City are being led by Deputy Chief Minister Diya Kumari. Some key
projects include redeveloping Man Sagar Lake, adding boating facilities, and improving the look of
important landmarks like the City Palace, Hawa Mahal, and the gates surrounding the Walled City. These
efforts aim to enhance the beauty of the area while preserving its historic significance.

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Infrastructure Improvement
Part of the plan involves removing things that disrupt the visual appeal of the city, such as messy cable
wires and poorly maintained shop signs. The goal is to restore a sense of uniformity and elegance to the
city’s streets, ensuring that all changes follow municipal regulations and respect the historic character of
the area.
The conservation efforts are expected to boost tourism in Jaipur, which will help the local economy. By
preserving its rich cultural heritage, Jaipur hopes to maintain its identity as a historic city while also
attracting visitors from around the world. This will not only improve the city’s infrastructure but also bring
more business and cultural exchange to the area.
About the Walled City of Jaipur
The Walled City of Jaipur, founded in 1727, was India’s first planned city. Its iconic pink color comes from a
special dye that was used to welcome the Prince of Wales in 1876. The city’s architecture is a blend of
Rajput, Mughal, and European styles, and it is home to famous landmarks like the Hawa Mahal, which has
953 windows designed for royal women to observe street festivities without being seen. The city’s grid
layout includes seven gates, which were originally designed for defense and trade. In 2019, the Walled City
was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
About UNESCO World Heritage Sites
UNESCO World Heritage Sites are special places around the world that are protected because of their
cultural or natural importance. There are over 1,100 sites in total, with about 800 classified as Cultural and
more than 200 as Natural. The first sites were listed in 1978, and these included famous locations like the
Galápagos Islands and the Acropolis. The most visited site is the Great Wall of China. Italy and China have
the most World Heritage Sites, with 58 each. Some sites are at risk due to environmental or human-made
threats. The goal of the “World Heritage List” is to raise global awareness and promote the conservation of
these important sites.
What is Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas?
India recently conducted its first comprehensive national mock drill called “Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas” from
August 27 to 31, 2024, to address the growing threat of zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are illnesses
that can be passed from animals to humans. This exercise was initiated under the National One Health
Mission (NOHM) and aimed to evaluate how prepared the country is to handle such outbreaks.
Objective of the Exercise
The main goal of this exercise was to test how well India could respond to a simulated outbreak of a
zoonotic disease. The drill focused on ensuring that there was a coordinated effort across different sectors,
including human health, animal husbandry, and wildlife management. This approach is important because
zoonotic diseases can spread through multiple channels, so a unified response is necessary to control them
effectively.
Who Participated in the Drill?
The drill involved various organizations and departments working together, including:
National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS)
Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD)
Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
State and District Health and Veterinary Services
These organizations played different roles, from identifying the disease to implementing control measures.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
Key Components of the Drill
The exercise had two main parts:
Investigation and Identification: Teams worked to identify the mock virus that was causing the outbreak.
Control Measures: After identifying the virus, the next step was to take action to prevent it from spreading
among both human and animal populations.
How was the Drill Evaluated?
Independent observers were present to monitor how well the teams performed. Overall, the response from
the National Joint Outbreak Response Team (NJORT) and other involved groups was timely and
appropriate. However, the exercise also revealed some areas where improvements are needed.
The Vishanu Yuddh Abhyas was considered a successful exercise, providing valuable lessons that will help
improve India’s preparedness for future zoonotic disease outbreaks. The National One Health Mission aims
to ensure that different sectors work together effectively to protect public health and the environment,
making India better equipped to handle such crises.
AgriSURE Fund Empowers Startups Supporting Indian Farmers
The Indian government has launched the AgriSURE Scheme, an important initiative designed to support
agricultural start-ups and rural businesses. This scheme is essential for strengthening India’s agricultural
sector, which plays a vital role in the country’s economy.
What is the AgriSURE Fund?
The AgriSURE Fund, also known as the Agri Fund for Start-ups & Rural Enterprises, is a special fund of ₹750
crore. It brings together money from the Indian government, NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development), banks, insurance companies, and private investors. The goal of this fund is to support
agricultural ventures that are both risky and have the potential for high impact, helping to bring new ideas
and technology into farming.
What are the Key Goals of the AgriSURE Fund?
The main aim of the AgriSURE Fund is to help farmers by introducing new technology and innovative
solutions. The government wants to:
Lower the costs of farming.
Ensure farmers get fair prices for their crops.
Encourage growing a variety of crops.
Protect farmers from losing crops due to unforeseen events.
What are the AgriSURE Greenathon Awards?
Along with the launch of the AgriSURE Fund, the government introduced the AgriSURE Greenathon Awards.
These awards recognize start-ups that are solving important challenges in the agricultural value chain. Out
of 2000 applicants, the top three start-ups—Greensapio, Krushikanti, and Ambronics—were awarded for their
impactful solutions.
About the AgriSURE Fund
The AgriSURE Fund, which started in 2016, focuses on providing financial support and encouraging
innovation in agriculture. It helps agri-tech startups by offering capital, especially for projects in developing
economies. The fund emphasizes climate resilience, promoting sustainable practices like precision
farming. It also works with local governments to improve food security and offers mentorship to budding
entrepreneurs. The fund’s projects often include eco-friendly farming practices, showing its commitment to
protecting the environment while boosting agricultural productivity.
eShram Portal Registers 30 Crore Unorganised Workers
The Ministry of Labour & Employment (MoLE) recently highlighted the success of the eShram portal, which
has registered over 30 crore unorganised workers since it was launched three years ago. This is a big

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achievement, as it shows progress in creating a digital system to support unorganised workers in India.
Purpose of the eShram Portal
The eShram portal is meant to be a “One-Stop-Solution” for unorganised workers. This means it helps them
access various social security schemes all in one place, making it easier for them to get the benefits they
are entitled to.
Government Initiatives
In the 2024-25 Budget speech, the government announced plans to further improve the eShram portal by
linking it with other online platforms. This will make the portal even more useful as a central resource for
unorganised workers.
Integration with Social Security Schemes
The Ministry of Labour & Employment is working to connect important social security schemes to the
eShram portal. These schemes include:
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY): A life insurance scheme.
Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): An accident insurance scheme.
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY): A health insurance scheme.
Pradhan Mantri Street Vendors Atmanirbhar Nidhi (PM-SVANidhi): A scheme providing financial
support to street vendors.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): A scheme that guarantees
employment in rural areas.
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G): A scheme for providing housing in rural areas.
Ration Card Scheme: A scheme that provides subsidized food grains to eligible families.
Benefits for Unorganised Workers
By connecting these schemes to the eShram portal, unorganised workers will find it easier to access
essential services and benefits. This integration will help ensure that these workers can secure their rights
and improve their welfare more effectively. The portal is designed to make their lives better by providing
them with easier access to important resources and support.
Indian Navy's P8i Aircraft Lands in France for Varuna Exercise
For the first time, an Indian Navy P8i Poseidon aircraft has landed at Air Base 125 Istres-Le Tube in France.
This is a significant event, happening as part of India’s participation in the bilateral naval exercise ‘Varuna,’
which is scheduled to take place from September 2 to September 4, 2024, in the Mediterranean Sea.
Objective of Exercise Varuna
The main goal of Exercise Varuna is to conduct advanced tactical drills that help the Indian and French
navies work better together. These drills include a variety of complex maritime maneuvers designed to
enhance cooperation and coordination between the two naval forces.
Historical Significance
The landing of the P8i Poseidon in France is historically significant because it marks the first time in 63
years that an Indian Navy aircraft has operated from a French airbase. The last time this happened was
when the Indian Navy’s Alize aircraft operated from Hyeres Airbase. This event highlights the strong and
long-standing naval relationship between India and France.
The P8i Poseidon Aircraft
The P8i Poseidon is a specialized aircraft designed for maritime patrol and reconnaissance missions. It was
developed by Boeing Defence and is based on the Boeing 737-800 aircraft. Since being introduced into the
Indian Navy in 2013, the P8i Poseidon has flown over 35,000 hours. It plays a vital role in coastal patrolling,
monitoring the seas, fighting against submarines, and conducting search-and-rescue missions.

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Indian Navy’s Participation
In addition to the P8i Poseidon, the Indian Navy’s warship INS Tabar has also arrived in Toulon, France, to
take part in the Varuna exercise. This demonstrates the strong engagement and cooperation between the
Indian and French navies.
History of Exercise Varuna
Exercise Varuna began in 1993 and was officially named ‘Varuna’ in 2001. Over the years, it has become an
important part of the strategic relationship between India and France. The exercise typically includes a
range of naval assets, such as guided missile frigates, tankers, maritime patrol aircraft, and helicopters
from both countries. These joint exercises allow both navies to share best practices and improve their
operational interactions, making them better prepared to work together in real-world situations.
Telangana, Tamil Nadu Top in GSDP Growth
Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan have been recognized as the fastest-growing large states in India by
the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). These states have achieved impressive
economic growth, surpassing the national average GDP growth rate of 8.2%. This means their economies
are expanding at a faster pace than the country’s overall economic growth.
Key Growth Numbers
Telangana: Telangana’s economy grew by 9.2%, reaching a Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of ₹7.9
lakh crore. This is a significant increase, showing that the state’s economy is strong and growing rapidly.
Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu’s economy grew by 8.2%, with its GSDP reaching ₹15.7 lakh crore. This makes
Tamil Nadu one of the top-performing states in terms of economic growth.
Rajasthan: Rajasthan experienced an 8% growth in its economy, making it the seventh-largest economy in
India. This growth indicates a healthy economic environment in the state.
Importance of the Services Sector
The services sector has been a key factor in driving economic growth in these states. The services sector
includes industries like healthcare, finance, education, and tourism, which have been performing well and
contributing significantly to the states’ economies.
Tamil Nadu: In Tamil Nadu, the services sector contributes 52% to the total Gross Value Added (GVA),
which is a measure of the state’s economic output. This sector grew by 9%, helping the state’s overall
economy.
Telangana: Telangana’s services sector is even more dominant, accounting for 63% of the total GVA, with
an impressive growth rate of 11%. This shows that the services industry is a major driver of Telangana’s
economic success.
Maharashtra: Although Maharashtra remains the largest economy in India, its services sector growth was
9%, which is lower compared to the 13% growth seen in the previous fiscal year (FY23). This indicates a
slowdown in the services sector’s contribution to Maharashtra’s economy.
Performance in Other Sectors
While the services sector has been a strong performer, the agriculture sector faced challenges in many
states due to the El Niño weather phenomenon, which negatively affected crop production and overall
agricultural growth.
Tamil Nadu: Despite the challenges in agriculture, Tamil Nadu’s economy was supported by gains in
agriculture, construction, and real estate, contributing to its strong growth.
Telangana: Telangana’s growth was boosted by real estate, other services, and a recovery in the
manufacturing sector, which had faced difficulties earlier.
Comparing Top States
Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan have shown impressive growth, but Maharashtra still holds its

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position as the largest economy in India. Gujarat, which was previously ranked as the second-largest
economy, is awaiting confirmation of its ranking based on the latest budget estimates. Uttar Pradesh and
Karnataka are also close competitors, ranking fourth and fifth in terms of GSDP.
This overview highlights how important the services sector is in driving growth in India’s largest states,
while also pointing out the different challenges and successes in agriculture and other sectors.
What is Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)
GSDP is a measure of a state’s economic performance, similar to how GDP measures a country’s economy.
It represents the total value of goods and services produced within a state. GSDP per capita, which divides
the GSDP by the population, provides insight into the standard of living in a state. States with higher GSDP
tend to attract more investments and have stronger economies. GSDP data is essential for shaping regional
policies and can be influenced by factors like population growth, employment rates, natural disasters, and
economic changes.
September 5, 2024
Rajasthan Approves 33% Women's Reservation In Police Force
The Government of Rajasthan, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), made a significant decision on
September 4, 2024, to reserve 33% of jobs in the police force for women. This decision was part of the
BJP’s promise made during the 2023 election campaign to increase the number of women in important
state jobs.
33% Reservation for Women
By changing the State Police Subordinate Service Rules of 1989, the government is ensuring that more
women are recruited into the police force. This change is not just about giving women jobs; it also aims to
create a police force that can better handle issues related to women. With more women in the force, there’s
hope for greater sensitivity to women’s concerns and improved job opportunities for women in the state.
Context of Women’s Representation
In many fields, especially law enforcement, men have traditionally held most positions. The government’s
decision aligns with broader efforts to promote gender equality by making sure that more women get
opportunities in male-dominated roles, like in the police.
Cabinet Discussions and Related Issues
Apart from the decision on women’s reservation, the Cabinet also talked about a paper leak scandal related
to a recruitment exam for sub-inspectors in 2021. Even though several arrests have been made, the
government decided not to cancel the exam results. They believe the selections were made based on merit,
despite the scandal.
Opposition’s Response
The Congress party, which is in opposition, has demanded changes to the Rajasthan Public Service
Commission (RPSC), citing corruption concerns. The government, however, defended the RPSC, saying it
has a constitutional role, and any major changes would need to be carefully considered.
Additional Cabinet Approvals
The government approved other important measures, including:
Adding specially abled children and parents to the pension plans for government employees.
Extending job reservations for athletes who perform well in sports.
Approving land for large solar power projects, will not only boost renewable energy efforts but also
create new jobs in the state.
These decisions show that the Rajasthan government is focused on empowering women, boosting the
economy through renewable energy, and addressing public concerns about jobs and trust in the
government.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024

India Launches BioE3 Policy to Boost Sustainable Biotechnology

The BioE3 policy is a new government plan aimed at using biotechnology to create sustainable and
environmentally friendly industrial practices. It focuses on reducing waste and developing innovative ways
to make products that are better for the planet.
What is Biotechnology?
Biotechnology is a field where scientists use living organisms or systems to create useful products or
solutions. It covers areas like:
Genomics: Studying genes and their functions.
Genetic Engineering: Changing the DNA of organisms to improve or create new traits.
Synthetic Biology: Designing new organisms or systems that don’t exist in nature.
Biotechnology is widely used in medicine (like making vaccines) and agriculture (like developing disease-
resistant crops). New advancements now allow it to be used in many other areas.
What is the Potential of Biotechnology?
Biotechnology can help create eco-friendly products, such as:
Animal-Free Dairy: Made through a process called precision fermentation, this mimics regular milk without
the need for cows.
Bioplastics: These are plastics made from renewable resources, like plants, which can break down more
easily in nature.
Carbon Capture: Microorganisms can be used to convert harmful CO2 emissions into useful products like
biofuels, reducing the need to store CO2 underground.
Synthetic Biology: This allows scientists to engineer organisms to perform specific tasks, like producing
medicines or even growing replacement organs.
Benefits for India
The BioE3 policy is designed to make India a leader in biomanufacturing, an industry expected to be worth
$2-4 trillion in the next decade. The policy will help train people in biotechnology and support research,
making sure India is ready to take advantage of this growing field.
Implementation Framework
The BioE3 policy will create biomanufacturing hubs across the country. These hubs will bring together
startups and industries to create bio-based products like:
Chemicals and Enzymes: Produced from biological sources.
Functional Foods and Smart Proteins: Healthier, more sustainable alternatives to traditional food products.
Precision Biotherapeutics: Advanced medical treatments tailored to individual needs.
Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Crops and farming methods that can better withstand changing weather
conditions.
Carbon Capture: Technologies to reduce carbon emissions.
Marine and Space Research: Exploring biotechnology solutions for deep-sea and space environments.
Collaborative Approach
For the BioE3 policy to work, at least 15 government departments will need to collaborate. This will ensure
that the technology is developed and implemented effectively across various sectors of the economy,
making it a truly nationwide effort.
India, South Africa Sign Submarine Rescue Cooperation Agreement
The Indian and South African navies formalized an agreement to improve submarine rescue support, on
September 4, 2024. This agreement is designed to ensure the safety of South African submarine crews in
case of emergencies and highlights the importance of cooperation between the two countries.

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Key Features of the Agreement
This agreement allows the Indian Navy to use its Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) to help in case
of submarine accidents. The DSRV is a special vehicle that can dive deep into the ocean to rescue people
trapped in submarines. This partnership will make both navies better prepared for emergencies and shows
their commitment to maritime safety.
Historical Background
In September 2023, three South African navy members died during an accident involving their submarine,
the SAS Manthatisi. This tragic event highlighted the need for better safety measures. Since South Africa is
one of the few African countries with a submarine fleet, the agreement with India ensures they have the
right tools and support to prevent similar incidents in the future.
Indian Navy’s DSRV Capabilities
India has two DSRVs, which it got from the UK. They started operating in 2018 and 2019. These vehicles can
dive as deep as 650 meters and rescue up to 14 people in one mission. The DSRVs also come with a
remotely operated vehicle (ROV) that helps with underwater operations.
In 2018, one of India’s DSRVs set a national record by diving 666 meters underwater. The DSRVs are
designed in a way that makes them easy to transport by road, sea, or air, so they can be quickly sent to help
during emergencies.
Regional Collaboration and MoUs
India has a history of sharing its submarine rescue expertise with other countries. For example, it has a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Singapore to exchange techniques for submarine rescues.
India’s goal is to improve maritime security across the Indian Ocean Region by offering its rescue
capabilities to other nations in the area.
Previous Deployments
In April 2021, India sent one of its DSRVs to help find the missing Indonesian submarine KRI Nanggala.
Although the DSRV was eventually called back after the Indonesian Navy found the debris, this mission
showed India’s readiness to help other countries in times of need.
The agreement between the Indian and South African navies strengthens their partnership and dedication to
maritime safety. It reinforces both countries’ commitment to working together to protect submarines and
improve security in the Indian Ocean Region.
Assam Cabinet Approves 57 Recommendations of Biplab Sarma Commission
The Assam Cabinet has approved the implementation of 57 out of 67 recommendations made by the
Justice (Retd) Biplab Sarma Commission. This commission was formed by the Ministry of Home Affairs to
implement Clause 6 of the Assam Accord. The Cabinet’s approval is a big step toward protecting the rights
and identity of the Assamese people.
What is the Assam Accord?
The Assam Accord was signed in 1985 after long protests against illegal immigration into Assam. The
Accord says that all foreigners who came to Assam after March 24, 1971, should be deported, no matter
their religion. Clause 6 of the Accord focuses on protecting the rights and identity of the people of Assam
by giving them constitutional, legislative, and administrative safeguards.
What is the Biplab Sarma Commission?
The Biplab Sarma Commission, led by Justice Biplab Kumar Sarma, was set up to speed up the
implementation of Clause 6. The commission looked at ways to change laws and policies to ensure that the
culture and identity of the Assamese people are protected.
Key Recommendations Approved
The Cabinet approved 57 recommendations from the commission, which will be applied across the state.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
However, some areas, like those under the 6th Schedule and the Barak Valley, will need to approve these
recommendations locally.
The other 10 recommendations are still being discussed with the Government of India. These
recommendations will take more time to finalize.
Implementation Strategy
A Group of Ministers will be formed to talk with important groups like the All-Assam Students’ Union (AASU)
and other stakeholders. Together, they will make a detailed plan to implement the approved
recommendations by April 15, 2025.
The commission also recommended constitutional amendments for the full implementation of Clause 6.
This could include changes to Article 371-B, which deals with special provisions for Assam. These changes
would help protect the Assamese identity even more.
About the Justice Biplab Sarma Commission
The Justice Biplab Sarma Commission was set up in Assam in 2019 to look into issues like corruption and
misconduct in the state’s police force. It aimed to make law enforcement more accountable. Justice Sarma,
a retired High Court judge, has worked in various important judicial roles. The commission’s findings
emphasized problems like poor training and supervision in the police force. The report also sparked
conversations about the need for police reforms to improve transparency and public trust in Assam’s law
enforcement agencies.
India Launches National Blockchain Framework
The Indian Government launched a new blockchain initiative called the Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology
Stack. This project, led by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), provides a
platform for using Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS). Essentially, it allows people to use blockchain
technology easily through a large, distributed system across the country. The goal is to support secure,
efficient, and permissioned blockchain applications.
Key Components of the Launch
Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack: This is a broad platform for developing various blockchain
applications.
NBFLite: A smaller, lightweight version of blockchain for startups and academia. It helps them quickly build
and test blockchain applications.
Praamaanik: A special blockchain tool to verify the authenticity of mobile apps, ensuring they come from
trustworthy sources.
National Blockchain Portal: This is a one-stop website for all blockchain initiatives and updates under
MeitY.
What is the National Blockchain Framework (NBF)?
The National Blockchain Framework (NBF), launched in 2021, is a system designed to build trust in digital
services and make them more reliable. It helps in improving how the government delivers services to the
public by using the following features:
Distributed Infrastructure: This ensures that the system is available across a large area and can grow as
needed.
Core Functionality: It introduces smart contracts (automated agreements) and an API gateway (which
allows different systems to connect and communicate).
Security and Privacy: The framework is designed to ensure strong security, protect user privacy, and work
well with other systems.
Collaboration and Technology Development
Developing the Vishvasya blockchain and the National Blockchain Framework involved collaboration with

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
institutions like C-DAC, NIC, IIT Hyderabad, and IIIT Hyderabad, all supported by MeitY. These efforts help
create new technologies and solutions that will benefit both public and private sectors.
According to Secretary S. Krishnan, the National Blockchain Framework will improve the security, trust, and
transparency of services that citizens use. By using blockchain, public services will become more
transparent and accountable, making sure that data is secure and trustworthy.
Transforming Governance
Blockchain technology is expected to change how the government operates. It will make public services
more transparent (open) and accountable (responsible for their actions). By scaling these applications
across different states and government departments, blockchain can help solve important governance
challenges.
Tackling Challenges
The National Blockchain Framework will also address several important challenges:
Skill Shortages: It will work on building a skilled workforce trained in using and developing blockchain
applications.
Vendor Lock-in: Ensuring that users have flexibility in choosing the right technology without being stuck
with one provider.
Research Challenges: Focusing on improving security, interoperability (making different systems work
together), and performance.
The goal of the initiative is to promote research and development in blockchain technology, leading to more
patents and publications. It will continue to add new applications to the NBF stack to keep up with changing
needs, especially in improving public services.
Researchers Reveal Graviton-Induced Uncertainty Relation in Gravity
Researchers have made an important discovery in trying to combine two areas of physics—classical gravity
and quantum mechanics. They found a new type of uncertainty relation, which comes from the noise made
by gravitons. Gravitons are hypothetical particles that scientists believe may carry the force of gravity.
Studying these particles could help us understand quantum gravity, which has been a difficult problem in
physics for a long time.
Difference Between Classical and Quantum Physics
Classical physics explains how large objects like planets, cars, or people behave using well-known rules,
such as Newton’s laws.
Quantum physics, on the other hand, deals with the strange behaviors of tiny particles, like atoms and
electrons, which follow different rules.
The challenge for scientists is to create a theory that works for both big objects (classical physics) and tiny
particles (quantum physics), especially in extreme places like black holes or around neutron stars.
What is Quantum Gravity (QG)?
Quantum gravity is a field of study where scientists try to understand how gravity works at the level of tiny
particles. Normally, gravity is thought of as a force that affects large objects, but quantum gravity focuses
on how it behaves when both gravity and quantum mechanics are important.
For example, around black holes, gravity is so strong and things happen on such small scales that we need
a theory combining both classical and quantum ideas.
What is Gravitational Noise?
Researchers have found that when gravitational fields are studied using quantum mechanics, they create
tiny fluctuations, or “noise.” These fluctuations can be detected by sensitive tools like LIGO, which looks for
tiny changes in distances caused by gravitational waves. This noise behaves in a way that suggests gravity
might have a quantum nature, and could even be evidence of gravitons.

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Research Contributions
Two researchers, Prof. Sunandan Gangopadhyay and Mr. Soham Sen from the S.N. Bose National Centre for
Astrophysics, have been studying how quantum gravity affects objects that are falling freely. They
discovered a new type of uncertainty relation caused by the noise from gravitons. This is an important clue
that shows gravity may indeed work at a quantum level.
Generalized Uncertainty Principle
The uncertainty relation they found connects the position and momentum of particles to the noise created
by gravitons. This means that gravity doesn’t just affect objects in the usual way but could also have
quantum effects. The research team says this discovery shows that gravity might have a quantum nature,
making their work very important in the study of quantum gravity.
Publications
Soham Sen & Sunandan Gangopadhyay, “Uncertainty principle from the noise of gravitons”, Eur. Phys.
J. C 84 (2024) 116.
Chawla & M. Parikh, “Quantum gravity corrections to the fall of an apple”, Phys. Rev. D 107 (2023)
066024.
This discovery is a key step forward in understanding how gravity and quantum mechanics might be
connected, which could change how we understand the universe.
Himachal Pradesh Assembly Introduces Zero Hour
Zero Hour is set to be introduced in the Himachal Assembly as announced by Speaker Kuldeep Singh
Pathania. The introduction follows a discussion on the necessity of framing Standard Operating Procedures
(SOPs) before its implementation.
What is Zero Hour?
Zero Hour is a practice in parliamentary sessions where members can raise urgent public issues that are
not listed on the official agenda. It allows them to bring attention to important matters, even if these issues
were not planned for discussion beforehand. This period usually takes place after Question Hour and is an
opportunity for lawmakers to address concerns that require immediate attention.
How Are Issues Raised During Zero Hour?
During Zero Hour, members can raise urgent matters, but they need the approval of the Speaker. The
Speaker has the power to decide which issues are allowed for discussion. It’s important to note that the
government is not required to provide immediate replies to the concerns raised.
Government and Opposition Views on Zero Hour
Government’s Position: The Parliamentary Affairs Minister, Harshwardhan Chauhan, expressed concern
that the decision to introduce Zero Hour was made without consulting the government. Chief Minister
Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu agreed with the introduction of Zero Hour but stressed the importance of having
clear SOPs to maintain order during the discussions.
Opposition’s Viewpoint: The Leader of the Opposition, Jai Ram Thakur, supported Zero Hour but highlighted
the need for clear rules (modalities) to ensure that all members of the assembly get a fair chance to raise
public issues.
Importance of SOPs
Creating SOPs is essential to regulate what types of issues can be brought up during Zero Hour. These rules
will help keep the discussions focused, efficient, and brief. The SOPs for Himachal’s Zero Hour are
expected to be similar to those used in the Indian Parliament, ensuring that the practice runs smoothly.
Duration and Structure of Zero Hour
Some members, like Randhir Sharma, suggested that Zero Hour should last for one hour. This would give
lawmakers more time to discuss important issues that affect the public. This proposal aims to make sure

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
that enough time is given to address pressing concerns effectively.
Zero Hour in the Himachal Assembly will allow members to raise urgent public issues, but clear SOPs are
being developed to ensure that the discussions are orderly and productive. Both the government and the
opposition agree on the importance of the practice but stress the need for well-defined rules.
2024 Chief Science Advisers Roundtable in Paris
The 2024 Chief Science Advisers’ Roundtable (CSAR) is an important event happening on September 6,
2024, at UNESCO’s headquarters in Paris. It is supported by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to
the Government of India and UNESCO’s Natural Sciences Sector. This roundtable brings together top
science advisors from around the world to discuss and improve global science policies.
How did CSAR Begin?
CSAR started during India’s G20 Presidency in 2023. The main goal was to create stronger international
frameworks for scientific advice, meaning better ways for countries to share and use scientific knowledge
to make informed decisions.
Global Participation
This year’s event will include delegations from 28 countries and six international organizations. These
delegations will be led by Chief Science Advisers (CSA) or people with similar roles. It’s a global gathering
aimed at improving how countries work together in the field of science.
Central Theme
The main theme for 2024 is “Fostering open science, bridging knowledge asymmetry, and building science
advice capacity globally.” This means the event will focus on:
Making scientific knowledge open and accessible to everyone (open science).
Reducing gaps in knowledge between different countries or groups (knowledge asymmetry).
Strengthening the ability of countries to give reliable and useful science advice.
Who will Lead the Event?
Two key figures will co-chair the event:
Ajay Kumar Sood, the Principal Scientific Adviser to India.
Lidia Brito, UNESCO’s Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences.
Together, they will guide the discussions and ensure that the event stays focused on the key themes.
A major part of the event is the knowledge session, which will focus on how science advisory systems can
help build trust in science. This session will allow experts to discuss ways to improve how science advice is
provided to the public and policymakers.
Collaboration and Future Goals
The 2024 CSAR aims to continue building international cooperation in science advisory practices. South
Africa is expected to lead future efforts, which will focus on closing knowledge gaps, promoting open
science, and improving how science advice is shared globally.
The 2024 CSAR is a key event that promotes global cooperation, transparency in science, and better ways
for countries to share and use scientific knowledge. It will play a crucial role in shaping the future of
international science policies.
IIT Delhi Campus Inaugurated in Abu Dhabi
In a historic moment, Sheikh Khaled bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi,
opened the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi Abu Dhabi campus. This is a big deal because it’s the
first-ever full IIT campus outside India. This event marks a huge step forward in international academic
collaboration between India and the UAE.
Significance of IIT Delhi-Abu Dhabi
The opening of this campus is part of a larger vision, known as the Vision Document, which was launched in

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February 2022 by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al
Nahyan. This document highlights education as a key area for stronger cooperation between India and the
UAE.
What Courses are Offered?
The campus began its journey with an initial group of 52 students. They are enrolled in two important
undergraduate programs:
Computer Science and Engineering
Energy Engineering
These programs have been designed to align with global technological trends and meet the needs of the
region.
Admissions Process
Students were selected for these courses through two different methods:
JEE Advanced Exam: This is the regular method used in India to get into IITs.
Combined Admission Entrance Test (CAET): This is a new exam specifically for international
students.
This dual method ensures that the campus attracts a diverse range of students while maintaining the high
standards that IIT is known for.
Postgraduate Programs
The campus introduced its first Master of Technology (M.Tech) program, focusing on Energy Transition and
Sustainability. This course reflects the global priority of sustainable development, which is also a key focus
for the UAE.
Globalisation of Indian Education
The establishment of IIT Delhi Abu Dhabi is a significant step in spreading Indian higher education across
the world. It shows India’s ability to share its academic expertise internationally. This partnership between
India and the UAE strengthens educational and knowledge exchanges, helping to develop skilled human
resources.
Future Prospects
More Courses: The campus is expected to expand and offer more specialised programs that meet both
regional and global demands.
Research Collaborations: Indian and UAE institutions will likely work together on research projects,
combining their strengths.
Industry Partnerships: The campus plans to build strong relationships with industries, both locally and
internationally, to support research and development.
Cultural Exchange: With students from both India and the UAE, the campus will promote a better
understanding of each other’s cultures.
Economic Impact: IIT’s presence in the UAE is expected to boost the country’s knowledge economy and
help with its goals of economic diversification.
IIT Delhi Abu Dhabi is not just an educational institution—it’s a platform for innovation, cultural exchange,
and economic growth, improving deeper ties between India and the UAE.
September 6, 2024
US, EU, UK Set to Sign Historic AI Treaty
The United States, European Union, and United Kingdom are preparing to sign a new and important treaty
called the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy,
and the Rule of Law. This treaty will be the first international agreement that sets legal rules for how AI
technology should be developed and used, making sure that AI systems respect human rights and

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
democratic values.
Significance of this treaty
This treaty is significant because it focuses on protecting human rights while also creating a unified
approach for many countries. Without such a treaty, different nations could create their own, possibly
conflicting rules for AI, which could slow down the development of technology. By having a common set of
guidelines, the treaty helps ensure that AI advances safely and fairly.
How was the treaty developed?
The treaty was created over two years, with representatives from more than 50 countries contributing. It
uses a “risk-based framework,” which means it looks at how risky an AI system is and sets rules
accordingly. The treaty covers both government and private sector use of AI, and it holds those who use AI
accountable if the technology harms people or violates rights like privacy or equality.
What are the main goals of the treaty?
The treaty has three key goals:
Protect human rights in how AI is used.
Safeguard democracy, ensuring AI doesn’t interfere with fair political processes.
Provide legal support for anyone whose rights are violated by AI systems.
What must countries do after they sign the treaty?
Once countries sign the treaty, they must make sure that:
AI systems used in their countries respect human rights.
AI does not harm democratic systems.
There are protections in place for people’s freedoms throughout the entire life of an AI system, from
creation to use.
The treaty does not fully cover national security and certain research activities. However, both public and
private organizations are still responsible for managing any AI-related risks in their operations.
Relate to other AI regulations
This treaty is one part of a broader effort to regulate AI globally. It aligns with other regulatory initiatives
like the G7 accord on AI and the European AI Act. These efforts aim to create international standards for AI
technology so that its development is safe, fair, and transparent.
While the treaty is legally binding, it doesn’t include strict enforcement tools like fines. Instead, countries
will be monitored for their compliance, but there’s no strong punishment if they don’t follow the rules. This
raises questions about how effectively the treaty will hold countries accountable.
Around ten countries are expected to be the first to sign the treaty, showing a commitment to responsible AI
development. These nations will continue working together in international discussions to ensure AI is used
in a way that benefits everyone.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO)
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO) is managing a massive
₹72,000 crore infrastructure project on Great Nicobar Island. This includes building a large trans-shipment
port, an airport, tourist facilities, and solar and gas power plants. While this project promises to boost
development, it has raised concerns about environmental protection and whether ANIIDCO, a relatively
unknown government agency, is equipped to handle such a large undertaking.
What is ANIIDCO?
ANIIDCO has been playing a vital role in promoting economic development in the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands since its establishment in 1978. The agency focuses on sectors like tourism, agriculture, and
fisheries. It also runs several eco-tourism projects aimed at preserving the unique environment of the
islands. By supporting local businesses and sustainable development, ANIIDCO contributes significantly to

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
the region’s economy while working to protect its natural beauty.
Financial Performance
In the last three years, ANIIDCO has made an average annual revenue of ₹370 crore and a profit of ₹35
crore. Many people are questioning whether the agency can handle a project as large and complex as this
one, given its relatively modest financial track record.
Concerns About Capability
When ANIIDCO was chosen to lead this project in July 2020, it did not have a clear environmental policy or
enough skilled workers to handle the project. It only started hiring specialists in late 2022, revealing a
significant delay between the start of the project and the agency’s readiness to execute it properly.
Environmental Oversight Issues
In May 2021, the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) raised questions about ANIIDCO’s ability to manage
environmental responsibilities. Even though ANIIDCO admitted it did not have an environmental policy, the
EAC still approved its request for environmental clearance in November 2022. This has raised concerns
about whether proper oversight was conducted.
Conflict of Interest Concerns
There have been allegations that ANIIDCO is self-certifying its environmental assessments because the
agency’s managing director was also the Secretary for Environment and Forests at the time. This overlap of
roles has led to worries about potential conflicts of interest, which could affect the fairness of the
environmental reviews.
Historical Perspectives
Some past administrators have expressed doubts about ANIIDCO’s ability to manage such a huge project. Lt
Gen A.K. Singh acknowledged ANIIDCO’s potential but insisted that outside experts should be brought in to
help. Similarly, former Chief Secretary Sanat Kaul suggested that the entire organisation needed to be
restructured to be more effective in handling large-scale development projects.
World's First Nuclear Clock
Scientists at JILA, a research institute that’s part of the University of Colorado Boulder and the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), are close to finishing the development of the world’s first
nuclear clock. They have figured out all the necessary parts to build this clock, marking an important step
forward in timekeeping technology.
What is an Atomic Clock?
An atomic clock is a type of clock that measures time using the natural vibrations of atoms. These
vibrations are incredibly regular, making atomic clocks highly accurate. Atomic clocks are essential for
things like keeping international time zones in sync, helping GPS systems work, and making sure global
financial transactions happen at the right time.
How does a Nuclear Clock Differ?
While atomic clocks rely on the electromagnetic forces in atoms, nuclear clocks measure time by looking at
the energy changes inside the nucleus (the center) of an atom. This difference means that nuclear clocks
could be even more accurate than atomic clocks because the energy levels in a nucleus are more stable and
less affected by outside forces.
Advancements in Precision
Researchers at JILA have made huge improvements in how accurately they can measure time. Their work is
a million times more precise than previous efforts. This allows them to detect very tiny changes in the
energy of an atom’s nucleus, which is key to making nuclear clocks work properly.
Current Status of the Nuclear Clock
Although the nuclear clock hasn’t been fully built yet, all the necessary parts have been successfully tested

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
in the lab. The scientists are now working on making the measurements even more precise and ensuring
that the clock will be as accurate as possible when it’s finally put together.
Once completed, the nuclear clock could make timekeeping technologies simpler. Unlike current atomic
clocks, it might not require expensive and complex setups, like ultrahigh vacuum systems or laser cooling.
This could make nuclear clocks more practical, accessible, and efficient.
Konyak Union Seeks Boundary Correction from Nagaland CM
A tribal group in Nagaland called the Konyak Union has raised concerns with the Chief Minister of Nagaland,
Neiphiu Rio, about mistakes in how the boundary between Mon district (in Nagaland) and Charaideo district
(in Assam) is shown on Google Maps. They claim that the map incorrectly shows that some areas that
should belong to Mon district are instead marked as part of Assam.
Historical Context
Nagaland became a state in 1963 when parts of Assam were reorganized. This change was based on earlier
borders set during British rule, especially in regions with large Naga populations, such as the Konyak Nagas
in Mon district.
Disputed Areas
The boundary issue involves specific villages like Hota-Hoti and Tekun, which are in Mon district and were
established in the 1960s. The Konyak Union argues that the boundary should reflect traditional
understandings and historical agreements between the Ahoms (a group from Assam) and the Konyak
Nagas.
Legal Ramifications
The dispute over these boundaries is currently being examined by the Supreme Court of India. Incorrect
information on maps like those on Google could lead to legal problems and potential conflicts between
different communities.
The Konyak Union is asking the Chief Minister and other officials to quickly correct the mapping error. They
warn that if the issue is not resolved, there could be serious consequences, and they do not take
responsibility for any problems caused by the incorrect map information.
Facts About Konyak Union
The Konyak Union was created in 1979 to represent the Konyak tribe in Nagaland, India.
It aims to preserve Konyak culture and traditions.
The Konyak tribe is famous for its unique face tattoos and warrior history.
Konyaks are skilled in wood carving and making bamboo crafts.
They practice shifting cultivation, also known as jhum farming.
The Konyak language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family.
The union works to support the rights of tribal people.
2024 State of Global Air Report
The 2024 State of Global Air Report brings alarming news about air pollution and its impact on children’s
health in India. Every day, 464 children under the age of five die because of air pollution, making it the
second largest cause of death for young children worldwide. This problem is especially severe in low and
middle-income countries like India, and it needs immediate attention.
What is PM2.5 Particles?
PM2.5 particles are tiny bits of pollution that can be found in the air. These particles are very dangerous
because they are small enough to get deep into our lungs. Once they enter the body, they can cause serious
health problems like heart and lung diseases, diabetes, and even dementia. More than 90% of deaths related
to air pollution are linked to these PM2.5 particles.

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Impact on Young Children
Young children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution. In 2021, nearly 5 million
children worldwide died from indoor air pollution caused by dirty fuels like wood or coal used for cooking
and heating. This shows how badly air pollution is affecting children’s health and why urgent action is
needed to protect them.
What causes Air Pollution?
The main causes of air pollution include:
Fossil fuel power plants (such as coal and oil power stations)
Traffic emissions (pollution from cars and trucks)
Poor waste management (garbage that is not properly disposed of)
Burning of agricultural waste (farmers burning crop residue)
These sources of pollution are especially severe in cities like Delhi, making urban areas more polluted.
Rankings and Life Expectancy
According to the 6th Annual World Air Quality Report, New Delhi is the most polluted capital city in the
world. India ranks third overall for the highest pollution levels globally. The toxic air reduces the life
expectancy of people living in the country. On average, people in India are living three years less because of
the bad air quality. In the northern areas, like Delhi, people could lose as much as 5.4 years of their lives due
to pollution.
Government Efforts to Tackle the Crisis
The government is aware of the seriousness of the situation. A joint meeting was planned for September 5,
2024, where different government departments would come together to create a plan to reduce pollution in
Delhi. The goal is to find effective strategies to tackle the issue.
The report stresses that air pollution is a bigger threat to public health than malnutrition and alcohol. It also
reduces life expectancy more than smoking. To protect the health of current and future generations, it is
essential to take strong and urgent measures to reduce air pollution as soon as possible.
World Experiences Hottest Northern Hemisphere Summer
The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) has announced that the summer of 2024 was the hottest
ever recorded in the northern hemisphere, from June to August. This surpassed the previous record set last
year. The rising temperatures are a result of ongoing global warming trends, driven by human activities.
Key Findings
The summer of 2023 is officially the warmest summer ever recorded globally.
Experts predict that 2024 could be even hotter than 2023.
Over the last three months, temperature records were broken, including the hottest single day and the
hottest boreal (northern) summer.
Causes of Climate Change
The main cause of climate change is human activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and
gas. This releases greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
The El Niño phenomenon, a natural climate pattern, has also contributed to the rising temperatures.
However, there are signs that this may shift towards La Niña, which typically brings cooler conditions.
Impact on Weather Patterns
Extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, are becoming more frequent and severe because of
climate change.
Sudan is experiencing severe flooding.
Italy is facing long periods of drought.
Typhoon Gaemi was intensified by climate factors, leading to significant casualties in the Philippines,

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Taiwan, and China.
Global Temperature Trends
According to C3S data, which tracks climate patterns since 1940, the summer of 2024 was the hottest since
records began in the pre-industrial era (1850).
Even though La Niña may bring some temporary cooling, the ocean’s surface temperatures remain unusually
high, particularly in August.
Experts are urging immediate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If emissions continue at their
current rate, extreme weather events will become more frequent and severe, posing serious risks to
ecosystems, human communities, and the planet as a whole.
About Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)
C3S is part of the European Union’s Copernicus Programme, which started in 2015. It provides important
data about climate change by using satellite observations. C3S supports over 7,000 users worldwide and
helps policymakers make informed decisions to adapt to climate change. It also partners with leading
research institutions in Europe and publishes an annual report called the European State of the Climate.
New Antarctic Dragonfish Species Discovered by Researchers
Antarctica’s waters are incredibly rich in marine life, with many species still unknown to science. Recent
research by William & Mary’s Virginia Institute of Marine Science has revealed a new species of fish in the
Antarctic Peninsula. This new species is called the Banded Dragonfish (Akarotaxis gouldae).
Identification of the New Species
Researchers discovered the Banded Dragonfish while studying tiny sea creatures called zooplankton.
Initially, they thought it was a different species, Akarotaxis nudiceps. However, as the fish grew, they
noticed it had distinct features that set it apart. These features include two dark vertical bands and other
unique traits that helped in its accurate identification.
Naming the New Species
The Banded Dragonfish is named after the Laurence M Gould, an Antarctic research vessel that played a
significant role in scientific exploration but has now been retired. The Banded Dragonfish has a slim body, a
broad snout, a long mouth, and large, oval-shaped eyes. Its most distinguishing features are the two dark
bands on its sides.
How Researchers Studied the Fish
Researchers used genetic tests and a method called phylogenetic analysis to understand the evolution of
this fish. They found that Akarotaxis gouldae and Akarotaxis nudiceps split into different species about
780,000 years ago. This separation likely occurred because of the isolated, glacial conditions that led to
them becoming distinct species over time. The Banded Dragonfish is found only in the deep waters of the
western Antarctic Peninsula. Studying this fish is challenging because it lives in very deep and remote areas
of the ocean.
Significance of the Discovery
Finding Akarotaxis gouldae highlights the rich but hidden diversity in Antarctic waters. It also shows there
could be many more unknown species waiting to be discovered as scientists continue exploring this under-
researched area.
Facts About Antarctic Dragonfish
Habitat: Lives in very deep Antarctic waters, up to 2,000 meters deep.
Body: Transparent bodies to help them blend in and special proteins in their blood to stop ice from
forming.
Diet: Eats small fish and krill.
Size: Can grow up to 38 cm long.

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Bioluminescence: Their bodies can glow in the dark, helping them communicate and hide from
predators.
Unique Features: No scales and has long teeth to catch prey.
Why Planes Avoid the Tibetan Plateau?
The Tibetan Plateau, often called the “Forbidden Plateau,” is a massive region with unique challenges that
make it very difficult for airplanes to fly over. Its high altitude, dangerous weather, lack of emergency
landing areas, and limited air traffic control all contribute to why airlines avoid this area.
High Altitude
The Tibetan Plateau has some of the highest peaks in the world, with many areas more than 16,000 feet
above sea level. At such high altitudes, the air is much thinner, which makes it hard for airplane engines to
produce the power needed to stay in the air. Flying over the plateau is like trying to run a marathon at high
altitude—it’s exhausting for the plane, and it struggles to stay aloft.
Turbulence
The weather over the Tibetan Plateau is unpredictable and often violent, with strong winds creating severe
turbulence. This makes it difficult for pilots to keep the plane stable. Combined with the thin air, these
turbulent conditions increase the risks for planes trying to fly over the region.
Lack of Emergency Landing Sites
One of the biggest safety concerns is that there are very few places to make an emergency landing on the
Tibetan Plateau. The landscape is rugged, with mountains and steep terrain, and there aren’t many airports
or flat areas where a plane could safely land if something went wrong. This lack of emergency options
makes it too risky for airlines to send flights over the area.
Air Traffic Control Limitations
The Tibetan Plateau is remote, and because of its harsh environment, there isn’t much air traffic control
infrastructure. This makes it harder for pilots to communicate and navigate through the region. Without the
support of strong air traffic control, flying over the plateau becomes even more hazardous.
Although the Tibetan Plateau is a fascinating and beautiful part of the world, its difficult geography and
extreme weather conditions make it largely inaccessible for airplanes. This region, known for its rich wildlife
and cultural history, remains a place of mystery and adventure but is avoided by most airlines due to the
serious risks involved in flying over it.
Facts About the Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan Plateau is known as the “Roof of the World” because it is the highest and largest plateau
on Earth.
Its average height is more than 4,500 meters (about 14,800 feet) above sea level.
The plateau spans parts of Tibet, Nepal, India, and China, covering around 2.5 million square
kilometers.
It affects weather patterns in Asia by acting as a barrier to monsoon winds.
The plateau is home to unique animals, like the Tibetan antelope.
It holds a large amount of the world’s freshwater, stored in glaciers and frozen ground.
Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)
Chinese President Xi Jinping announced that China would provide $51 billion to help African countries
during the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). The money will be used to support 30 major
infrastructure projects, which could include building roads, bridges, power plants, and other critical facilities
in African countries. This decision reflects China’s current economic strategy as it faces challenges at
home and wants to continue its strong relationship with Africa.

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What is FOCAC?
The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) was created in 2000 to strengthen the partnership
between China and African countries. It is a meeting that happens every three years, sometimes held in
China and sometimes in an African country. Currently, 53 African nations, except for Eswatini, are part of
this forum. The African Union Commission is also involved, helping to guide discussions and plans for the
future.
Significance of FOCAC
FOCAC is an essential platform where African leaders can directly discuss important political and economic
matters with China. It helps both sides agree on joint projects and actions for the future. The 2024 FOCAC
summit, themed “Joining Hands to Advance Modernization and Build a High-Level China-Africa Community
with a Shared Future,” aims to outline how the two regions can collaborate better in the coming years.
Evolution of China-Africa Relations
China’s involvement with Africa started in the 1950s when it supported African countries’ fight for
independence from colonial powers. One of its major contributions was building the Tanzania-Zambia
railway in the 1970s. Over the years, China became Africa’s biggest trading partner, with trade volumes
reaching $282 billion in 2023. This trade mostly involves raw materials from Africa and manufactured
goods from China.
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
Africa is a key player in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which seeks to create new economic and
cultural ties between countries, similar to the ancient Silk Road. In the last decade, China has spent over
$120 billion on African infrastructure projects through the BRI.
Concerns and Criticisms
While China’s investments in Africa are significant, some critics argue that they lead to ‘debt trap
diplomacy.’ This means that some African countries struggle to repay the loans, raising concerns that China
might use the debt to gain control over assets. However, some people believe that these problems are more
related to how African governments handle their finances rather than a deliberate strategy by China.
FOCAC 2024’s Significance
The 2024 FOCAC summit will be very important as China tries to deal with a slowing economy after the
COVID-19 pandemic, as well as loan defaults from countries like Zambia and Ghana. China may focus more
on smaller projects and green technologies, while African countries will likely ask for more loans despite
their existing debt challenges.
China presents itself as a developing country, like many African nations, and often highlights its shared
experience of opposing Western colonialism. This message is well received by African leaders, even though
there are still concerns about the balance of trade and dependency on Chinese investments.
India Becomes World's Top Plastic Polluter, Study Finds
India has become the largest plastic polluter in the world, producing 9.3 million tonnes of plastic waste
every year. This amount makes up about 20% of the total global plastic emissions, showing how serious the
problem is for both India and the world.
Study Findings
A recent study published in Nature suggests that India’s official data on plastic waste is likely too low. The
current estimate of 0.12 kilograms of plastic waste per person per day doesn’t fully capture the real
situation. This is because the data does not account for plastic waste in rural areas or the informal
recycling sector. Also, the amount of waste collected is probably overestimated, making it harder to
understand the true scale of the problem.

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Global Plastic Polluters
India tops the list of global plastic polluters, followed by Nigeria and Indonesia, which emit 3.5 million
tonnes and 3.4 million tonnes of plastic waste, respectively. China, which was once the leading plastic
polluter, has improved its waste management systems and is now ranked fourth.
What is Plastic Emissions?
Plastic emissions refer to plastic waste that escapes from managed systems (like waste collection and
recycling) and ends up in the environment (like in rivers, oceans, or land). This study looks at uncollected
waste and littering, giving a clearer picture of how much plastic pollution is happening.
Sources of Plastic Waste
The study identified five main sources of plastic waste emissions:
Uncollected waste – Plastic waste that never gets picked up.
Littering – People throwing plastic on the streets or in nature.
Collection systems – Sometimes, the systems that collect waste aren’t efficient.
Uncontrolled disposal – Waste that is dumped in open areas without being managed properly.
Rejects from sorting and reprocessing – Plastic that can’t be recycled and is thrown away.
In wealthier countries, littering is a bigger problem, but in developing countries like India, the main issue is
uncollected waste.
Implications for Future Action
These findings are important for the Global Plastics Treaty, a worldwide agreement that is expected to be
finalized by 2024. This treaty aims to reduce plastic pollution and the greenhouse gases that come from it.
The study provides a starting point for countries to create action plans to manage and reduce plastic waste.
India’s position as the world’s top plastic polluter highlights the need for immediate action. The country
must focus on gathering better data, especially from rural areas, and improving waste collection to
effectively address this environmental crisis.
September 7, 2024
India Commissioned Advanced Nuclear Submarine INS Arighaat
India has recently commissioned its second nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), named
INS Arighaat. This is a major boost to India’s naval capabilities, coming after the first SSBN, INS Arihant,
which was commissioned in 2016.
India’s journey into building nuclear-powered submarines began with the INS Arihant, which was the first of
its kind for the country. The introduction of INS Arighaat represents significant progress, demonstrating
improvements in technology and local production skills.
Key Features of INS Arighaat
Enhanced Missile Range: INS Arighaat is equipped with missiles that can hit targets over 3,500 km away.
This is a big improvement compared to the 750 km range of the INS Arihant.
Indigenous Content: A large part of the INS Arighaat was designed and made in India, supporting the
country’s goal of becoming more self-reliant in defense technology.
Advanced Technology: The submarine features new and advanced designs, showing the progress India has
made in its naval technology.
Strategic Importance
Both INS Arihant and INS Arighaat are crucial for India’s national security. They act as important deterrents
against potential threats, helping to strengthen India’s strategic position in regional waters.
The Indian Navy plans to further increase its fleet of nuclear submarines. A third submarine is expected to
be commissioned early next year, reflecting India’s ongoing commitment to enhancing its maritime defense
and security.

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More About INS Arihant
INS Arihant is India’s first nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, commissioned in 2016.
It is 111 meters long and weighs about 6,000 tons.
The submarine can carry 12 K-15 Sagarika missiles, with a range of 750 km.
Designed for stealth, it has a double-hulled structure.
Its nuclear reactor was developed under the Indian Navy’s Advanced Technology Vessel program.
INS Arihant is a key part of India’s nuclear triad, which helps in deterring regional threats.
India's First Bio-Hydrogen Project
The Indian government awarded a contract to develop the country’s first bio-hydrogen project, led by Gensol
Engineering in collaboration with Matrix Gas & Renewables. Valued at Rs 164 crore, the project aims to align
with the National Green Hydrogen Mission and is set to process 25 tonnes of bio-waste daily, producing 1
tonne of green hydrogen using advanced gasification technology over 18 months.
What is Bio-Hydrogen?
Bio-hydrogen is a type of hydrogen that is produced from organic materials, such as plants, food waste, or
certain microorganisms. Unlike traditional hydrogen, which is typically made from fossil fuels like coal or
natural gas, bio-hydrogen comes from natural sources like agricultural leftovers, food scraps, and industrial
waste. This makes it a cleaner and more eco-friendly alternative. There are different ways to produce bio-
hydrogen:
Biophotolysis: This method uses sunlight to split water molecules in organisms like algae, releasing
hydrogen.
Dark Fermentation: Here, bacteria break down organic material without oxygen, creating hydrogen as a
byproduct.
In the new Indian project, Gensol Engineering will use a technology called Plasma-Induced Radiant Energy-
Based Gasification System (GH2-PREGS). This advanced process turns carbon-based waste into hydrogen
gas.
Why is Bio-Hydrogen Important for India?
India is working hard to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels and move towards greener energy. One of the
key initiatives supporting this is the National Green Hydrogen Mission. Given that India produces a huge
amount of agricultural waste every year, bio-hydrogen provides a way to use that waste to create clean
energy. This approach not only reduces environmental pollution but also supports industries, like steel and
cement, that are looking to lower their emissions.
Bio-hydrogen also has the potential to help rural communities by setting up local plants that turn farm waste
into energy, providing jobs and cleaner energy sources.
Opportunities for India’s Bio-Hydrogen Sector
India generates around 380 million tonnes of agricultural waste each year, providing a huge opportunity for
bio-hydrogen production. Turning waste into clean energy can reduce pollution and contribute to a greener
future. Additionally, industries like steel and cement, which are hard to make environmentally friendly, can
use bio-hydrogen to lower their emissions.
India Successfully Launches Agni-4 Ballistic Missile in Odisha
India recently conducted a successful test of the Agni-4 ballistic missile from the Integrated Test Range
(ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha. The test was carried out by the Strategic Forces Command (SFC), confirming the
missile’s performance and technical abilities.
What is Agni-4?
Agni-4 is an Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) developed by India. It is a key part of India’s
strategy to strengthen its defense capabilities. The missile is designed to enhance India’s ability to respond

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
to threats with precision and effectiveness. The successful launch of Agni-4 proves that the missile
performs as expected. This success highlights India’s progress in missile technology and its capacity to
carry out accurate and reliable strikes.
Recent Developments in Missile Testing
Before this Agni-4 test, there were other notable missile tests:
On April 4, 2024, India successfully tested the Agni-Prime missile, which met all its objectives and
showed reliable performance.
In June 2023, India conducted the first night launch of Agni-Prime, demonstrating its capabilities
under various conditions.
These missile tests show India’s dedication to modernizing its defense systems and improving its strategic
deterrence. This helps maintain stability in the region and protects against potential threats.
More About Agni-4
Range: Agni-4 can travel between 3,000 to 4,000 kilometers.
Payload: It can carry nuclear warheads weighing up to 1,000 kg.
Design: It has a two-stage solid propellant system, which improves accuracy and effectiveness.
Mobility: The missile is road-mobile, which enhances its survivability.
Guidance: It uses advanced systems including inertial navigation and GPS for precision targeting.
Development: Agni-4 is part of India’s Integrated Missile Development Program, aimed at
strengthening strategic deterrence. It was first tested in November 2011.
New Jumping Spider Species Discovered in Tamil Nadu
A new species of jumping spider, Carrhotus piperus, has been discovered in the lower Palani Hills of Tamil
Nadu. This discovery highlights the rich biodiversity of the region and brings the total number of Carrhotus
species in India to 10, with 37 known globally.
Discovery Details
The spider was found during a survey in 2016 in Thadiyankudisai, Dindigul. The research was led by John
Caleb T.D. from the Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences and M. Sampathkumar from the
ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources. These scientists gave the spider its scientific
description.
Habitat Information
The species was found living on Piper nigrum plants, which are commonly known as black pepper plants. It
was found around two metres above ground level, showing a close connection between the spider and
these plants. The species name “piperus” comes from the plant it lives on, indicating this unique
relationship.
This spider has some unique physical features that set it apart from others. It has a prolateral protrusion (a
type of bump) and a beak-shaped embolus, which is part of its reproductive structure. These traits help
scientists classify it as part of the Carrhotus genus.
The discovery is detailed in the Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, and the researchers
emphasize the need for continued study of biodiversity in India. This research helps expand our
understanding of the Carrhotus genus and the ecosystems where they live.
Facts About Jumping Spiders
Jumping spiders belong to the Salticidae family.
They have excellent vision, capable of seeing in color and detecting motion.
They can leap up to 50 times their body length using a unique hydraulic system in their legs.
Unlike most spiders, they don’t spin webs to catch prey; instead, they hunt actively.
There are over 6,000 species of jumping spiders.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
Many species have complex courtship behaviors and vibrant colors.
Jumping spiders are found on every continent except Antarctica.
India Reviews Trade Agreement With Malaysia
India is reviewing its trade agreement with Malaysia because the trade deficit has significantly increased
over time. A trade deficit means India is buying more goods from Malaysia than it is selling to them. In
2011, this deficit was $2.6 billion, but by the fiscal year 2024 (FY24), it has grown to an estimated $5.5
billion. This has raised concerns about the balance of trade between the two countries.
What is the India-Malaysia Trade Agreement?
India and Malaysia signed the India-Malaysia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) in
2011. This agreement was designed to boost trade by making it easier for the two countries to buy and sell
goods, services, and investments. It also includes provisions for the movement of people between the
countries, especially for business and trade purposes. The goal was to strengthen economic ties and
increase trade, but the growing trade deficit has led India to reconsider some of the terms. Both nations are
important trading partners—India is Malaysia’s 10th largest, while Malaysia ranks 14th for India. The
agreement also serves as a strategic counterbalance to China’s growing influence in the region.
Increasing Trade Deficit
India imports a lot more from Malaysia than it exports. India’s major exports to Malaysia include petroleum
products, buffalo meat, and aluminium. However, the key things India imports from Malaysia include
vegetable oils, electrical machinery, and chemicals. The large amount of imports, particularly essential
items like vegetable oil, is a major reason for the growing trade deficit.
‘Rules of Origin’
As part of the trade review, India is focusing on something called ‘rules of origin’. These rules help
determine where a product is made and whether it qualifies for certain tax benefits under the agreement. By
adjusting these rules, India hopes to make it easier for Indian products to be integrated into global supply
chains, which could help reduce the trade deficit by promoting more exports.
What are Non-Tariff Barriers?
Non-tariff barriers are rules or regulations that make it difficult for one country to export goods to another,
even if there aren’t high taxes on those goods. India’s commerce department is identifying these barriers in
Malaysia, such as strict sanitary and phytosanitary standards (rules for food safety and plant/animal
health). By addressing these issues, India hopes to increase the competitiveness of its exporters.
The Indian government plans to talk with various industry stakeholders—businesses and exporters—about
the challenges they face when trading with Malaysia. These consultations will help the government
understand what changes are needed to improve the trade relationship and ensure that the agreement
works better for Indian businesses.
The review of the trade agreement may open new opportunities for Indian exports, especially in sectors like
petrochemicals, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. However, experts warn that changing the agreement might
not significantly reduce India’s imports of essential goods like palm oil and electronics, which are key
imports from Malaysia.
Tamil Nadu Unveils Cyber Security Policy 2.0
The Tamil Nadu Government introduced Cyber Security Policy 2.0 to replace the older version from 2020.
This updated policy provides clear guidelines for protecting the government’s digital systems and ensuring
their safety. It focuses on making sure that the government’s digital infrastructure, including IT systems and
data, is well-protected.
Key Objectives
The main goals of the policy are to protect the government’s information assets from cyber threats and

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
ensure that IT systems used by the government and its citizens are always available and running smoothly.
Also set up a monitoring system to keep track of the IT infrastructure, making sure it works well and
securely.
This policy applies to all state government departments and public sector units in Tamil Nadu. Third-party
organizations, like contractors, suppliers, and consultants, work with the government.
Essential Components
The policy highlights several security measures, including using e-signatures or digital signatures to verify
documents, ensuring email and password security to prevent unauthorized access, and implementing a
social media policy to control what is shared on platforms. Creating backup and recovery plans to protect
important data. Conducting regular information security audits to check for vulnerabilities in the system.
Incident Management and Training
Each department must:
Nominate officials who will work with the Cyber Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT) in case of
a cyber attack.
Ensure that their staff receives annual training on how to manage and respond to cyber incidents
effectively.
Data Backup Requirements
Departments are required to:
Securely store backed-up data in multiple locations to ensure its safety.
Test the backup data regularly to confirm that it is correct and complete.
What About Risk Assessment?
A detailed risk assessment needs to be conducted to evaluate the importance and sensitivity of the
applications and assets being used and Identify possible risks and the effects of any cyber compromise.
India, EU Strengthen Defence Ties in Indo-Pacific Initiative
In September 2024, a group of high-level Indian officials visited Europe for three days to strengthen defence
cooperation between India and the European Union (EU). Their main focus was on building better military
partnerships and improving how they work together to handle security challenges. These challenges are
across different areas like the sea (maritime), land, and cyberspace.
Objectives of the Visit
The EU delegation to India helped arrange this visit. It included officials from India’s Defence Ministry and
the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). The purpose was to understand the EU’s security and defence
systems, particularly its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The CSDP focuses on the EU’s
missions, including in important regions like the Indo-Pacific, where both India and the EU have shared
interests.
Maritime Security Collaboration
Maritime security, which means keeping sea routes safe, is a major concern for both India and the EU.
Ambassador Hervé Delphin highlighted how both sides are committed to working together, particularly
through the operations of the EU Naval Force (NAVFOR) and the Indian Navy. These operations, especially in
the Indian Ocean, help ensure that international sea routes stay free and follow agreed rules, making trade
and travel safer.
Importance of the Indo-Pacific Region
The Indo-Pacific is a key area because of its economic importance and the large number of ships that pass
through it. This region connects countries through trade and is a focus for both India’s and the EU’s defence
strategies. By working together in the Indo-Pacific, both India and the EU aim to keep the region stable and
tackle common security threats.

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Engagement with EU Institutions
During their visit, Indian officials had meetings with important EU institutions, such as the European External
Action Service and the European Maritime Security Agency. They talked about how they could work together
in areas like maritime security, with a particular focus on involving the Indian Coast Guard.
One of the highlights of the visit was a tour of the headquarters for the EUNAVFOR ATALANTA Operation in
Spain. This operation focuses on maritime security in the Horn of Africa and the Western Indian Ocean,
giving Indian officials a chance to understand how the EU operates in these regions.
India and the EU have already worked together on joint operations. For example, in August 2023, the
EUNAVFOR flagship (a leading EU ship) conducted joint operations with India’s INS Visakhapatnam (a
destroyer), showing how both sides are committed to closer military cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.
Facts About the European Union
The European Union (EU) started as the European Economic Community in 1957.
Today, the EU has 27 member states.
The EU flag shows a circle of 12 stars, representing unity.
The EU introduced the euro in 1999, now used by 19 countries.
The EU’s court system, the Court of Justice, was founded in 1952.
The Schengen Area allows passport-free travel between 22 EU countries.
The European Parliament is directly elected, with the first election held in 1979.
Each member state takes turns holding the EU presidency.
Saturn's Rings to Disappear Temporarily in March 2025
In March 2025, Saturn’s rings will seem to “disappear” when viewed from Earth. This is an optical illusion
caused by the way Saturn tilts and moves around the Sun. The planet’s tilt and orbit make its rings visible at
different angles over time, and for a brief period, only the thin edge of the rings will be visible, making them
look like they have vanished.
The Optical Illusion Explained
Saturn is tilted at about 26.73 degrees and takes nearly 30 Earth years to orbit the Sun. Every 13 to 15 years,
Saturn reaches a point in its orbit where the rings are aligned so that we see only their edge from Earth.
Since the rings are so thin, they reflect very little light at this angle, making them look invisible, like viewing
a thin edge of paper from far away.
This ring “disappearance” last happened in 2009 and will keep occurring in the future because of Saturn’s
ongoing orbit. It’s a normal part of how we see the planet from Earth.
While this optical illusion is temporary, Saturn is slowly losing its rings for real. NASA has discovered that
Saturn’s gravity and magnetic field are pulling the ring material down onto the planet, a process known as
“ring rain.” The planet loses enough material to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool every 30 minutes.
When will Saturn lose its rings completely?
Scientists estimate that Saturn could completely lose its rings in about 300 million years, although it could
happen sooner based on ongoing research.
Saturn’s rings are made of billions of tiny ice and rock particles. Some are as small as dust, while others are
as big as mountains. It is believed that these rings formed about 100 million years ago when two icy moons
collided.
Facts About Rings of Saturn
Saturn’s rings are mostly made of ice particles, with some rock and dust mixed in.
The rings are very wide, stretching up to 175,000 miles, but they are less than 1 mile thick.
They are divided into different sections, labeled A, B, C, and others, with each section having different
amounts of material.

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Some of Saturn’s moons, like Pan and Daphnis, create gaps in the rings and help shape them by their
gravity.
The rings are relatively young, likely formed in the last 100 million years.
Over time, the rings may disappear due to the effects of solar radiation.
India's Forex Reserves Hit Record High of USD 683.987 Billion
India’s foreign exchange reserves reached a new record of USD 683.987 billion. This increased by USD
2.299 billion in just one week, continuing an upward trend from the earlier high of USD 681.688 billion.
Growth Trend in 2024
In 2024, India’s reserves have grown by more than USD 60 billion, showing impressive progress, especially
compared to a decline of USD 71 billion in 2022. In 2023 alone, the reserves increased by about USD 58
billion, highlighting a positive shift in the country’s economic position.
Components of Forex Reserves
India’s foreign exchange reserves consist of various assets. The largest portion is foreign currency assets
(FCA), which have now reached USD 599.037 billion after growing by USD 1.485 billion. In addition to this,
gold reserves have also seen an increase, rising by USD 862 million to a total of USD 61.859 billion.
Importance of Forex Reserves
Foreign exchange reserves play a critical role in protecting the domestic economy from global financial
shocks. They act as a financial cushion and are currently sufficient to cover around one year of India’s
projected imports. This enhances financial stability and provides security during economic uncertainties.
Role of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is responsible for managing these reserves. It intervenes in the foreign
exchange market when needed to stabilize the currency and control liquidity. For example, if the market
becomes too volatile, the RBI might sell dollars to maintain stability, without targeting a specific exchange
rate.
What are Foreign Exchange Reserves?
Foreign exchange reserves are the assets a country’s central bank holds in foreign currencies. These
reserves typically include foreign banknotes, government bonds, and treasury bills. Countries like China,
Japan, and Switzerland hold the largest reserves globally. Reserves help stabilize a country’s currency,
manage exchange rates, and settle international debts. Many countries diversify their reserves by holding
gold or even cryptocurrencies. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) monitors these reserves, which are
vital for global trade and investment.
Odisha Unveils India’s First Silicon Carbide Facility
Odisha Chief Minister Mohan Charan Majhi recently led the groundbreaking ceremony for India’s first silicon
carbide manufacturing facility. This major project, developed by RIR Power Electronics Limited, is being set
up at EMC Park in Info Valley, Bhubaneswar, with a significant investment of Rs 620 crore.
Significance of the Facility
This new facility is a major step forward for both India and Odisha in the global power electronics market. It
is part of a bigger plan to make Odisha a central hub for semiconductor production, promoting new ideas
and boosting the state’s economy. This makes Odisha more competitive in a global industry that is vital for
advanced technologies.
Job Creation and Opportunities
The facility is expected to create more than 500 jobs in various fields like research and development (R&D)
and factory operations. This will not only provide much-needed employment to local youth but will also help
them gain valuable skills in cutting-edge technologies, contributing to their long-term career development.

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Collaborative Efforts
To enhance the facility’s capabilities, RIR Power Electronics Limited is collaborating with IIT Bhubaneswar.
This partnership will provide technical and research support, helping both the company and the local
academic community innovate and grow together.
RIR’s products already serve critical industries like defense, transportation, and energy. These products are
sold worldwide, including in North America, Europe, and Asia. The new facility strengthens India’s aim to
become more self-reliant in semiconductor production, which is a key priority for the country’s future
technological development.
This project is part of a broader trend, as Odisha is attracting more investments in the semiconductor
sector. These new developments are expected to significantly boost the region’s industrial infrastructure
and support sustainable energy initiatives, making Odisha a key player in India’s tech-driven future.
September 9, 2024
Study Reveals Potential Collision Risk for Asteroid Apophis
A new study has raised concerns regarding the near-Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis, previously considered
unlikely to collide with our planet. Canadian astronomer Paul Wiegert’s findings introduce a new variable
that could potentially alter its trajectory.
Introduction to 99942 Apophis
99942 Apophis is a large asteroid that travels close to Earth. It is about 1,210 feet (370 meters) in diameter
and was discovered in 2004. Because of its size and path near Earth, scientists called it “God of Chaos.” On
April 13, 2029, Apophis will pass by Earth at a distance of around 31,000 kilometers, which is quite close for
an asteroid.
When Apophis was first discovered, scientists were worried it might hit Earth. Early calculations suggested
a small chance, about 2.7%, that it could collide with our planet. However, more detailed observations later
showed that the risk of a collision was very low, so scientists were not as concerned anymore.
New Research Findings
A recent study by Canadian astronomer Paul Wiegert suggests a new concern. He found that even though
Apophis is on a safe path for now, a collision with a small object in space could change its direction. If
Apophis were to collide with an object as small as 0.6 meters (2 feet) wide, it could affect its path slightly.
A bigger collision with an object about 3.4 meters (11 feet) wide could potentially make Apophis hit Earth.
Probability of Impact
Even though this new possibility exists, the chances of Apophis being hit by another object and then hitting
Earth are extremely low. The likelihood of such an event is about 1 in 100 million (10^-8). The chances of
Apophis colliding with Earth remain less than 1 in 2 billion.
Wiegert pointed out another issue: Apophis has not been closely observed since May 2021 because it is
positioned in a way that makes it difficult to see from Earth using telescopes. Scientists won’t get a clear
view of it again until 2027.
While the risk of Apophis hitting Earth remains very small, scientists still need to monitor it closely.
Continued research and observation will help ensure that if any new risks arise, we will be better prepared to
handle them.
About 99942 Apophis
Apophis is an asteroid that orbits the Sun once every 324 days. It belongs to a group of asteroids called
Apollo-type asteroids, which have orbits that can bring them close to Earth. Some researchers also believe
that Apophis may have a smaller companion asteroid orbiting it, making it a “binary” asteroid. Its name,
Apophis, comes from the Egyptian god of chaos, reflecting the initial concerns it caused when first
discovered.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024

New Turmeric Cousin Discovered in Nagaland's Ungma Village

During a field trip to Nagaland, researchers found a new species of plant closely related to turmeric. This
new species, named Curcuma ungmensis, was discovered near the village of Ungma and has now been
published in the scientific journal Phytotaxa.
Taxonomy and Family
Curcuma ungmensis belongs to the Curcuma genus, which is part of the ginger family, known scientifically
as Zingiberaceae. This family includes about 200 species in India, such as the well-known turmeric
(Curcuma longa) and black turmeric (Curcuma caesia). Plants in this genus are mainly found in South and
Southeast Asia.
How was the New Species Identified?
Researchers carefully studied all known species of Curcuma in the region. When they couldn’t find any
matches in the Checklist of Flora of Nagaland published by the Botanical Survey of India, they concluded
that they had discovered a completely new species.
Botanical Characteristics
Curcuma ungmensis is a rhizomatous herb, meaning it grows from underground stems, or rhizomes. The
plant reaches a height of 65-90 cm and has distinctive yellow flowers that bloom between August and
October during the rainy season. The rhizomes grow deep in the soil, helping the plant anchor itself firmly.
Potential Uses
While researchers are still learning about Curcuma ungmensis, they believe it could become a popular
ornamental plant because of its striking yellow flowers. The plant could be used in gardens or as ground
cover, and its vibrant flowers may also be ideal for making decorative flower arrangements.
Curcuma ungmensis is only known to grow near the village of Ungma, making it vulnerable to threats from
human activities, such as road development and construction. To protect this unique plant, researchers
recommend taking steps to conserve its habitat.
About Curcuma ungmensis
Curcuma ungmensis is a plant from the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.
It grows in Southeast Asia, mainly in Myanmar and Thailand.
The plant thrives in warm, tropical climates.
It has bright yellow flowers and large green leaves.
People in the region use its roots in traditional medicine, especially to reduce inflammation.
NASA's DART Mission May Create First Human-Made Meteor Shower
NASA’s DART mission made history by successfully crashing a spacecraft into the asteroid moonlet
Dimorphos. This marked a major step forward in protecting Earth from possible asteroid impacts by testing
ways to change the direction of threatening space objects.
What is Dimorphids: The First Human-Made Meteor Shower?
As a result of the DART mission’s impact, debris from Dimorphos has been scattered into space. Scientists
believe that more than 2 million pounds of this material could eventually reach Earth and Mars. If this
happens, it could create a meteor shower, known as the “Dimorphids,” in the next 10 to 30 years, leading to
periodic meteor displays.
NASA’s DART Mission Explained
The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) was launched in 2021 as NASA’s first attempt to move an
asteroid from its path. The idea behind the mission was to see if a spacecraft could deflect an asteroid by
crashing into it—this technique is called “kinetic impact.” DART’s goal was to show that this method could
be used to protect Earth from potential asteroid threats in the future.
The DART mission was a success. The spacecraft hit Dimorphos and managed to shorten its orbit around

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the larger asteroid Didymos by 33 minutes. This was a major victory, as it proved that using a spacecraft to
change an asteroid’s path is possible. It is the first time humans have intentionally changed the movement
of a celestial body.
The Impact on Dimorphos
The impact of DART not only changed Dimorphos’ orbit but also altered its shape. It now resembles a
‘triaxial ellipsoid,’ meaning its form became more stretched and irregular. This suggests that the asteroid
underwent significant geological changes as a result of the collision.
Dimorphos was selected for the mission because it is relatively close to Earth and has a size similar to
other asteroids that might pose a threat in the future. It is part of a two-asteroid system with Didymos.
Importantly, neither Dimorphos nor Didymos is on a collision course with Earth, making it a safe target for
testing.
Significance of Asteroid Deflection
The success of the DART mission shows that asteroid deflection is a real possibility. By proving that kinetic
impact can change an asteroid’s course, the mission has provided humanity with a tool to defend Earth
against potential asteroid collisions, improving planetary safety.
SpaceX Aims to Launch Uncrewed Starships to Mars in Two Years
SpaceX is preparing to launch its first uncrewed Starship missions to Mars in the next two years, aligning
with the ideal timing for space travel between Earth and Mars, known as the Earth-Mars transfer window.
Elon Musk, the CEO of SpaceX, shared this announcement on social media. These initial missions are
critical because their success will help plan for human missions to Mars within the next four years.
Uncrewed Starship Mission Goals
The primary goal of the uncrewed Starship missions is to test how well the spacecraft can land on Mars.
These tests are crucial to ensure the technology works correctly before humans are sent on future
missions. If the landings are successful, they will be a key step toward exploring Mars with humans
onboard.
Timeline for SpaceX’s Mars Mission
Next 2 Years: The first uncrewed missions to Mars will be launched to test Starship’s reliability.
Next 4 Years: Crewed missions will be launched, provided the uncrewed flights succeed.
Next 20 Years: SpaceX aims to build a self-sustaining city on Mars, allowing humans to live there
permanently.
Previous Achievements
In April, Musk mentioned that SpaceX hoped to land its first uncrewed Starship on Mars within five years,
with human missions following two years later. SpaceX has already made important progress, such as a
successful test of Starship in June, when it safely returned and landed in the Indian Ocean.
SpaceX’s Future Goals
Elon Musk sees the Starship as a game-changing spacecraft that could be used not only for Mars missions
but also for trips to the Moon and other space exploration missions. The goal is for Starship to serve as a
versatile platform for many types of missions over the coming decade.
About SpaceX
SpaceX, founded by Elon Musk in 2002, was the first private company to reach space orbit in 2008 with its
Falcon 1 rocket. In 2012, its Dragon spacecraft became the first commercial vehicle to deliver cargo to the
International Space Station (ISS). SpaceX also focuses on making rockets reusable to reduce the costs of
space travel. In 2020, SpaceX successfully launched astronauts as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew
Program, marking the first time astronauts were launched from U.S. soil since 2011.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024

New High-End Research Centre Inaugurated at IIT Hyderabad

India is making significant strides in improving its research infrastructure, as highlighted by Abhay
Karandikar, Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DoST). One important example is the
opening of the Centre for in-situ and Correlative Microscopy (CISCoM) at the Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad (IIT-H). This new center is expected to boost collaboration in scientific research.
Importance of Research Infrastructure
Creating advanced research facilities is essential for promoting teamwork among researchers from
different fields. When researchers from various disciplines work together, it helps improve the overall
research and development environment in India. This collaborative culture encourages innovation and
drives scientific progress across the country.
What CISCoM Offers?
CISCoM is equipped with technology for real-time analysis at different levels of detail. This technology is
valuable not just for basic scientific research but also for practical industrial uses. The centre uses
advanced microscopy techniques to help solve complex scientific problems, making it a key resource for
researchers and industries alike.
Funding and Collaboration
The CISCoM project was funded with ₹60 crore from DoST, along with an additional ₹20 crore from 17
academic and industrial partners. This cooperation shows how important it is for different groups, such as
government, universities, and businesses, to invest in research facilities together.
CISCoM aims to bring together experts from fields such as physical sciences, chemistry, biology, and
pharmaceuticals. This multidisciplinary approach is essential because many modern scientific challenges
require expertise from different areas. The centre will allow researchers to use advanced technology to
work on shared goals.
More About IIT Hyderabad
Established in 2008, IIT Hyderabad is one of India’s top engineering institutes. It offers unique programs like
a B.Tech in Design and was the first IIT to start a BS program in Artificial Intelligence. The institute is known
for its focus on research and innovation, and it collaborates with global institutions to enhance its academic
environment.
Australia Recognizes 750 New Species, Including Laughing Frog
Australia’s National Species List has been updated with 750 newly recognized species, reflecting the
country’s rich biodiversity. Some notable new additions include a frog that sounds like it’s laughing, a
marine worm named after Sir David Attenborough, and a spider inspired by Tom Hardy’s character, Venom.
Key Discoveries
Western Laughing Tree Frog (Litoria ridibunda): This frog is special because it makes a laughing sound
instead of the usual croak that frogs are known for.
David Attenborough Worm (Marphysa davidattenboroughi): A colorful, glowing marine worm that has been
named in honor of Sir David Attenborough, the famous nature documentary host.
Cracking-Clay Pilbara Planigale (Planigale tealei): This tiny marsupial, which looks a bit like a shrew, has
adapted to live in the clay habitats of the Pilbara region.
What is Taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming organisms. Taxonomists study an animal or plant’s
physical traits, behavior, and genetics to decide if it is a new species. In Australia, 70% of native species are
still unnamed, which means there is a lot of work left to do in discovering and understanding the wildlife.
Australia’s Unique Biodiversity
Australia is known for its incredible biodiversity. It is home to over 150,000 native species, many of which

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
are not found anywhere else in the world. However, only about two new species are officially named each
day because there is still so much unexplored wildlife.
Working with Indigenous communities is important for learning more about Australia’s wildlife. Indigenous
people have a deep understanding of the land and its animals, and their knowledge can help scientists
discover new species that Western science has not yet studied.
The Australian Biological Resources Study provides funding to help scientists find and describe new
species. In the 2024-25 period, $2 million will be distributed across 14 projects. These projects will focus on
identifying species like frogs and orb-weaving spiders.
Invertebrates and Plants
Most of the newly recognized species are invertebrates (animals without backbones, like insects and
worms), but new plants are also being discovered. One example is the Eremophila saxatilis, a flowering
shrub that helps deepen our understanding of Australia’s plant life.
Taxonomic research and wildlife surveys will continue to reveal more of Australia’s hidden biodiversity.
Using advanced techniques and involving the public in citizen science projects will help uncover even more
unique species in the future.
Who is Lance Naik Charan Singh?
Lance Naik Charan Singh (retired), a brave World War II veteran, recently celebrated his 100th birthday. The
Indian Army honored him with a special ceremony at his home in Himachal Pradesh, recognizing his long
and dedicated service.
Early Life and Joining the Army
Charan Singh was born on September 7, 1924. At the age of 18, during the height of World War II, he
enlisted in the Indian Army on August 26, 1942, at the Firozepur Cantonment. His military career began
when India was actively involved in supporting the Allied forces in the war.
Singh served in the Army Service Corps for 17 years, including during the Second World War. His work took
him to places like Singapore, Lahore, and finally Yol Cantonment in Himachal Pradesh, where he concluded
his military service.
Awards and Recognition
During his service, Charan Singh was honored with several awards for his bravery and dedication, including
the Burma Star Award for his role in the Burma campaign and the Indian Independence Medal.
After 17 years of service, Singh retired from the Indian Army on May 17, 1959. He now lives in Dekwala
village in Himachal Pradesh, surrounded by his loving family, including his four sons and two daughters.
Army Celebrations
To celebrate his 100th birthday, a team led by a Brigadier visited his home. This celebration showed the
Army’s respect and gratitude for its veterans, emphasizing that “once a soldier, always a soldier.” The event
highlighted the deep bond between veterans and the Army.
The Indian Army used this occasion to remind people of the sacrifices made by veterans like Lance Naik
Charan Singh. His life of dedication and service is an example for future generations, inspiring them to
follow in his footsteps.
Charan Singh is also remembered for his role in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, where he showed
remarkable bravery. He was part of the 4 Jat Regiment and received the Vir Chakra for his courageous
actions. Although he is not widely known, his story continues to inspire, especially in his hometown, where
his contributions are cherished.
Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has achieved a major milestone with the completion of the Barakah Nuclear
Energy Plant, which is the first nuclear power facility in the Arab world. This is an important step for the UAE

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
as it works to diversify its energy sources and improve its energy security.
Location and Structure
The Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant is located in Al Dhafra, about 53 km from Ruwais in the Emirate of Abu
Dhabi. The plant is made up of four nuclear reactors and will play a big role in supplying electricity to the
region.
Energy Production and Impact
Once the plant is fully operational, it will provide 25% of the UAE’s electricity needs. This amount of
electricity is equal to what the entire country of New Zealand uses in a year. The plant will support
industries that use a lot of energy, such as oil production, steel manufacturing, and aluminum production.
Environmental Goals
The UAE’s President, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, has said that this project is an important part
of the UAE’s efforts to reach net zero emissions. The Barakah Plant is a key part of the country’s overall
strategy to ensure energy sustainability and security.
The Barakah Plant is just one part of the UAE’s larger plan to use more renewable energy. By the year 2050,
the UAE aims to get 50% of its electricity from clean energy sources, showing the country’s move towards
more sustainable energy practices.
About the Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant
The Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant is the first nuclear power plant in the Arab world. It consists of four
reactors, each capable of producing 1,400 megawatts of electricity. Construction started in 2012, and the
first reactor was connected to the UAE’s electricity grid in 2020. The plant is operated by the Emirates
Nuclear Energy Corporation and will supply 25% of the UAE’s electricity. It also uses the latest safety
technologies and is part of the UAE’s plan to reduce carbon emissions and depend less on fossil fuels for
energy.
Researchers Discover New 'Dancing Girls' Ginger Species in India
Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal have made an
exciting discovery by uncovering three new species of ginger in the Eastern parts of India, particularly in the
states of Mizoram and Meghalaya. These new types of ginger are special because of their unique flower
shapes, and together, they are called the “dancing girls” ginger species.
The discovery was made by two scientists, Ritu Yadav and Vinita Gowda, during their field explorations.
Their work is important because it highlights the rich variety of plant life in these regions and adds to our
knowledge about botany (the study of plants).
About the Globba Genus
The newly discovered species belong to a group of plants known as the Globba genus. This genus is known
for its beautiful, ornamental flowers, and it includes about 136 different species. The Globba genus is part
of the ginger family, called Zingiberaceae, and it is the fourth largest group in that family.
New Ginger Species Found
The three new species of ginger discovered are:
Globba tyrnaensis: Found near the famous Double Decker Living Root Bridge in Meghalaya, this species
grows mainly in the forest understory (the lower part of the forest), at an elevation of around 731 meters. It
attracts many bee species, which help with pollination.
Globba Janakiae: Named in honor of Dr. E.K. Janaki Ammal, a well-known Indian botanist, this species was
also discovered in Meghalaya, in the same area as Globba tyrnaensis.
Globba Yadaviana: Discovered along Reiek Tlang Road in Mizoram, this species is named after Rajesh
Yadav, Ritu Yadav’s father.

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Floral Characteristics and Habitat
Each of these new ginger species has distinct floral characteristics, which is why they have earned names
like weeping goldsmith and white dragon. They grow in specific habitats, with Globba tyrnaensis thriving in
the lower parts of forests, known as the understory.
Conservation Status
One of the new species, Globba Yadaviana, is only found in small populations. Only about 30 individual
plants have been seen along Reiek Tlang Road in Mizoram. Because these species are rare, conservation
efforts will be important to protect them and their natural habitats.
This discovery shows how vital it is to continue exploring and researching the biodiversity of India,
especially in regions that are still not fully explored. It also highlights the rich botanical heritage of the
country.
September 10, 2024
What are AI Tokens?
AI tokens, a novel intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Web3, have gained significant attention
recently. This interest surged following reports of major tech companies, such as Apple and Nvidia,
considering investments in OpenAI, and Venture firm Thrive Capital’s $1 billion funding infusion into
OpenAI.
What are AI Tokens?
AI tokens are a type of cryptocurrency tied to Artificial Intelligence (AI) projects. Unlike regular
cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, AI tokens are used specifically within AI-related platforms or protocols. These
tokens are often built on blockchain systems such as Ethereum or Cardano, and they help facilitate AI
activities within these networks.
How are AI Tokens Used?
Decision-Making in AI Projects: People who own AI tokens can participate in important decisions regarding
the direction of the AI projects. This gives them a say in how the project is managed and developed.
Payment Method: AI tokens can be used as currency within AI ecosystems, allowing users to pay for
services or access specific AI tools.
Supporting AI Initiatives: AI tokens play a role in online marketplaces where AI services are traded. They
are also used in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), which are groups that operate without
central leadership.
Examples of AI Tokens
Some popular AI tokens include:
Injective (INJ)
Render (RENDER)
Theta Token (THETA)
Oasis Network (ROSE)
SingularityNET (AGIX)
Each of these tokens supports different AI-based platforms or services.
What is the Future of AI Tokens?
Investment companies like VanEck predict a strong future for AI tokens. They believe that public blockchain
systems, that host these tokens, will be crucial for the future of AI. By 2030, AI-driven cryptocurrency
projects could generate $10.2 billion in yearly revenue. This makes AI tokens an exciting part of the
financial world.
Benefits of AI Tokens
Efficiency: AI tokens can make transactions faster and cheaper by reducing the need for middlemen.

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Transparency: Since blockchain records all transactions, it’s easier to track them, ensuring honesty and
reducing fraud.
Innovation: AI tokens can help detect fraud and even find new investment opportunities by analyzing data in
ways that humans might miss.
Pacific Island Forum 2024
The Pacific Island Forum (PIF) is an organization that brings together countries from the Pacific region to
work together on important issues like peace, security, and development. In 2024, the PIF held its annual
meeting in Tonga from August 26 to 30. This meeting attracted over 1,500 delegates from 40 countries,
showing how the forum has gained importance as major powers like the USA and China compete for
influence in the Pacific region, which is rich in resources.
Historical Background
The PIF was founded in November 1971 with Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Nauru, New Zealand, Tonga, and
Western Samoa as its original members. In 1981, the organization renamed its economic cooperation body
to the Forum Secretariat, which still helps the PIF achieve its goals today. Currently, the forum has 18
member countries.
Member States
The PIF includes: – Australia – Cook Islands – Federated States of Micronesia – Fiji – French Polynesia –
Kiribati – Nauru – New Caledonia – New Zealand – Niue – Palau – Papua New Guinea – Republic of
Marshall Islands – Samoa – Solomon Islands – Tonga – Tuvalu – Vanuatu.
The forum unites diverse nations, with population variances as significant as from over 25 million
(Australia) to as few as 1,500.
PIF’s Core Objectives
The PIF’s main goal is to make the Pacific region stronger and more resilient, ensuring its members’ peace,
security, and prosperity. Climate change is a big issue for many of these countries, so tackling
environmental problems is a central focus of the forum.
What is the “Pacific Way”?
One unique feature of the PIF is how it solves disagreements among its members. The PIF uses what’s
called the “Pacific Way,” which focuses on building consensus and strengthening relationships. The idea is
that the member countries, known together as the “Blue Pacific Family,” work together to find peaceful
solutions to their problems.
Key Issues Discussed at the 2024 Summit
At the 2024 summit in Tonga, the forum discussed several important topics:
New Caledonia Unrest: There is ongoing violence in New Caledonia due to calls for independence by the
Kanak people.
Climate Change: A key topic was the creation of a climate fund, following a strong statement from UN Chief
Antonio Guterres about the urgent need for action.
Regional Security: Australia proposed a police training center to strengthen law enforcement in the region,
partly as a way to reduce China’s growing influence.
Taiwan’s Status: There was controversy over whether to continue recognizing Taiwan as a development
partner. Some members wanted to remove this recognition, but in the end, the forum decided to stick with
the current agreements.
Global Engagement and Influence
In the past, the PIF didn’t get much attention from other countries. However, in recent years, it has become
more important, especially as major global powers like China and the USA try to increase their influence in
the region. This became particularly clear after China signed a security pact with the Solomon Islands,

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sparking concern among other countries about the rising geopolitical tensions.
As global interest in the Pacific region grows, the PIF is likely to become even more influential. The forum
may need to change how it operates to keep up with this increased attention. With new countries wanting to
join as dialogue partners and the competition between world powers intensifying, the PIF is expected to play
a key role in the future of regional cooperation and security in the Pacific.
US Announces Semiconductor Partnership With India
The US announced a partnership with India to improve its semiconductor supply chain. This plan will
examine India’s ability to make and use semiconductors, setting the stage for future projects between the
two countries. It shows how important the semiconductor industry is globally.
What is the Semiconductor Ecosystem?
Semiconductors are small, essential parts found in many devices like cars, computers, and medical
equipment. The partnership between the US and India will closely look at India’s current situation in making
semiconductors. This includes checking laws, the skills of workers, and whether there is enough
infrastructure to support this industry.
The Role of the CHIPS Act
In August 2022, President Biden signed the CHIPS Act, a law that provides lots of money to boost the
production of semiconductors in the US. Part of this law is the International Technology Security and
Innovation (ITSI) Fund, which is focused on making sure the US and its allies, like India, have secure and
stable supply chains for semiconductors.
India’s involvement in the semiconductor industry is very important for both India and the US. The Covid-19
pandemic revealed how fragile global supply chains are, and current tensions with countries like China have
further complicated the situation. By working together, the US and India can make semiconductor
production more reliable and reduce dependence on major suppliers like Taiwan and China.
What is India’s Semiconductor Mission?
In 2021, India started its Semiconductor Mission to build a strong, local semiconductor industry. The
government is offering big financial incentives to encourage this development. India has also made deals
with companies like Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation to help create a
sustainable semiconductor sector.
The initial work from this US-India partnership will give valuable information for future projects. This
collaboration aims not only to strengthen India’s economy by building its semiconductor industry but also to
make global supply chains for these critical technologies more stable and secure.
Indian Navy Acquires 500 Sonobuoys
The Indian Navy has taken a major step to strengthen its anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities by
purchasing 500 sonobuoys for $52.8 million (around Rs 436 crore). These sonobuoys will be used with the
Sikorsky MH-60R helicopters. This purchase came at the same time as Defence Minister Rajnath Singh’s
discussions in Washington, where the US approved a potential military sale to India.
This purchase is important because it helps India counter the growing naval activity of China in the Indian
Ocean, especially the increased presence of Chinese submarines. To keep an eye on these submarines and
respond if needed, the Indian Navy needs to improve its ability to detect and track submarines underwater.
What are Sonobuoys?
Sonobuoys are devices used in the ocean to detect submarines. India requested three types of sonobuoys,
each with different functions:
AN/SSQ-53G Sonobuoy
Technology: This sonobuoy uses a system called DIFAR (Directional Frequency Analysis and
Recording).

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Function: It passively listens for underwater sounds, without sending out any signals, making it
stealthy.
Depth: Can work up to 300 meters underwater.
Additional Features: It allows the Navy to change settings electronically for flexibility.
AN/SSQ-62F Sonobuoy
Technology: This one uses DICASS (Directional, Coherent, Active Sonar System).
Function: It sends out sound waves and listens for the echoes to locate objects, including
submarines.
Depth: Can operate up to 460 meters underwater.
Additional Features: It has GPS to accurately track locations.
AN/SSQ-36 Sonobuoy
Function: This sonobuoy measures the temperature and speed of sound in water, which helps
improve the accuracy of other sonobuoys.
With these new sonobuoys, the Indian Navy will have stronger tools for detecting and tracking submarines.
The mix of passive and active sonar systems, GPS, and environmental data collection will make it easier to
monitor underwater threats, especially from submarines, and respond if necessary.
Strengthening US-India Relations
This purchase is also part of a growing strategic partnership between India and the US, especially in the
Indo-Pacific region. Both countries are working together to ensure maritime security in response to
challenges in the region.
About Sikorsky MH-60R Helicopters
The Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk, often called “Romeo,” is a naval helicopter designed for both anti-submarine
and anti-surface warfare. It is equipped with advanced sonar systems like the AN/AQS-22, and can reach
speeds of 160 knots with a range of 250 nautical miles. This helicopter is known for its stability and
versatility, making it ideal for detecting and engaging submarines.
By acquiring these sonobuoys, the Indian Navy is not only improving its submarine detection skills but also
strengthening its ties with the US for regional security.
Africa Urban Forum (AUF) 2024
The Africa Urban Forum (AUF) was held in Addis Ababa from September 4-6, 2024, to address the rapid
urbanisation happening across Africa. Urbanisation, or the growth of cities, was described as an
“irreversible trend,” meaning it’s something that cannot be stopped and must be managed carefully. The
forum brought together many different people, including government officials, city planners, and experts, to
discuss how to create cities that are environmentally friendly, socially fair, and economically strong.
Importance of Urban Planning
As more people move to cities, it’s important to plan how the city will grow. Without good planning, cities
could face problems like a lack of housing, poor infrastructure, and social inequality. Infrastructure includes
basic services like roads, water supply, and electricity. Good urban planning ensures that cities can support
their growing populations and provide everyone with equal access to services.
Investment Needs for Growing Cities
For cities to grow properly, large investments are required. It’s estimated that Africa needs around $130
billion every year just for building infrastructure. However, this spending can pay off, with each dollar
invested bringing back up to $4 in economic benefits.
Governments can’t always fund these projects by themselves, so they need to look for new ways to raise
money. Some of these options include:
Public-private partnerships: When the government works with private companies to share the costs and

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
benefits of development.
Development finance: Loans and funding from international organisations that focus on helping countries
grow.
Green bonds: Special loans meant for environmentally friendly projects.
Impact investing: Investments made by people or companies that want both financial returns and positive
social impact.
Crowdfunding: Raising small amounts of money from a large number of people.
These financing methods are important to gather enough resources to fund the urban growth of Africa.
Mobilising Resources for City Growth
A strong, coordinated effort is needed to raise the necessary resources for city development. Governments
must create systems that clearly show how public money is being used, and make sure that investments
match the needs of local governments. This is called following the subsidiarity principle, which means that
decisions should be made as close as possible to the people they affect.
Housing Policies and Climate Resilience
Development banks and financial institutions are being encouraged to create housing policies that help low-
income families. At the same time, there is a focus on making cities climate-resilient. This means cities
need to be prepared for climate change by both mitigating (reducing the causes of climate change) and
adapting (adjusting to its effects).
As cities grow quickly in Africa, they also become more vulnerable to climate change. Cities are called
climate hotspots because they face higher risks from extreme weather events like floods, heatwaves, and
storms. These risks can affect people’s jobs, homes, and access to basic services like water and electricity.
The Africa Urban Forum was created to address both the challenges and opportunities of urbanisation. It
aims to develop ways for governments to work together, across the continent, to make the most of urban
growth. By doing so, African countries can diversify their economies and build sustainable, resilient cities.
Union Health Secretary Releases Health Dynamics Report 2022-23
Union Health Secretary Shri Apurva Chandra released a report called the “Health Dynamics of India
(Infrastructure and Human Resources) 2022-23.” This report, which used to be called “Rural Health
Statistics,” has been published every year since 1992. It provides important data about India’s National
Health Mission (NHM), helping leaders make better healthcare decisions.
The report gives detailed information about the number of healthcare workers and the condition of
healthcare facilities across India. This information helps the government and other health organizations
understand where improvements are needed. It helps in shaping policies and strategies to improve
healthcare services.
Content Structure
The report has two main sections:
Part 1: This gives an overall view of India’s healthcare system, including information about the healthcare
situation in each state and union territory. It also uses pictures and charts to make the data easy to
understand.
Part 2: This part is more detailed and divided into nine sections. It covers important data like the number of
health facilities, the healthcare workforce, and other health indicators.
Key data from the report
On March 31, 2023, the report gives a clear picture of India’s healthcare system:
There are 1,69,615 Sub-Centres (SCs).
31,882 Primary Health Centres (PHCs).
6,359 Community Health Centres (CHCs).

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
1,340 District Hospitals (DHs).
The healthcare system is supported by 2,39,911 health workers, 40,583 medical officers, and many nurses
and paramedics.
Special Features of the Report
Comparative Data: The report compares health infrastructure from 2005 to 2023, showing how things have
changed.
District-Level Information: It provides details about health facilities in every district.
Focus on Different Areas: The report looks at healthcare in rural, urban, and tribal regions.
State Rankings: States and union territories are ranked based on healthcare indicators to identify where
help is most needed.
Easy to Read: The report summarizes the most important information so it can be quickly understood.
Call for Better Data Systems
Shri Apurva Chandra mentioned the need to improve the system for collecting health data. He suggested
linking the Health Management Information System (HMIS) with other systems to make it easier for health
workers to upload and analyze data.
The “Health Dynamics of India” is a key tool for improving healthcare in the country. It helps decision-
makers plan effectively, ensuring healthcare services reach everyone. The full report can be found on the
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare website.
Yudh Abhyas-2024
The 20th edition of the India-USA Joint Military Exercise, Yudh Abhyas 2024, started on September 9, 2024,
at the Foreign Training Node in Mahajan Field Firing Ranges, Rajasthan. This exercise, scheduled from
September 9 to 22, has grown larger and more complex compared to previous years.
History of YUDH ABHYAS
Yudh Abhyas has been held every year since 2004. The location alternates between India and the USA,
providing both countries with a chance to work together and improve their military skills. It has become an
important event for strengthening their defense ties.
This year, both nations are sending strong forces. India is represented by 600 personnel from the RAJPUT
Regiment and other army branches. The United States has sent an equally strong team from the 1-24
Battalion of the 11th Airborne Division, based in Alaska.
Aims of the Exercise
The main goal of Yudh Abhyas is to improve how Indian and US forces work together to conduct counter-
terrorism operations. These operations take place in unique, difficult situations, following the rules set out
by the United Nations (Chapter VII).
What are the Focus Areas?
The exercise takes place in a semi-desert setting. Important activities include:
Working together to respond to terrorist actions
Joint planning for missions
Field training that mimics real counter-terrorism operations
Benefits of the Exercise
Yudh Abhyas allows both countries to share knowledge about tactics and military strategies, improving how
their forces work together. It helps build teamwork and friendship between Indian and US forces and
strengthens defense cooperation, which supports a stronger relationship between the two nations.
About Yudh Abhyas
Yudh Abhyas is an annual exercise between the Indian and US military forces, focusing on improving how
they work together during counter-terrorism missions. The exercise started in 2004 and takes place in both

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India and the US in alternating years. In addition to practicing tactical operations, it includes live-fire drills
and training in providing humanitarian assistance. It also involves air and logistical support, reflecting the
growing strategic partnership between the two countries.
ICA General Assembly and the Global Cooperative Conference 2024
The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) is set to hold its General Assembly and Global Cooperative
Conference in India for the first time in 130 years, from November 25-30, 2024. The event theme,
“Cooperatives Build Prosperity for All,” aligns with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of “Sahkar se
Samriddhi,” which translates to prosperity through cooperation. This important event will also mark the
beginning of the UN International Year of Cooperatives in 2025.
Significance of the Event
This conference is a big deal for India because it will help boost its position in the global cooperative
movement. Cooperatives in India will showcase their products and services in a special marketplace called
a ‘Haat,’ designed to look like traditional Indian villages. To commemorate the event, a special stamp will
also be released for the International Year of Cooperatives.
Leadership and Vision
Under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership and Home Minister Amit Shah’s guidance, India has made great
strides in the cooperative sector. A special Ministry of Cooperation was created to help cooperative
businesses grow and succeed. So far, 54 new initiatives have been launched, highlighting that India is home
to one-quarter of the world’s cooperatives.
Progress in the Cooperative Sector
Significant improvements have been made, including new guidelines for Primary Agricultural Credit
Societies (PACS). India has also created three new national cooperatives:
National Cooperative Organics Ltd. (NCOL)
National Cooperative Exports Ltd. (NCEL)
Bharatiya Beej Sahkari Samiti Ltd. (BBSSL)
These efforts show that India is leading the global cooperative movement.
The conference will be carbon neutral, meaning efforts will be made to reduce and balance the
environmental impact. IFFCO’s subsidiary, IFFDC, has played a key role in earning carbon credits. As part of
the environmental efforts, 10,000 Peepal trees will be planted to show the cooperative movement’s
commitment to sustainability.
Global Participation
The event will attract key global leaders, including the Prime Minister of Bhutan and representatives from
the United Nations. Around 1,500 important guests from over 100 countries will attend, showing the global
significance of cooperatives in tackling challenges like climate change and social equality.
About the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)
The ICA, founded in 1895, is a global organization that represents cooperatives and promotes values like
self-help, democracy, and equality. It has members in over 100 countries and is headquartered in Brussels.
In 1966, the ICA established Cooperative Principles, which are still followed today. Every year, the ICA
celebrates the International Day of Cooperatives on the first Saturday of July. Their long-term plan, called
the “Blueprint for a Cooperative Decade,” aims to strengthen the global cooperative movement, focusing on
reducing poverty and improving social welfare.
NASA's Europa Clipper Mission
NASA has officially approved the launch of the Europa Clipper mission, which is scheduled to take off on
October 10, 2024. This decision comes after a successful review of the spacecraft’s design to ensure it can
handle intense radiation. The announcement was made on September 10, addressing previous concerns

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about the spacecraft’s electronics.
Launch Details
The Europa Clipper mission has a budget of $5 billion and will be launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy
rocket. The mission must be launched within a specific three-week period to ensure the spacecraft can
reach Jupiter using gravity assists from Mars and Earth. This carefully timed launch is crucial for the
spacecraft to follow its planned trajectory.
Earlier concerns about the spacecraft’s electronics involved the reliability of its transistors, which could be
affected by radiation. To address these concerns, NASA conducted additional testing to see how radiation
might degrade the transistors and impact the spacecraft’s performance.
Testing & Confidence
Over the past four months, NASA teams rigorously tested the spacecraft’s systems to ensure everything
would work correctly. Project manager Jordan Evans confirmed that the team is confident in their ability to
complete the mission successfully, having addressed all major concerns.
Mission Objectives
The main goal of the Europa Clipper mission is to investigate whether the ocean beneath Europa’s icy
surface could support life. The spacecraft will conduct 49 flybys of Europa, coming as close as 16 miles (25
kilometers) to the moon’s surface. It will use advanced instruments to map and analyze Europa’s icy shell.
Journey to Jupiter
The spacecraft’s journey to Jupiter will take about six years. Once it arrives, it will perform close flybys
every three weeks to collect important data about Europa. This data will help scientists understand if
Europa has the right conditions for life.
About Europa Clipper
The Europa Clipper is a NASA mission designed to explore Jupiter’s moon Europa. It is set to launch in the
2020s, with the spacecraft expected to arrive in the 2030s. The mission will carry 10 scientific instruments
to study the thickness of Europa’s ice shell and search for organic compounds that could indicate the
presence of life. Europa’s subsurface ocean makes it a key target for astrobiology research. The mission
will focus on remote sensing and detailed analysis of Europa’s surface to assess its potential for
habitability.
Chandrayaan-3 Detects Historic 250 Seismic Signatures on Moon
India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission has achieved a significant milestone by becoming the first lunar mission to
detect over 250 seismic signals from the Moon’s south pole since the Apollo missions. This discovery
marks a major advancement in lunar exploration and seismic monitoring techniques.
Significance of Seismic Signals
The Chandrayaan-3 mission identified 250 seismic signals, with 50 of these signals being unique and
potentially indicating moonquakes, which are similar to earthquakes on Earth but occur on the Moon. This is
the first time that seismic data has been successfully collected from the Moon’s south pole, providing
valuable insights into the Moon’s seismic activity.
Instrumentation and Data Collection
The Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA), which was part of the Vikram Lander, operated from
August 24 to September 4, 2023. It recorded these seismic events from coordinates 69.37° S and 32.32° E.
ILSA is notable for being the first instrument based on MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems)
technology designed to measure seismic activity on the Moon, using advanced silicon micromachining
techniques.
Nature of Detected Signals
Out of the 250 signals detected, around 200 were related to the activities of the mission itself. These

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
included movements of the Pragyan rover and operations of scientific instruments like the ChaSTE thermal
probe and the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS). The remaining 50 signals were classified as
“uncorrelated,” meaning they might be related to genuine moonquakes rather than mission-related
activities.
Scientific Implications and Future Investigation
The findings from Chandrayaan-3 were published in ICARUS, a leading scientific journal. The study
highlights a notable discovery: the longest continuous seismic signal recorded lasted 14 minutes. This
opens up opportunities for further research to determine the origin of these uncorrelated signals. LEOS
Director Sriram emphasized the importance of further exploration to fully understand these mysterious
seismic events.
About Chandrayaan-3
Chandrayaan-3, launched by India on July 14, 2023, is the country’s third lunar mission, designed
specifically to achieve a soft landing on the Moon’s surface. It consists of a lander named Vikram and a
rover named Pragyan. Unlike its predecessor, Chandrayaan-2, it does not include an orbiter. The primary
goal of Chandrayaan-3 is to demonstrate the ability to safely land and move on the Moon’s surface. It
successfully landed on August 23, 2023, and is exploring the Moon’s south pole, a region considered crucial
for future exploration.
September 11, 2024
Apple Loses Court Battle, Must Pay €13 Billion in Taxes
Apple has recently lost a legal battle with the European Union (EU). Because of this loss, Apple now has to
pay 13 billion euros (about $14 billion) in back taxes to Ireland. This decision is part of the EU’s larger plan
to stop unfair tax deals, often called “sweetheart deals,” that some countries make with big companies.
What Happened?
In 2016, Margrethe Vestager, who is the EU’s competition chief, accused Ireland of giving Apple illegal tax
benefits. Vestager said that these benefits allowed Apple to pay less tax than it should, which unfairly
affected how money moves between companies in the EU. At first, Apple and the Irish government
disagreed with this accusation and won some points in their defense. However, later on, the European Court
of Justice, which is the highest court in the EU for these matters, decided in favor of the EU. The court
confirmed that Apple had taken advantage of loopholes in Ireland’s tax laws to reduce its tax payments
unfairly.
The ‘Double Irish’ Scheme
Ireland became a popular place for big tech companies like Apple to set up their European headquarters
because of its favorable tax laws. One of the main reasons was a tax strategy known as the ‘Double Irish’
scheme. Here’s how it worked:
First Irish Company: A large company like Apple would set up two separate companies in Ireland.
Tax-Free Revenue: The first Irish company would earn revenue (money from sales) but wouldn’t have to pay
much tax on it.
Moving Money: This money would then be sent to the second Irish company, which was connected to a
country with very low taxes, such as Bermuda.
Avoiding Taxes: By moving the money this way, Apple could avoid paying higher taxes in other EU countries
where it made sales.
This scheme allowed Apple and similar companies to keep more of their profits by paying less in taxes.
However, in 2014, Ireland closed these loopholes because other countries and organizations, including the
EU, pressured them to make their tax laws fairer.

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Apple’s Response
After the court ruled against it, Apple expressed disappointment. The company said that the European
Commission (part of the EU that handles these issues) is trying to change tax rules after agreements have
already been made, which Apple believes is unfair. Apple also insisted that it paid the correct amount of
taxes in the United States, where it is based.
Use of Funds by Ireland
Ireland has not yet clearly stated how it will use the 13 billion euros it must pay Apple. However, it is
expected that the money will go into a new special investment fund. This fund is designed to use the
increasing tax money that Ireland is getting from companies. Here’s what might happen with the money:
Investment: The fund will invest the money to help grow Ireland’s economy.
Budget Surplus: Ireland might have more money than it spends, which is known as a budget surplus.
Public Spending and Tax Cuts: There could be more money for public services (like healthcare and
education) and possibly some tax cuts for people before the next election.
Implications for Other Companies
This case against Apple has important lessons for other big companies. It showed that the EU is serious
about making sure companies pay their fair share of taxes. Other companies, like Amazon and Starbucks,
have also faced similar challenges from the EU over their tax arrangements. These cases have had different
outcomes, and it’s not yet clear if those companies will also have to pay large back taxes like Apple. The EU
is watching closely to ensure that all companies follow fair tax practices.
New Wetland Virus
Scientists have discovered a new virus in China called the Wetland Virus, which is carried by ticks. They are
concerned about its potential effects on human health because it can lead to serious neurological (brain-
related) complications.
Discovery and Initial Case
The first case of the Wetland Virus was found in June 2019 when a 61-year-old man became very ill after
being bitten by ticks in a northern Chinese wetland park. He had severe symptoms like fever, headaches,
and vomiting. This case led scientists to investigate the virus further.
The Wetland Virus is classified as Orthonairovirus, a type of virus that is often spread through tick bites.
This scientific classification helps researchers understand which group of viruses it belongs to and how it
may behave.
Symptoms and Effects
At least 17 people in China who were bitten by ticks have shown symptoms of the Wetland Virus. These
symptoms include Fever, Dizziness, Headache, Tiredness (malaise), Joint pain (arthritis), Back pain,
Nausea.
Studies show that the virus can damage brain tissue and cause problems with blood clotting, making it a
serious health concern. The virus has also been found in animals such as sheep, horses, pigs, and rodents.
This suggests that the virus can spread among different species, raising concerns about its potential for
broader transmission in wildlife.
Patient Recovery
Even though the virus can be severe, all patients who were infected have recovered. Most people were able
to leave the hospital within 4 to 15 days after receiving treatment. This gives hope that the virus can be
managed, but more research is needed.
The discovery of the Wetland Virus highlights the importance of paying attention to tick-borne diseases. As
scientists continue to study its origins and effects, they are calling for increased awareness about how
these viruses can affect both human health and animal populations.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024

Tamil Nadu Sanctions ₹500 Crore For Irrigation Tank Rejuvenation

The Tamil Nadu government has approved ₹500 crore to rejuvenate 5,000 minor irrigation tanks in rural
areas. This project is aimed at improving water storage and managing local water resources, especially for
agriculture.
The project will receive ₹250 crore from the State Budget and an additional ₹250 crore as a grant from the
State Finance Commission. This funding is managed by the Rural Development and Panchayat Raj
Department.
What is the Current Situation?
Tamil Nadu has around 22,051 minor irrigation tanks and 69,777 ponds or ooranis (traditional water storage
systems). The panchayat unions (local government bodies) manage the minor irrigation tanks, while village
panchayats look after the ponds and ooranis.
What does the Project Involve?
The project will focus on:
Desilting and deepening the water areas of these tanks to increase their capacity.
Repairing or rebuilding the bunds (the raised banks that hold the water in the tanks).
Clearing supply channels to ensure water flows properly into the tanks.
The aim is to restore the tanks to their original condition and improve the local water table (underground
water level).
A district-level committee, led by the District Collector, will review and approve the plans. This ensures that
local authorities are involved in the project and that the work is done according to community needs.
What are the Goals of the Project?
The main objective is to improve water storage, especially for households and farmers, so they can better
manage their water needs. This project will help regulate the use of local water resources and ensure water
is available when needed.
To encourage local involvement, 10% of the project’s costs will be covered by the local community,
including public/user associations or ayacutdars (farmers who rely on the tank’s water for irrigation).
In March 2023, 360 out of 1,166 firkas (small administrative units) in Tamil Nadu were found to be “over-
exploited,” meaning that the demand for groundwater is very high. The rejuvenation of these tanks is
needed to help reduce pressure on groundwater resources and prevent further depletion.
MeitY Launches Third Phase of Digital India Capacity Building
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has started the third phase of its capacity-
building programmes to improve the digital skills of government officials. These officials come from both
Central and State governments, and the training focuses on key digital areas.
What are the Key Focus Areas?
The programme aims to strengthen government officials’ knowledge in several important areas, including:
Digital Public Infrastructure (systems that provide government services using digital platforms).
Contract and Procurement Management (how the government manages buying and selling goods and
services).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Machine Learning (ML) (using smart technologies for better decision-
making).
Managing Large Digital Transformation Projects (handling major projects that involve using new
technologies).
Digital Governance (improving the way governments use technology to serve citizens).
Data Management (handling large amounts of data effectively and securely).

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How are the training programmes being conducted?
Specialised training programmes are being offered all over the country. One of these sessions, focused on
Digital Public Infrastructure, started on September 10, 2024, at the India Habitat Centre in Delhi. This is part
of a series of regional programmes designed to strengthen digital skills among officials.
The National e-Governance Division (NeGD) is leading this training effort, with help from the National
Institute for Smart Governance (NISG). These organisations are responsible for ensuring that the training is
guided by experts and well-organised.
What is the focus on Digital Public Goods?
The NeGD is working hard to promote Digital Public Goods (DPGs), which are systems that allow citizens to
easily access public services through digital platforms. The goal of the training sessions is to help officials
manage DPG projects effectively so that more people can benefit from digital public services.
The training combines both theoretical knowledge (learning the concepts) and practical case studies (real-
world examples). Industry experts are involved to share their insights. This approach ensures that officials
gain a deeper understanding and practical skills to apply in their own departments.
What is Digital Public Infrastructure?
crefers to the digital systems that help provide government services and public goods, such as:
e-Governance tools (online platforms for government services).
Open data platforms (data made publicly available to improve transparency).
Identity management systems (like India’s Aadhaar system, which provides a digital identity for
citizens).
DPI helps include more people in the digital world by giving them access to important services through the
internet. Countries with strong DPI systems often see better economic growth and more citizen
participation in governance. New technologies, like blockchain, are also being integrated into DPI to
improve efficiency and security.
About the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
MeitY, created in 2016, is responsible for policies related to information technology, e-governance, and
electronics manufacturing in India. It leads initiatives like Digital India, which aims to create a digitally
empowered society. MeitY also supports innovation through programmes like Startup India, develops
important policies like the National Digital Communications Policy, and works on cybersecurity and data
protection laws, including the Personal Data Protection Bill. Additionally, it plays a key role in international
technology agreements and helps develop skills in the electronics and IT sectors.
54th GST Council Meeting
The 54th Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council meeting took place in New Delhi, led by Finance Minister
Nirmala Sitharaman. The council focused on adjusting tax rates for essential items, including health
insurance, cancer drugs, and snacks.
Major Decisions Made
Group of Ministers (GoM): A special group has been created to review GST rates on health insurance,
cancer medicines, and savoury snacks (known as namkeens).
GST Cut on Cancer Drugs: The council proposed reducing the GST from 12% to 5% on specific cancer
treatments. This includes expensive drugs like Trastuzumab Deruxtecan, Osimertinib, and Durvalumab.
Impact on Cancer Treatment
The reduction in GST is expected to lower the cost of cancer treatments, which can be very high. India has
seen a rise in cancer cases, and this move aims to help reduce the financial stress on patients. Below are
some of the current prices of key cancer drugs:
Trastuzumab Deruxtecan: ₹22,300 per vial

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Osimertinib: ₹204,000 for 10 tablets
Durvalumab: ₹157,000 per vial
Potential Reductions on Other Goods
Savoury Snacks (Namkeens): The council is considering reducing GST on these snacks from 18% to 12%,
with non-fried variants possibly taxed at 5%.
Research Services: Services provided by government bodies, universities, and colleges for research could
be exempt from GST.
Increases in GST for Certain Items
Car and Motorcycle Seats: The GST on these items may increase from 18% to 28%.
Helicopter Charters: GST for helicopter charters will stay at 18%, but passenger transport via helicopters
will continue to be taxed at 5%.
Changes in Taxpayer Responsibilities
Reverse Charge Mechanism: Updates have been proposed for how taxes are applied on commercial
property rentals and metal scrap transactions. In certain cases, the buyer will be responsible for paying the
tax.
Interest Waiver: Taxpayers who have pending tax demands from previous years may be eligible for a waiver
if they pay by March 31, 2025.
Future Plans
GoM Report on Insurance: The GoM will submit its findings on life and health insurance GST rates by
October 2024.
New Invoice System: A new Invoice Management System (IMS) will be introduced to simplify invoicing and
reduce errors in input tax credits. A pilot project for B2C (business-to-consumer) e-invoicing will also be
launched to improve retail transaction transparency.
This meeting reflects important changes in India’s GST policy. By lowering taxes on key cancer drugs and
other essentials, the council aims to ease the financial burden on consumers. However, certain goods and
services like car seats may see higher taxes, balancing out the tax reliefs in other areas.
India Launches Malpe and Mulki Anti-Submarine Warfare Ships
The Indian Navy recently launched two new ships, named Malpe and Mulki. These are the fourth and fifth
ships in a project to build eight Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Shallow Water Crafts (SWC). The launch took
place at Cochin Shipyard Ltd (CSL) in Kochi and is a big step toward India’s goal of becoming more self-
reliant in making its defence equipment.
Details of the Launch
The ships were launched by Mrs. Vijaya Srinivas following traditional maritime customs. The event was also
attended by Vice Admiral V Srinivas, the commander of the Southern Naval Command, who oversees
operations in that part of India.
The Mahe class ships, like Malpe and Mulki, are named after important coastal ports in India. These ships
continue the work of older minesweepers that used to protect the country’s waters. They are part of India’s
plan to modernise its navy and make it better equipped to deal with threats, especially submarines.
Contract and Development
The Ministry of Defence signed a contract with Cochin Shipyard Ltd on April 30, 2019, to build eight of these
ships. This contract was made to promote the development of domestic shipbuilding in India, aligning with
the country’s push for local manufacturing.
Technological Features
These ships are built with advanced technology, most of which is developed in India. They have special
underwater sensors to detect submarines and are designed for anti-submarine operations in shallow

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coastal waters. Additionally, they can perform mine-laying and handle other low-intensity maritime
operations.
The ASW SWC ships can reach speeds of 25 knots and can travel up to 1,800 nautical miles before needing
to refuel or resupply. This makes them ideal for coastal defence, ensuring India can protect its waters more
effectively.
More than 80% of the materials and technology used to build these ships come from India. This supports
the country’s focus on ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ (self-reliant India), creating jobs and boosting India’s ability to
produce its defence equipment.
SBI Foundation Launches 3rd Asha Scholarship Program For Students
The SBI Foundation has launched the 3rd edition of its Asha Scholarship Program, which aims to help
10,000 deserving students from underprivileged backgrounds across India. This scholarship provides
financial support to students who need assistance with their education costs, ensuring they can continue
their studies.
What is the Asha Scholarship Program?
The Asha Scholarship Program was started in 2022 and offers scholarships to students from Class 6 up to
the postgraduate level. The scholarships range from ₹15,000 to ₹20,00,000 per year, depending on the
student’s needs and level of education.
Who can apply for the Scholarship?
The program has different categories for students based on their education level:
School students
Undergraduate students
Postgraduate students
Students at IITs (Indian Institutes of Technology) and IIMs (Indian Institutes of Management)
Additionally, there is a special ‘Study Abroad’ scheme for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST)
students who want to pursue higher education overseas.
How can students apply?
Applications for the scholarship opened on August 16, 2024, and will remain open until October 1, 2024.
Interested students can find more details about eligibility and apply through the official website:
www.sbifashascholarship.org.
How has the Program Helped So Far?
Since the Asha Scholarship Program began, it has provided ₹3.91 crore in financial aid, helping 3,198
students across India. This has had a positive impact on making education more accessible to students
who face financial barriers.
Challa Sreenivasulu Setty, the Chairman of SBI, emphasized that the Asha Scholarship Program aligns with
the bank’s broader mission of offering services that go beyond banking. He also highlighted how the Asha
Scholars will play a key role in contributing to India’s vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047 (Viksit
Bharat).
Researchers Discover Endangered Myristica Swamp Forest in Maharashtra
Researchers near the Goa-Maharashtra border have recently discovered a sacred Myristica swamp forest in
Kumbral, Maharashtra. This finding highlights the importance of local communities in preserving rare
ecosystems. Sacred groves like this are often protected due to cultural beliefs, in this case, tied to the
reverence of Lord Shiva, locally known as Bhalandeshwar.
What Is Myristica magnifica?
Myristica magnifica is an endangered plant species mainly found in Karnataka and Kerala. It plays a key role
in the ecosystem, providing food for wildlife, including the threatened hornbill birds. This tree is part of the

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
nutmeg family and can grow up to 50 meters tall. Though its seeds resemble nutmeg, they are not as
commercially valuable. Its wood is used locally, and the tree’s essential oil has potential in aromatherapy.
Significance of Discovery
This discovery makes Kumbral the second village in Maharashtra, after Hewale-Bambarde in Sindhudurg, to
have a Myristica swamp forest. The village community has long protected this area, considering it sacred
and associated with Lord Shiva (known locally as Bhalandeshwar). The community’s efforts have helped
preserve this endangered ecosystem.
The grove in Kumbral covers 8,200 square meters and is home to 39 different plant species. Within the
grove, there is a 770 square meter area specifically dedicated to the swamp forest, which contains 70
Myristica magnifica trees. This forest provides essential ecosystem services such as:
Groundwater recharge (helping store water in the ground)
Carbon sequestration (absorbing carbon dioxide from the air)
Flood mitigation (helping reduce flooding)
Research and Documentation
The research was led by Pravin Desai, along with Vishal Sadekar and Shital Desai, and their findings were
published in the Journal of Threatened Taxa. The study shows that this freshwater ecosystem is essential
for many species, including the vulnerable Asian short-clawed otter, and supports a wide range of wildlife.
Conservation Importance
Preserving the Myristica swamp forest is vital for maintaining the ecological balance in the Western Ghats,
a biodiversity hotspot. Conservationists are advocating for stronger protection measures because of the
forest’s irreplaceable benefits to the environment and its role in supporting local wildlife.
September 13, 2024
Vietnam, Philippines Strengthen Defense Ties
Vietnam and the Philippines have agreed to work more closely on defence and maritime security. This
agreement came during a visit by Vietnam’s Defence Minister, Phan Van Giang, to the Philippines. This
cooperation aims to address rising tensions with China, particularly over territorial disputes in the South
China Sea.
Key Agreements
The defence ministers of both nations signed “letters of intent” to improve their abilities in areas like
maritime security and responding to natural disasters. They plan to sign a formal security agreement by the
end of the year. This shows their commitment to solving disagreements peacefully and following
international laws.
Significance of the Announcement
Experts believe that, for now, the agreement is mostly symbolic and won’t immediately change much in
terms of military power. However, if other Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN (Association of Southeast
Asian Nations) join forces, this collaboration could grow stronger over time, especially in dealing with
China’s maritime influence.
The South China Sea Dispute
China’s Claims: China says that almost the entire South China Sea belongs to them. This sea is important
for global trade and has many natural resources.
Countries Disagreeing: Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Taiwan do not agree with China’s
claim.
Court Decision: In 2016, an international court ruled that China’s claims were not valid, but China did not
accept this ruling.

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Rising Tensions Between the Philippines and China
In recent months, the Philippines and China have had several clashes, including incidents where their coast
guard ships collided. Despite attempts to improve communication and manage these disputes, tensions
remain high.
China has been trying to divide ASEAN nations, making it difficult for them to work together on issues like
the South China Sea. Some experts think that smaller groups of countries with common interests, like
Vietnam and the Philippines, might be able to cooperate more effectively than the entire ASEAN group.
Vietnam’s Careful Approach
Vietnam has a long history of territorial disputes with China but has tried to balance its actions carefully
since 2011 to avoid escalating tensions. While Vietnam is currently in a better position than the Philippines
in its dealings with China, it remains cautious about potential conflicts.
The agreements between Vietnam and the Philippines show that both countries recognize the need to work
together in the face of external challenges, especially from China. While the immediate effects may not be
dramatic, this cooperation could contribute to regional stability and security in the long run.
Union Cabinet Approves ₹2,000 Crore Mission Mausam Initiative
The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved a major initiative called ‘Mission
Mausam.’ This project, with a budget of ₹2,000 crore over two years, is designed to significantly improve
India’s weather prediction and atmospheric science capabilities.
The objective of Mission Mausam
Mission Mausam is an Indian program that began in 2016 to study climate change and monsoon patterns.
The initiative brings together multiple research organizations to improve weather forecasting accuracy and
promote better farming practices. It also aims to develop systems to warn people about extreme weather
events and raise public awareness about how climate change impacts agriculture and livelihoods.
Who will lead Mission Mausam?
The Ministry of Earth Sciences will oversee the implementation of Mission Mausam. Several key institutions
will be involved, including:
India Meteorological Department (IMD)
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM)
National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF)
These organizations will work together to ensure that the mission runs smoothly.
How will Technology play a role?
Mission Mausam will use cutting-edge technology, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
(ML), to improve weather prediction. It will involve installing modern radars and satellite systems with
advanced sensors to gather more accurate data. Additionally, high-performance supercomputers will
process this information quickly to deliver better forecasts.
Core Features of Mission Mausam
The mission will include:
Enhanced earth system models that simulate weather patterns.
A GIS-based automated Decision Support System, which will provide real-time data to decision-
makers, helping them respond quickly to weather changes.
Who will benefit from this Initiative?
Mission Mausam is expected to benefit a wide range of sectors, including:
Agriculture: More accurate weather predictions can help farmers make better decisions about planting and
harvesting crops.
Disaster management: Improved weather forecasting can help prepare for natural disasters like floods or

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
cyclones.
Aviation and transportation: Better weather data can ensure safer and more efficient operations.
Health and urban planning: The mission will also support planning efforts by providing insights into
environmental and weather changes.
Mission Mausam represents a crucial investment in India’s ability to predict and manage weather
conditions. It promises to enhance forecasting accuracy and provide multiple benefits to sectors like
agriculture, disaster management, and health.
Ayushman Bharat Expands Coverage for Elderly Indians Over 70
The Union Cabinet has approved a major expansion of the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya
Yojana (AB PM-JAY). This expansion now includes all Indians aged 70 and older, regardless of their income.
Registration for this extended health coverage is expected to start soon, with the formal launch by the Prime
Minister to follow.
Overview of AB PM-JAY
The Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY), launched in 2018, is a cashless
health insurance scheme. It provides ₹5 lakh per family per year for healthcare. It covers hospital
treatments for over 10 crore families, which equals about 50 crore (500 million) people. The scheme also
ensures that even pre-existing conditions are covered, and it’s available without the need to pay a premium.
Beneficiaries are identified using data from the 2011 census, targeting families in need.
Eligibility and Registration
Anyone who is 70 years or older can sign up for the scheme. Registration can be done through the
Ayushman Bharat app or at designated Ayushman Bharat counters located at government health facilities.
Aadhaar (a unique ID card in India) will be used to verify eligibility during registration.
Beneficiaries won’t have to wait or worry about pre-existing health conditions. As soon as they finish the
electronic Know Your Customer (eKYC) process, they can start using the health benefits without delay.
Benefit Structure
Elderly beneficiaries will receive ₹5 lakh per year for health expenses, and this amount is shared across the
family. Families already enrolled in the scheme will get an extra ₹5 lakh specifically for elderly members, but
they need to re-register to get this additional coverage.
About 6 crore (60 million) elderly people are expected to benefit from this expansion. Currently, 1.78 crore
(17.8 million) people are already covered under the original scheme. An additional 80 lakh (8 million) people
are covered by other government health schemes.
Financial Impact of the Scheme
The government will spend ₹3,437 crore for this expansion. States will pay for 40% of the total cost.
However, some states like Delhi, West Bengal, and Odisha are not yet participating in the scheme.
India’s population is getting older. By 2050, 19.5% of the population will be aged 60 or above, compared to
8.6% in 2011. Older people are more likely to need healthcare, especially for hospital stays. This scheme
ensures they have access to necessary health services.
Women make up 58% of the elderly population, and many of them are widowed, which can make it harder
for them to access healthcare. This expanded scheme will be particularly helpful for older women who may
not have strong family support.
Ozone Pollution Hurts Tropical Forest Growth, Study Finds
A recent study published in Nature Geoscience has revealed that ozone pollution is harming the growth of
tropical forests, causing them to lose nearly 300 million tonnes of carbon every year. This is a big concern
because tropical forests play a key role in fighting climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air.
The study highlights the urgent need to tackle air pollution to protect these important ecosystems.

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Tropical Forests and Climate Change
Tropical forests are essential in the fight against climate change because they act like a giant sponge,
absorbing carbon dioxide (a major greenhouse gas) from the atmosphere. When tropical forests are healthy,
they help reduce the amount of carbon in the air, which is good for the planet. But when their growth is
affected, it reduces their ability to absorb carbon, making it harder to fight climate change.
Impact of Ground-Level Ozone
Ground-level ozone is a harmful pollutant created when gases from human activities like driving cars and
running factories mix with sunlight. Unlike the ozone layer in the sky that protects us from the sun’s harmful
rays, ground-level ozone is bad for plants and people. In this case, it prevents plants, including tropical
trees, from absorbing carbon dioxide properly. According to the study, this pollution has reduced the yearly
growth of tropical forests by 5.1%.
Research Findings
Scientists looked at different types of tropical trees to see how sensitive they were to ozone pollution. They
used a computer model to predict how plants would respond to rising ozone levels. The study found that
ozone pollution is getting worse due to urbanisation, industrialisation, and the use of fossil fuels (like coal,
oil, and gas). This increase in ozone levels is bad news for tropical forests.
Worsening Conditions
If ozone pollution continues to rise, the damage to tropical forests will get worse. This is especially
concerning for areas where people are working to restore forests to help fight climate change. High ozone
levels in these areas could make it harder for these restoration efforts to succeed.
The study calls for stronger measures to reduce ground-level ozone. Improving air quality will not only help
tropical forests grow better but also increase the amount of carbon these forests can absorb. This, in turn,
will help in the global effort to combat climate change.
What is Ozone Pollution?
Ozone pollution mainly comes from vehicle emissions and industrial activities. It forms close to the ground,
where it can harm both plants and people. Unlike the ozone layer high up in the atmosphere, which protects
us from the sun, ground-level ozone can cause breathing problems, especially in vulnerable people like
children and the elderly. Ozone levels are highest in summer when there is more sunlight to trigger its
formation. Cities tend to have higher ozone levels than rural areas. Ozone pollution also affects crop yields,
reducing food production. Efforts like the Clean Air Act in the U.S. aim to control ozone levels, and there are
ongoing global efforts to reduce its harmful effects.
Union Minister Launches Rangeen Machhli App for Ornamental Fisheries
A new mobile app called “Rangeen Machhli” was launched by Union Minister Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh in
Bhubaneswar. This app supports India’s growing ornamental fisheries sector, which is part of the Pradhan
Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), a scheme to help fish farming and aquaculture grow in the
country.
Purpose of the App
The app is designed to meet the needs of people interested in ornamental fish, such as hobbyists who keep
fish as pets, aquarium shop owners, and fish farmers. It provides them with useful information and
resources to help them manage and grow their activities.
Key Features of the App
Multilingual Information: The app gives details about popular types of ornamental fish in eight Indian
languages, making it accessible to many people.
Find Aquarium Shops Tool: This feature helps users find local aquarium shops using an updated directory,
which also helps promote local businesses.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
Educational Modules: The app has sections on “Basics of Aquarium Care” and “Ornamental Aquaculture”.
These are designed for both beginners and those with experience.
What the App Offers
Fish Care Guidance: Detailed instructions on how to take care of fish, including tips on breeding and
maintenance.
Types of Aquariums: Information about different types of aquariums and how to set them up.
Water Management: Advice on important topics like filtration, lighting, and feeding.
Importance of Ornamental Fisheries
The government sees great potential in the ornamental fisheries sector. It is expected to create jobs and
contribute to the economy. The app also encourages more people to take up the aquarium hobby, which is
becoming more popular in India. The “Rangeen Machhli” app can be downloaded from the Google Play
Store.
India's Second Largest Butterfly Species Discovered in TamilNadu
India’s second-largest butterfly, the Southern Birdwing, was recently spotted on the satellite campus of The
American College in Madurai, Tamil Nadu. This discovery sheds light on the region’s changing movements
of butterfly species.
About the Southern Birdwing
The Southern Birdwing was once considered the largest butterfly in India, with a wingspan of 190mm.
However, in 2020, it was surpassed by the Golden Birdwing, which has a wingspan of 194mm, according to
a British researcher, Brigadier William Harry Evans. It prefers areas close to water, such as the rivers and
streams in the Western Ghats. The males of this species are known for their bright yellow and black colors,
while the females, though larger, have more muted tones. The butterfly primarily feeds on the nectar of
flowers like Bougainvillea and is the state butterfly of Tamil Nadu. As an indicator of ecological health, its
presence shows the importance of maintaining a balanced and diverse environment.
In both the Southern and Golden Birdwing species, females are generally larger than males. This size
difference is common among butterflies and can affect how they behave during mating.
Where are these butterflies found?
The Golden Birdwing is mostly found in the Himalayan region, while the Southern Birdwing lives primarily in
the Western and Eastern Ghats, mountainous regions in southern India. Initially thought to be only in the
Western Ghats, the Southern Birdwing was first seen in the Azahagar hills near Madurai in 2014 by
researchers from The American College.
Conservation Status
The Southern and Golden Birdwing butterflies are classified as species of “least concern” regarding the risk
of extinction. However, they are essential to their ecosystems, helping to maintain biodiversity by pollinating
plants and flowers.
September marks the migration season for butterflies, including the Southern Birdwing. The recent sighting
in Madurai may be linked to the species’ search for suitable breeding grounds during this time of year. The
butterfly is also common in areas like the Sirumalai hills near Dindigul, Tamil Nadu.
Ecological Degradation in Veli-Akkulam Lake
A recent study presented by researchers from the University of Kerala at the ECSA 60 conference in
Hangzhou has uncovered a significant ecological decline in Veli-Akkulam Lake. Over the past 30 years, the
lake’s ecosystem has been deeply affected by the invasion of non-native species, which has changed its
trophic status (how nutrients move through the food chain) and disrupted the natural food web.
Study Overview
The researchers used the Ecopath Model to analyze how efficiently the lake’s ecosystem functions and to

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
map the structure of its food web. The study found a major decline in native species, while invasive species
(species not originally from the lake) have increased dramatically.
Historical Background
In the 1990s, a scientist named C.M. Aravindan first studied the Veli-Akkulam ecosystem. At that time, the
lake was home to a rich variety of native species like prawns, cichlids, barbs, and catfish. These species
helped maintain a healthy ecosystem. However, recent studies show that many of these native species have
drastically declined.
Species Decline
Prawns: In the past, there were about 57.60 tonnes per square kilometer of prawns. Now, that number has
dropped to just 0.110 tonnes per square kilometer.
Indigenous Cichlids: The population of native cichlids fell from 41.6 tonnes per square kilometer to 0.350
tonnes per square kilometer.
Rise of Invasive Species
By the 2000s, many native species were replaced by invasive species, which are species introduced from
other regions that compete with local wildlife. Some of the main invasive species in the lake are:
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
Other invasive species include the Amazon African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and the Amazon sailfin
catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis). These species have spread rapidly, taking over the lake and disrupting
the natural balance.
Invasion Meltdown
Professor Biju Kumar described this situation as an “invasion meltdown.” This term refers to the worsening
effects that happen when multiple non-native species invade an ecosystem, further damaging the local
environment.
The changes in the lake’s ecosystem have had a direct impact on the people who depend on it for their
livelihood. In the 1990s, over 100 local fishers relied on the lake for their income. Today, fewer than 20
remain, as the collapse of native fish populations has made it difficult for them to continue fishing.
About Veli-Akkulam Lake
Veli-Akkulam Lake is a beautiful freshwater lake in Kerala, India. It covers about 20 acres and is fed by the
Veli River. The lake is known for its scenic views and is a popular spot for boating and kayaking, drawing
tourists and locals alike. It connects to the Arabian Sea through a narrow channel and is home to various
species, including migratory birds.
IIL Partners with ICMR for India's First Zika Vaccine
Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) has joined hands with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to
develop India’s first Zika virus vaccine. They have signed an agreement called a Memorandum of
Agreement (MoA) to work together on this project. The main goal is to conduct phase I clinical trials, which
will test the vaccine for its safety and effectiveness in humans.
ICMR will pay for the phase I clinical trials. This includes covering all the costs for running the trials,
monitoring the participants, and performing the necessary investigations to see how the vaccine works.
These trials will be done in different locations in India to make sure the vaccine is thoroughly tested.
ICMR’s Phase I Trial Network
ICMR has a network of places across India where early-stage trials, like phase I clinical trials, are
conducted. This network helps researchers carry out their work smoothly within the country. The trials for
the Zika vaccine will take place at these four sites:
ACTREC in Mumbai

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KEM Hospital in Mumbai
SRM in Chennai
PGIMER in Chandigarh
This network allows Indian scientists to test new vaccines for safety without needing to go outside the
country.
Collaboration with Griffith University
In addition to working with ICMR, IIL is also partnering with Griffith University in Australia to develop the
Zika vaccine. The vaccine has already gone through many pre-clinical tests, which are tests done before
trying it on humans. The project has also received approval to make GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice)
grade materials, which are necessary for making vaccines that are safe and of high quality for human use.
IIL’s Broader Vaccine Development Efforts
Indian Immunologicals is not only focusing on the Zika vaccine. It is also working on vaccines for other
important diseases, such as:
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)
Chikungunya
An intra-nasal booster for SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19)
This shows IIL’s dedication to creating vaccines for emerging infectious diseases, which are diseases that
are becoming more common but don’t have enough treatment options.
Zika Virus Overview
The Zika virus is spread mainly by mosquito bites. Right now, there is no licensed vaccine to prevent Zika,
making this new vaccine very important for public health.
About Indian Immunologicals
Indian Immunologicals Limited (IIL) was started in 1982 and is one of India’s biggest vaccine producers. It
was the first company in India to make a recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine. IIL creates vaccines for both
animals and humans. Some of the important vaccines in its portfolio include:
Rabies
DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus)
Typhoid
IIL is part of the National Dairy Development Board, and it has more than 15 manufacturing plants across
India. The company is also involved in research and development (R&D), playing a key role in helping India
become more self-sufficient in vaccination programs.
About the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) was founded in 1911, making it one of the oldest medical
research organizations in the world. It works under the Department of Health Research, which is part of the
Government of India. ICMR has its headquarters in New Delhi and operates 26 institutes across India. The
council played a major role in eradicating polio in India and also helped coordinate COVID-19 vaccine
development. It is involved in many other global health initiatives and launched the National Health Portal in
2015 to provide health information to the public.
International Conference on Green Hydrogen (ICGH-2024)
The International Conference on Green Hydrogen (ICGH-2024) in New Delhi, India, announced a significant
partnership with the European Hydrogen Week, set for November 2024. This partnership shows India’s
commitment to aligning with European green regulations and boosting its exports in the hydrogen sector.
Key Partnerships Established
A major moment during the conference was the signing of a Letter of Intent (LoI) between Chane Terminal
from the Netherlands and ACME Cleantech from India. This agreement focuses on setting up ammonia

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
import terminals, marking an important international collaboration.
Focus on Global Decarbonisation
Key sessions were led by representatives from the EU, Australia, and the Netherlands, discussing how green
hydrogen can help the world reduce carbon emissions. A highlight of the discussions was the EU’s Emission
Trading System (ETS), which is being reformed to set a price on carbon and promote hydrogen as a cleaner
alternative to fossil fuels.
Challenges and Collaboration
Government officials from India and international experts discussed the challenges the green hydrogen
industry faces. These include:
Creating regulatory frameworks that support hydrogen use,
Developing storage solutions for hydrogen, and
Ensuring widespread access to renewable energy sources needed for green hydrogen production.
They emphasized that collaboration among countries is essential to overcome these challenges.
Youth Session Highlights
The Youth Session focused on the role of young innovators in shaping the future of green hydrogen.
Ministries encouraged the youth to participate in sustainable practices, noting that the hydrogen sector has
the potential to create millions of jobs by 2050.
Exhibition and International Engagements
The conference featured over 100 stalls where companies displayed the latest technologies related to the
green hydrogen value chain. Country Roundtables and talks with nations like Singapore and South Korea
deepened strategic dialogues about hydrogen and its future.
ICGH-2024 serves as a key platform for promoting green hydrogen technologies and fostering international
partnerships. It brings together countries, companies, and young innovators to work towards a sustainable
future and tackle the challenges of climate change.
What is Green hydrogen?
Green hydrogen is made by splitting water using renewable energy like wind or solar, unlike grey hydrogen,
which uses fossil fuels. It doesn’t produce carbon emissions and can be stored and transported easily.
Producing it needs a lot of electricity—about 50-55 kWh per kilogram. Japan leads in green hydrogen
projects, with Chile and Australia also becoming important. Green hydrogen can power vehicles and
industries and help reduce emissions in steel and ammonia production.
DRDO, Indian Navy Successfully Test VL-SRSAM Missile
The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy recently conducted a
successful flight test of the Vertical Launch Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VL-SRSAM). The test took
place at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha, marking another step forward in India’s
missile technology development.
Flight Test Overview
The missile was launched from a land-based vertical launcher and accurately hit a high-speed aerial target
flying at a low altitude. This success shows that the VL-SRSAM is ready for use in real-world military
situations, proving its effectiveness in defending against airborne threats.
Objectives of the Test
The main goal of this test was to evaluate upgraded components of the missile, particularly the Proximity
Fuse and Seeker. These are key parts that help improve the missile’s accuracy and effectiveness in
intercepting incoming targets.
Tracking and Monitoring
The entire test was monitored with advanced systems, including the Radar Electro-Optical Tracking System

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
and telemetry systems. These tools allowed the engineers to collect detailed data on how well the missile
performed throughout the flight.
Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh praised the teams at DRDO and the Indian Navy for their teamwork and
success. He said that this test confirms the reliability and effectiveness of the VL-SRSAM missile system, a
key asset in India’s defense arsenal.
Dr. Samir V Kamat, Chairman of DRDO, highlighted the missile’s importance for the Indian Navy. He
mentioned that the VL-SRSAM will significantly boost the Navy’s ability to protect its ships and will act as a
“force multiplier” in maritime defense. This success reflects India’s commitment to improving its defense
technology and capabilities.
About DRDO
The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) was founded in 1958. It is a key organization in
developing indigenous missiles and advanced defense systems in India. DRDO has over 50 labs and
research centers across the country and has played a major role in creating important missile systems like
Agni and Prithvi. In addition to missile technology, DRDO works on systems like the Akash surface-to-air
missile and the Tejas fighter aircraft. It also collaborates with international partners on joint development
projects, promoting self-reliance in defense technology. Notably, DRDO contributed to the development of
the K9 Vajra howitzer, a powerful artillery system used by the Indian Army.
India-Oman Joint Military Exercise AL NAJAH
The Indian Army has sent a team to participate in the 5th edition of the India-Oman Joint Military Exercise
AL NAJAH, which is being held from 13th to 26th September 2024 in Salalah, Oman. This exercise is an
important event that has been helping improve military cooperation between the two countries since it first
started in 2015.
Background of AL NAJAH
The AL NAJAH exercise is held every two years and alternates between India and Oman. The last edition
took place in Mahajan, Rajasthan. The main goal of each exercise is to improve the joint operational
abilities of the two armies, especially in situations involving counter-terrorism.
Indian Army Contingent
The Indian Army’s team includes 60 personnel from a Mechanised Infantry Regiment, along with support
from other arms and services. The Royal Army of Oman will also send an equal number of personnel from
their Frontier Force.
Aim of the Exercise
The primary goal of Exercise AL NAJAH is to enhance the joint military capabilities of both India and Oman,
especially for counter-terrorism operations. This cooperation follows Chapter VII of the United Nations
Charter, which focuses on maintaining peace and security.
Focus Areas of the Exercise
The exercise will be held in the desert and will focus on several tactical drills, including:
Joint Planning
Cordon and Search Operations (controlling an area and searching for threats)
Urban Combat (fighting in city or built-up areas)
Mobile Vehicle Check Posts (setting up checkpoints for vehicle searches)
Counter Drone Operations
Room Intervention Techniques (handling dangerous situations inside buildings)
The participants will go through field training exercises that mimic real-world situations, allowing them to
practice and improve their counter-terrorism skills.

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Benefits of the Exercise
Exercise AL NAJAH V will allow both armies to share their best practices in military tactics and procedures.
This will help improve their ability to work together, build goodwill, and strengthen the friendship between
the two armies.
In addition to military training, this exercise aims to strengthen defence cooperation and improve the
diplomatic relationship between India and Oman, improving closer ties between the two countries.
About the India-Oman Joint Military Exercise
The India-Oman Joint Military Exercise, called AL NAJAH, began in 2015 and focuses on improving the
ability of both armies to work together. It is held in the deserts of Oman and mainly involves infantry tactics
and counter-terrorism operations. The exercise reflects India’s strategic relationship with Gulf countries,
especially with Oman, which is India’s oldest ally in the region, dating back to 1950. This partnership also
helps improve maritime security in the Arabian Sea by addressing regional threats. Through these exercises,
India and Oman continue to strengthen their mutual respect and understanding.
September 14, 2024
OpenAI Unveils New Reasoning AI Model O1 in Project Strawberry
OpenAI has launched a new AI model called o1 under a secret initiative called ‘Project Strawberry.’ This
model is designed to handle more complex reasoning in areas like science, coding, and mathematics. It’s
part of a series of models aimed at making AI think more deeply and tackle tougher problems.
Model Development
The o1 model is built to process questions in a way that mimics how humans think. It can:
Look at problems from different angles.
Learn from its mistakes by reviewing its answers and improving.
In early tests, the o1 model showed impressive results. It can solve complex problems in physics, chemistry,
and biology at a level similar to a PhD student. It performed especially well in math and coding, successfully
solving 83% of questions in a tough math competition—far better than older AI models.
Cost-Effective Options
OpenAI also introduced a cheaper and faster version called o1-Mini, which is 80% less expensive than the
full o1 model. Even though it costs less, o1-Mini still provides strong reasoning skills, making it a good
option for tasks like coding without breaking the bank.
Safety Measures
To ensure user safety, OpenAI has developed a new training method for the o1 model. This includes:
Making sure the model follows safety guidelines better than before, improving its safety score from
22 to 84.
Working with the UK and US governments to test the model’s safety thoroughly.
Giving safety experts early access to review and improve the model.
Implications for Jobs and Research
The o1 model could shake up industries, especially in fields like software development and data analysis.
Some jobs might be affected, pushing people to focus more on creative thinking and problem-solving skills.
On the other hand, the rise of AI like o1 could create new job opportunities in areas like AI safety and ethics.
For researchers, o1 can be a valuable tool, helping them solve complicated problems faster, particularly in
fields like healthcare and other scientific areas. It can also process large amounts of data quickly, making
research more efficient.
How to Access OpenAI o1?
The o1 model is available to ChatGPT Plus and Team users, with a feature called the model picker to
choose between versions. For now, users can send up to 30 messages to the o1-preview and 50 messages

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to o1-mini each day. In the future, OpenAI plans to increase these limits and automatically choose the best
model based on user needs. ChatGPT Enterprise and Edu users will also get access next week.
North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Programme
North Korea is ramping up its nuclear weapons program, stating that it needs these weapons to protect
itself from perceived threats, especially from the United States and its allies. The government also
promotes its military advancements as a source of national pride, reinforcing the idea that nuclear weapons
symbolize the country’s power and importance.
Reasons for Developing Nuclear Weapons
Historic Conflicts: North Korea often refers to the Korean War (1950-1953) and the long-standing military
tensions with the United States as reasons for its focus on nuclear weapons. The ongoing presence of US
troops in South Korea and joint military exercises add to this justification.
National Prestige: Having nuclear weapons is seen by North Korea’s leadership as a way to boost its image
both at home and abroad. The regime believes that being a nuclear power strengthens its authority and
domestic legitimacy.
Current Estimates of Nuclear Arsenals
North Korea has not officially revealed the exact number of nuclear weapons it possesses. However,
experts estimate that the country may have enough material to build 80 to 90 nuclear warheads, and this
number could grow to 166 by the year 2030.
Nuclear Weapons Development Process
Collecting Materials: North Korea runs uranium mines and enriches uranium to create the necessary fuel
for nuclear bombs.
Key Facilities: Places like the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center are critical. This center has
reactors and facilities for reprocessing plutonium, which is another material used in nuclear weapons.
Weapon Assembly: After gathering materials, North Korea has factories where they assemble the nuclear
devices.
Testing Procedures
North Korea has conducted all of its nuclear tests at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, located in the
northeast of the country.
Between 2006 and 2017, North Korea carried out six nuclear tests, claiming to have developed
thermonuclear (hydrogen) bombs.
In 2018, the regime declared a moratorium (temporary pause) on nuclear testing, but there are now signs
that they might start testing again.
International Response
The United Nations Security Council has imposed several sanctions on North Korea to discourage its
nuclear development. However, efforts to impose new sanctions have been blocked by Russia and China.
Critics argue that North Korea’s focus on nuclear weapons takes away resources that could be used to
improve the country’s economy and address the extreme poverty faced by many of its citizens.
India Launches PM E-Drive Scheme for Electric Vehicles
The Indian government has introduced a new plan called the PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative
Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-Drive) scheme. It replaces the previous FAME II program, which ended in March
2024. The main goal of the PM E-Drive scheme is to promote the use of electric vehicles (EVs) across the
country. Although the new scheme has a smaller budget compared to the old one, it still focuses on making
EVs more common in India.
Overview of the PM E-Drive Scheme
The Ministry of Heavy Industries is in charge of the PM E-Drive scheme. The government has set aside INR

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10,900 crore for this program, which will run for two years. The scheme focuses mainly on electric two-
wheelers and three-wheelers (like electric scooters, bikes, and auto-rickshaws) but does not include electric
or hybrid four-wheelers (like electric cars).
Subsidies and Support
The PM E-Drive scheme provides financial subsidies for:
Electric two-wheelers and three-wheelers
Electric trucks and buses
Electric ambulances
In addition to supporting these vehicles, the scheme aims to build a network of 88,500 electric vehicle
charging stations across India. These stations will make it easier for people to charge their EVs,
encouraging more people to switch from traditional fuel-powered vehicles to electric ones.
Focus on Electric Buses
One of the key parts of this scheme is its focus on electric buses. The government plans to help state
transport units and public agencies purchase 14,028 electric buses. A budget of INR 4,391 crore has been
allocated for this.
Fast Charging Infrastructure
The PM E-Drive scheme also includes plans for building a network of fast chargers for different types of
electric vehicles:
22,100 chargers for electric four-wheelers
1,800 chargers for electric buses
48,400 chargers for electric two- and three-wheelers
A total of INR 2,000 crore has been set aside to develop this charging infrastructure. This will help reduce
concerns about where people can charge their EVs, making the transition to electric vehicles smoother.
Industry Response
The Indian auto industry has responded positively to the PM E-Drive scheme. Leaders from major
companies like Ola and the Mahindra Group have praised the initiative. They believe this scheme will not
only speed up the adoption of electric vehicles but also improve consumer confidence by ensuring that
charging infrastructure is more widely available.
WHO Grants First Vaccine Authorization for Mpox in Adults
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently approved the first-ever vaccine to be used against mpox
(formerly known as monkeypox) in adults. This is a major step forward, especially in Africa, where mpox
outbreaks have been particularly severe.
Significance of WHO Authorisation
The WHO’s approval allows large organizations like GAVI and UNICEF to purchase the vaccine from
Bavarian Nordic A/S, the only company that makes it. However, there’s a big challenge: the vaccine supply
is limited because it is made by just one manufacturer. This makes it difficult to get enough doses to the
people who need them.
The WHO Director-General, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, stressed the importance of quickly increasing
the supply of vaccines and getting them to the areas most affected by mpox. He said it’s urgent to act now
to save lives.
Vaccination Guidelines
The WHO has said that the vaccine can be given to adults aged 18 and older. It requires two doses to be
effective. While it isn’t licensed for use in people under 18, the WHO allows it to be used in emergency
situations, where the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks.

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Impact on Children
In some parts of Africa, such as Congo, children are being hit hard by mpox. Data from the Africa Centre for
Disease Control and Prevention shows that about 70% of mpox cases there are in children under 15 years
old, and the death rate is particularly high in this age group.
According to the latest reports, there have been 107 new deaths and 3,160 new cases of mpox in Africa in
just the past week. The Africa CDC and WHO have launched a continental response plan to address the
crisis.
What is Mpox?
Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxvirus family. The first human case
was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Mpox is mostly found in Central and West
Africa, where it’s spread by rodents.
Symptoms include fever, a rash, and swollen lymph nodes. The virus spreads through direct contact,
respiratory droplets, or contaminated materials like bedding or clothing. Although there’s no specific
treatment for mpox, the smallpox vaccine can provide some protection. Since 2022, mpox cases have been
rising, leading to greater public health efforts to control it.
Indian International Maritime Dispute Resolution Centre (IIMDRC)
India has taken a major step in improving its maritime sector by launching the Indian International Maritime
Dispute Resolution Centre (IIMDRC) during the 20th Maritime State Development Council (MSDC) meeting in
Goa. This centre is expected to play a big role in managing the country’s maritime activities.
IIMDRC Objectives
The main goal of the IIMDRC is to provide a special platform for handling disputes related to the maritime
industry. This is important because maritime activities often involve multiple countries, different types of
contracts, and various forms of transport. The IIMDRC will help resolve these disputes using fair and
industry-led solutions.
Launch of the Indian Maritime Centre (IMC)
Along with the IIMDRC, the government also introduced the Indian Maritime Centre (IMC). The IMC will act
as a policy think tank, bringing together people and organizations involved in the maritime sector. It aims to
encourage innovation, knowledge sharing, and strategic planning to boost the growth of India’s maritime
industry.
Plans for Shipbuilding
The government is also planning to set up a Mega Shipbuilding Park, which will bring together shipbuilding
capabilities from across India’s coastal states. This will improve efficiency and innovation in shipbuilding,
as well as establish India as a major center for ship repair and maintenance.
India recently made progress in maritime construction by laying the foundation (known as keel laying) for
its largest dredger, a ship capable of holding 12,000 cubic meters of material. This project is being carried
out at Cochin Shipyard Limited in partnership with Royal IHC from the Netherlands. It is a sign of India’s
growing expertise in advanced maritime construction.
Promoting Maritime Heritage
India is also working on a project to celebrate its maritime history. The National Maritime Heritage Complex
(NMHC) is being developed in Lothal, Gujarat, to showcase the country’s rich maritime past. The project will
involve international collaborations, with several countries already signing agreements to contribute.
Sagarmala Programme Update
The Sagarmala Programme, launched in 2015, aims to develop India’s ports and coastal areas. The plan
includes 839 projects with an investment target of ₹5.79 lakh crore by 2035. So far, 262 projects worth
₹1.40 lakh crore have been completed, and another 217 projects, valued at around ₹1.65 lakh crore, are

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currently in progress.
DRDO Conducts Successful Trials of Indian Light Tank Zorawar
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India recently announced the successful
testing of the Zorawar light tank. This tank is specifically designed for use in high-altitude areas, marking a
step forward in India’s push for self-reliance in defense technology.
What is the Zorawar Light Tank?
The Zorawar light tank is being developed to operate in difficult terrains, especially at high altitudes, where
quick movement and flexibility are crucial. It was designed by the Combat Vehicles Research &
Development Establishment (CVRDE) in partnership with Larsen & Toubro Limited, a major Indian company.
Development and Objectives
The preliminary trials were conducted to see how the tank performs in tough conditions, such as deserts.
The Zorawar showed it could hit targets accurately during firing tests, proving its effectiveness and
suitability for future military missions.
The development of the Zorawar involved the participation of many Indian companies, including Micro,
Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This highlights India’s efforts to strengthen its domestic defense
manufacturing capabilities, reducing dependence on foreign suppliers.
India’s Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, called this testing a significant step toward making India more self-
reliant in defense systems. This comes at a time when India is focused on building its military strength to
deal with regional security challenges.
Request for Information and Future Plans
In 2021, the Indian Army issued a request to buy 350 light tanks that weigh less than 25 tonnes. These
tanks are needed to improve the Army’s flexibility and capability in difficult areas, especially in high-altitude
regions.
The India-China standoff in Eastern Ladakh increased the need for light tanks. Initially, the Army did not
think they needed these vehicles, but as military tensions grew, especially during confrontations at the
Kailash range, it became clear that light tanks could be vital for operations in high-altitude areas.
Who was Zorawar Singh?
Zorawar Singh, after whom the tank is named, was a famous Dogra general in the early 19th century. He is
known for his military campaigns in Ladakh and Tibet. Born in 1786, he is remembered for his strategic
brilliance and ability to win battles in harsh environments. He died in 1841 during a campaign in Tibet,
symbolizing the tough conditions he faced during his military career.
BRICS Literature Forum 2024
The BRICS Literature Forum 2024 started on September 11, 2024, in Kazan, Russia. The event was officially
opened by Kazan’s Mayor, Mr. Ilsur Metshin, and brought together important literary figures from the BRICS
nations—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
This year’s theme is “World literature in the new reality. Dialogue of traditions, national values, and
cultures.” It highlights how literature from different countries can connect despite global challenges, and
how diverse traditions and cultural values come together through literature.
Key Participants from India
India was well-represented at the forum by Sri Madhav Kaushik, President of Sahitya Akademi, and Dr. K.
Sreenivasarao, Secretary of Sahitya Akademi. Their presence at the event showcased India’s rich literary
heritage and provided a platform for sharing Indian literary contributions with the world.
Important Sessions
During a plenary session, Sri Madhav Kaushik spoke about the important role literature plays in bringing
people together. He explained how literature helps in improving unity and cooperation among different

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societies, serving as a bridge in today’s globally connected world.
“Meet the Authors from India” Event
One of the major highlights of the forum was a panel discussion called “Volga to Ganga: Celebration of
Tradition and Multiculturalism.” This session, moderated by Evgeniy Abdullaev, featured Indian authors. Dr.
K. Sreenivasarao spoke about how river-based cultures like those around the Ganga in India and Volga in
Russia promote multiculturalism and diversity. Sri Madhav Kaushik discussed the cultural richness in both
Indian and Russian traditional literature.
Importance of Multiculturalism
Both speakers highlighted how multiculturalism—the coexistence of various cultural groups—can help build
unity and encourage social progress. They emphasized that literature goes beyond borders, helping to
create dialogue and understanding among different cultures.
More About the BRICS Literature Forum
The BRICS Literature Forum started in 2016 to encourage literary exchange among Brazil, Russia, India,
China, and South Africa. The forum promotes the translation of works between these countries, allowing
readers to appreciate the diversity of languages and cultures. Each year, the forum organizes events to
discuss literary trends and social issues. It also supports young writers through workshops and
competitions. The goal of the forum is to use literature to strengthen relationships between BRICS nations
and enhance the global appreciation of BRICS literature.
Port Blair Renamed Sri Vijaya Puram
Union Minister Amit Shah announced that the Andaman and Nicobar Islands capital, Port Blair, will be
renamed ‘Sri Vijaya Puram.’ This decision is part of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision to remove
colonial-era names and celebrate India’s freedom struggle and history. The new name reflects the historical
significance of the region and its connection to ancient Indian empires, especially the Chola dynasty.
The Origin of the Name ‘Port Blair’
Port Blair was named after Archibald Blair, a British naval surveyor who explored the Andaman Islands in the
late 1700s. Originally, the place was called Port Cornwallis, named after Commodore William Cornwallis, a
British naval officer. However, it was later renamed to honor Blair, who conducted a thorough survey of the
area.
Colonial History of the Andaman Islands
During the British colonial period, the East India Company wanted to use the Andaman Islands as a strategic
location for military purposes. They also needed a safe harbor from pirates in the region. After the Revolt of
1857, the British established a penal colony on the islands, where they sent many prisoners, including
freedom fighters.
Key Historical Events in Port Blair
One of the most important landmarks in Port Blair is the Cellular Jail, built in 1906. This prison, also known
as “Kaala Paani,” was where many Indian freedom fighters, including Veer Savarkar, were jailed under harsh
conditions. The jail has become a symbol of the sacrifices made during India’s fight for independence.
Historical evidence shows that the Andaman Islands were once used as a naval base by the Chola emperor
Rajendra I during the 11th century. He launched an expedition against the Srivijaya Empire, which was
located in present-day Indonesia. At that time, the islands were referred to as Ma-Nakkavaram, and this
name is believed to have influenced the modern name “Nicobar.”
Debates on the Chola-Srivijaya Conflict
Scholars have different opinions on why the Chola Empire attacked Srivijaya. Some believe it was due to
trade disputes, while others see it as part of the Chola dynasty’s efforts to expand its influence in Southeast
Asia. This interaction led to significant military and cultural exchanges between the regions.

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September 16, 2024

Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
The Supreme Court of India has stressed the urgent need to improve access to justice, especially in rural
areas. This has led to renewed calls for setting up gram nyayalayas (village courts) across the country.
However, despite being introduced more than a decade ago, the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008, has faced
many challenges that have slowed its implementation.
What is the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008?
The Gram Nyayalayas Act was passed in 2008 to bring the judicial system closer to rural populations. The
goal of the Act is to decentralize the court system, making justice more accessible, faster, and less
expensive for people living in villages. By setting up courts at the grassroots level, it aims to reduce the
burden on higher courts and make the legal process simpler for everyone.
Key Features of the Act
Accessibility: Gram nyayalayas are designed to function at the panchayat (village council) level, ensuring
that people in rural areas don’t have to travel far for legal help.
Jurisdiction: These courts handle civil cases, like land or property disputes, and minor criminal cases, such
as theft or public nuisances.
Simplified Procedures: Unlike regular courts, gram nyayalayas focus on informal and accessible ways to
resolve disputes, often encouraging conciliation or settlement instead of lengthy legal battles.
Current Status and Challenges in Implementation
Even though gram nyayalayas have the potential to make justice more accessible, their establishment has
been slow. Here are some facts:
Less than 500 gram nyayalayas have been set up, far below the target of 2,500.
Major states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, which have large rural populations, still do not have
functioning village courts.
Why Is It Difficult to Set Up Gram Nyayalayas?
Several factors have made it hard to set up and run gram nyayalayas effectively:
Infrastructure Issues: Many of these courts do not have proper buildings or facilities to hold hearings.
Financial Constraints: There isn’t enough funding to ensure that these courts can operate smoothly and pay
for staff and equipment.
Low Awareness: Many rural citizens are not aware that gram nyayalayas exist, so they do not use them.
Integration Problems: There is not enough coordination between gram nyayalayas and the higher courts,
making it difficult to handle appeals and provide proper oversight.
What Happens When Gram Nyayalayas Don’t Work?
The slow implementation of gram nyayalayas has several negative effects:
Rural litigants have to travel long distances to reach regular courts, which is time-consuming and
costly.
Minor cases remain unresolved at the local level, adding to the overall backlog in India’s already
overburdened court system.
The Potential Benefits of Gram Nyayalayas
Despite the challenges, gram nyayalayas have the potential to significantly improve the judicial process in
rural areas:
Decentralized Justice: By reducing the need for rural citizens to travel to distant courts, they can save
both time and money.
Community-Centric Approach: Since these courts promote conciliation, they align with traditional
methods of conflict resolution that are familiar to many rural communities.

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Inclusiveness: The simplified processes allow people to represent themselves in court, improving
access to justice for those who cannot afford lawyers.
The Way Forward
To make gram nyayalayas work as intended, several changes need to be made:
Increase Resources: More funding and better infrastructure are needed to ensure these courts can operate
effectively.
Public Awareness: People in rural areas must be made aware of their rights and the existence of these
village courts.
Better Integration: Stronger links between gram nyayalayas and the wider judicial system are needed to
ensure proper oversight and the smooth handling of appeals.
With these reforms, gram nyayalayas can help make justice more accessible and affordable for rural
communities across India.
India Launches BHASKAR to Transform Startup Ecosystem
The Indian government, through the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), is
introducing BHASKAR, a new digital platform to boost India’s startup community. This project is part of the
Startup India programme and aims to bring together resources and help people in the startup ecosystem
work more closely, showing India’s commitment to becoming a global leader in innovation.
What is BHASKAR?
BHASKAR stands for Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry. It is a digital platform that collects
important information and resources for startups, investors, mentors, and service providers, making it
easier for them to grow and work together.
The platform will give each user a unique BHASKAR ID, which will make it easier for them to access
personalised opportunities and connect with others in the startup world.
Key Features of BHASKAR
Networking and Collaboration: It helps startups connect with investors and mentors, encouraging
cooperation across different fields.
Easy Access to Resources: Startups will have immediate access to important tools and information,
helping them grow faster.
Personalised Experience: Unique BHASKAR IDs will provide a customised experience for each user.
Better Search Tools: Users can quickly find relevant resources and people to collaborate with.
Global Recognition: BHASKAR will promote India’s position as a leader in innovation and help with
international partnerships.
How BHASKAR will impact startups
BHASKAR is an important step in promoting new ideas, creating jobs, and providing a central place for
collaboration. It aims to unlock India’s entrepreneurial potential and contribute to a strong and innovative
economy.
The Indian government invites everyone involved in the startup ecosystem to join this exciting platform.
BHASKAR will improve connections and help reshape the startup environment, making India a key player in
global innovation and growth.
India Engages in Bilateral Talks at G20 Agriculture Meeting
During the G20 Agriculture Ministerial Meeting held in Cuiabá, Brazil, on 12-13 September 2024, India
participated in a series of important meetings with key global partners. These discussions focused on
improving cooperation in agriculture, dealing with the challenges of climate change, and reducing trade
barriers between countries.

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Key Participants and Topics
India’s Agriculture Minister, Ram Nath Thakur, led the delegation and met with US, Brazil, Japan, Germany,
the UK, Spain, and the UAE officials. The main topics of discussion included:
Climate-smart agriculture: Ways to make farming more adaptable to climate change.
Food processing: Sharing and improving methods to process food.
Trade negotiations: Talking about the exchange of goods between countries.
Technological advancements: Exploring new technologies to help farming.
India-Brazil Collaboration: ICAR-EMBRAPA Agreement
One of the important outcomes of the meetings was progress toward finalizing an agreement between
India’s agricultural research body, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), and Brazil’s
agricultural research company, EMBRAPA. This agreement, called a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU),
will help both countries share ideas and innovations in agriculture. It is expected to be completed before the
G20 Leaders’ Summit in November 2024.
Trade Discussions
India and Brazil also discussed ways to improve trade. India wants to sell more products like sorghum (a
grain) and rapeseed (used for oil) in Brazil, while Brazil wants to sell more citrus fruits (like oranges) in
India. These talks aim to make it easier for both countries to trade agricultural products.
Focus on Climate-Smart Agriculture
The topic of climate-smart agriculture was very important during the meetings. Both India and the US
agreed that working together on new agricultural innovations and creating better crop insurance systems
could help farmers adapt to climate change.
Technological Collaboration
The meetings highlighted the need for countries to work together on agricultural technology:
India and Germany agreed to collaborate on using artificial intelligence (AI) in farming.
India and the UK discussed precision breeding and gene-editing technologies to improve crops.
Japan showed interest in learning from India’s food processing techniques.
Future Collaborations with the UAE and Spain
The UAE expressed interest in working with India on sustainable agriculture and vertical farming (growing
crops in layers).
With Spain, the talks focused on resolving issues related to veterinary certificates (important for trading
animal products) and exploring new genomic techniques to help farmers grow crops that can handle
climate challenges.
Importance of the G20 Summit
The G20 Leaders’ Summit in November 2024 will be an important event where global leaders can discuss
key issues like economic growth, trade, and financial systems. The meetings in Brazil were a step toward
improving international cooperation, particularly in agriculture.
India Achieves Tier 1 Status in Global Cybersecurity Index 2024
India has achieved Tier 1 status in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2024, a remarkable accomplishment
that shows the country’s dedication to building a strong cybersecurity foundation. This recognition by the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) reflects India’s growing strength in protecting digital
information and improving online safety for everyone.
What is the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI)?
The GCI is a global tool used to measure how committed different countries are to cybersecurity. It helps
raise awareness about why cybersecurity is so important and looks at how different sectors—like business,
government, and technology—work to stay secure online. It’s a way to see which countries are leading the

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
way in online safety.
Key Areas of Assessment
The GCI ranks countries by evaluating them in five key areas:
Legal Measures: Are there laws and regulations to protect against cyber threats?
Technical Measures: What technical tools and systems are in place to fight cyberattacks?
Organizational Measures: How well are institutions organized to handle cybersecurity issues?
Capacity Development: Are there efforts to educate and train people in cybersecurity skills?
Cooperation: Are there partnerships with other countries to improve cybersecurity worldwide?
India’s Performance in GCI 2024
India earned an impressive score of 98.49, placing it among the top 47 countries in the world with the best
cybersecurity practices!
Some key reasons for this success include:
Strong Legal Framework: India has solid legal measures in place, like the Information Technology Act
(2000) and the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill (2022), which help keep the digital space secure.
Advanced Technical and Organizational Measures: India’s high scores in these areas show that the country
has invested in modern technologies and organized systems to prevent and manage cyber threats.
Why is Tier 1 Status Important?
Being ranked Tier 1 is a huge win for India and shows that the country is doing exceptionally well in keeping
up with the ever-changing world of cybersecurity. Here’s what it means:
Staying Alert: India will continue to improve and update its defenses against new cyber threats.
Digital Inclusion: Efforts will focus on making sure everyone has access to cybersecurity resources.
Raising Public Awareness: People will be encouraged to adopt better online safety habits.
Improving Laws and Technology: India will keep updating its laws and investing in new technologies
to stay ahead.
Global Impact
With this achievement, India stands alongside leading nations like the United States, Australia, and the
United Kingdom, showing its strong commitment to international cybersecurity cooperation. This is a
powerful step forward in making the digital world safer for everyone.
Turkey Seeks Membership in BRICS
Turkey has officially applied to join BRICS, a group of emerging economies that originally included Brazil,
Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The country is waiting for approval of its membership, with Turkish
officials confirming the application is under consideration. Russia’s President Vladimir Putin has openly
supported Turkey’s interest in joining.
What is BRICS?
BRICS is a coalition of major emerging economies that work together primarily on trade and economic
cooperation. Unlike the European Union (EU), BRICS does not have unified security or foreign policies.
Instead, it focuses on boosting economic growth and development for its members. Recently, BRICS has
expanded to include countries like Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE, and over 20 other countries have
expressed interest in joining.
Turkey’s Challenges with EU Membership
Turkey started its process to join the EU in 2005, but since 2018, the progress has slowed down
significantly. One of the reasons is that the EU requires potential members to follow its democratic values
and governance standards, and Turkey has not met these expectations in recent years. Concerns about
Turkey’s human rights record and governance have made its EU application more difficult.

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Frustration with the EU
Turkey’s bid to join BRICS might be a sign of frustration with the slow pace of EU membership talks. Turkey
has been particularly unhappy with the lack of progress in modernizing its customs agreements with the EU
and issues related to visa policies. Critics suggest that by applying to BRICS, Turkey could be seeking new
partnerships to expand its global influence, especially after feeling left out by the EU.
Strategic Move by Turkey
Some experts believe Turkey’s interest in BRICS could be a strategic move to gain leverage in its
negotiations with the EU. However, this move might damage Turkey’s credibility within its traditional
alliances, especially with NATO and other Western countries. Turkey’s complex relations with the West,
including its sanctions against Russia and support for Hamas, have added to the tension.
Possible Risks
If Turkey joins BRICS, it may create suspicion among its EU and NATO allies. This could lead to reduced
trust and cooperation with Western partners. Observers argue that while it’s beneficial for Turkey to have
diverse international relationships, it will need to carefully balance its commitments to both Western and
non-Western alliances.
About BRICS
BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, with the group officially established in 2010.
Together, these countries represent over 40% of the world’s population and about 25% of the global
economy. BRICS holds annual summits, with the first one taking place in Russia in 2009. One of its key
initiatives is the New Development Bank, founded in 2014 to finance infrastructure projects in member
countries. The idea of BRICS came from economist Jim O’Neill in 2001 to highlight the growing importance
of these emerging economies.
Kalvari Submarine Escape Training Facility - VINETRA
The Kalvari Submarine Escape Training Facility, called Vinetra, was officially opened on 13 September 2024
by Vice Admiral Rajesh Pendharkar at INS Satavahana in Visakhapatnam. This facility is an important step
toward improving the Indian Navy’s preparedness and ability to handle submarine emergencies.
Purpose and Importance
Vinetra is designed to help train the crew of Kalvari-class submarines on how to escape during
emergencies. This is very important for the safety of the sailors working underwater. The creation of this
facility is part of India’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat programme, which focuses on building more defence
technology within the country, reducing the need to depend on other nations. L&T Defence built the facility
and includes:
A five-meter-high escape tower where submarine crews can practice escaping.
A diving basin right next to the tower, providing a place for realistic underwater escape training.
These features help both new and experienced submariners practice and improve their escape skills.
Training Objectives
The main goal of Vinetra is to make sure submariners are well-prepared for emergencies. By practicing
escape procedures, they gain more confidence and are better equipped to handle underwater situations that
may arise, ensuring the safety of everyone on board.
The opening of this facility not only improves the individual skills of submarine crews but also strengthens
the overall operational readiness and safety of the Indian Navy. This development is a big step forward in
boosting India’s naval capabilities.
About INS Satavahana
INS Satavahana was the first ship of its class, commissioned in 1988. It played a key role in the Indian Navy
as a surveillance vessel, which means it was used to keep an eye on activity in the ocean. The ship had

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advanced radar and communication systems to help monitor maritime (sea) activities. INS Satavahana
participated in many naval exercises, which are practice missions to improve teamwork and coordination
between different ships and parts of the Navy. These exercises helped make sure the Navy could work well
together during real missions.
The ship was named after the Satavahana dynasty, an ancient Indian kingdom known for its contributions to
trade and culture. This name reflects the connection between India’s rich history and its modern naval
force.
UNGA 79th Session Begins
The 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) started on 10th September 2024. This
session brings together representatives from 193 countries to discuss important global issues.
What is the Purpose of the UNGA?
The UNGA is a place where leaders from all over the world come together to talk about big issues like
international peace, security, development, disarmament (reducing weapons), human rights, and
international law. It allows countries with different perspectives to share their ideas and solutions.
Equality Among Member States
In the UNGA, every country, no matter how big or small, rich or poor, has an equal vote. This reflects the
UN’s idea of fairness and democracy. Although the decisions made in the UNGA are important and have
political weight, they are not legally binding, unlike the decisions of the Security Council.
Who is Leading the 79th Session?
Philemon Yang from Cameroon has been chosen as the President of this session of the UNGA. He has
stressed the importance of countries working together to promote sustainable development and human
dignity.
When is the General Debate?
The general debate, where representatives from all member states will speak, is set to happen from 24th to
30th September 2024. These discussions will follow the theme of the session.
What is the Theme for This Session?
The theme for the 79th UNGA session is “Leaving no one behind: acting together for the advancement of
peace, sustainable development, and human dignity for present and future generations.” This theme
focuses on the shared responsibility of making the world a fairer and more sustainable place for everyone.
About the United Nations General Assembly
The UNGA meets every year in September and includes all 193 member countries, making it the only UN
body where every country has an equal say. The resolutions passed here are not legally binding but still
carry significant influence. The first UNGA meeting was held in London in 1948. The UNGA also elects non-
permanent members to the Security Council for two-year terms and helps approve the UN’s budget. One of
the important resolutions passed was the “Uniting for Peace” resolution in 1950, which allows the UNGA to
discuss peace matters if the Security Council is unable to.
India Unveils First Mountain Tank 'Zorawar' After Trials
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has created India’s first locally-made tank
specifically designed for mountain warfare, called Zorawar. This tank was developed in response to rising
geopolitical tensions, especially with China in Eastern Ladakh, and lessons learned from the ongoing
Russia-Ukraine conflict. After successful trials, it is ready for deployment in high-altitude regions.
Specifications of the Zorawar Tank
Weight: The tank weighs 25 tonnes, making it lighter and ideal for use in mountain terrain.
Mobility: It can be transported by air, including helicopters, allowing it to be quickly deployed in hard-
to-reach areas.

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Speed: Zorawar can move at a speed of about 60 kilometers per hour on land.
Armament: It is equipped with a powerful Cockerill 3105 turret, which has a 105-millimeter gun. It
also has provisions for machine guns and anti-tank guided missiles.
Development Timeline
The development of Zorawar took about three years. It was named after General Zorawar Singh Kahluria, a
well-known military leader known for his strategic achievements in Ladakh. The tank is expected to be fully
inducted into the Indian Army within the next three years.
Significance of Trials
The preliminary trials of Zorawar were successful, which is a big step forward for India in achieving self-
reliance in defense technologies. Defence Minister Rajnath Singh called this a “significant milestone.” The
tank performed well in desert terrain, and it is expected to show equally impressive results in mountainous
and harsh weather conditions.
Strategic Importance
The Indian Army plans to deploy around 350 Zorawar tanks, especially in mountainous regions. These tanks
are much lighter and more suitable for hilly terrains compared to the heavier Arjun main battle tanks. This
shift is crucial to ensure the army has the right equipment for different types of landscapes, especially in
high-altitude areas like Ladakh.
Zorawar has a modular design, which means it can be upgraded with new technology and weapons over
time. This flexibility ensures that the tank will remain relevant as combat needs and technology evolve,
making it a valuable asset for the Indian Armed Forces.
September 17, 2024
U.S.-India 2+2 Dialogue Focuses on Global Issues
Indian and American officials gathered in New Delhi for the U.S.-India 2+2 Intersessional Dialogue. This
meeting happened right before a planned meeting between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S.
President Joe Biden, highlighting its importance in strengthening the relationship between the two
countries.
Key Participants
The meeting included key officials from both sides:
From the U.S.: Donald Lu, Assistant Secretary of State, and Jedidiah P. Royal, Principal Deputy
Assistant Secretary of Defense.
From India: Nagaraj Naidu, Joint Secretary from the Ministry of External Affairs, and Vishwesh Negi,
Joint Secretary from the Ministry of Defense.
Discussion Focus
The talks focused on several important issues:
Indo-Pacific Strategy: Ensuring security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region, an area both countries
are committed to protecting.
Global Crises: They discussed the ongoing war in Ukraine and the humanitarian needs in Gaza.
Areas of cooperation
Both countries emphasized working together in different areas:
Defence Cooperation: Strengthening military ties between the U.S. and India.
Space and Civil Aviation: Increasing cooperation in aerospace technologies.
Clean Energy Initiatives: Working on projects that focus on sustainable energy.
Industrial and Logistics Coordination: Improving how both countries manage supply chains and industrial
coordination.

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Commitment to stronger ties
The U.S. representatives, Lu and Royal, stressed their commitment to deepening partnerships with India.
They expressed their interest in strengthening ties, not only in defense and industry but also in improving
people-to-people connections, which reflects the goal of building a closer relationship in many areas.
About U.S.-India 2+2 Intersessional Dialogue
This dialogue, started in 2018, is a way for both countries to strengthen their strategic partnership. It
involves discussions between officials from foreign and defense ministries of both countries. The main
topics usually include regional security, military cooperation, and technology sharing. India is considered a
major defense partner of the U.S., and they work closely on issues like counterterrorism, maritime security,
and defense trade. This dialogue helps both countries coordinate on joint military exercises and intelligence
sharing, and it’s a key part of maintaining stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
Odisha’s Subhadra scheme
The Subhadra Yojana is a new scheme launched by the Odisha government to celebrate Prime Minister
Narendra Modi’s 74th birthday. It aims to provide financial help to women in the state. Eligible women will
receive ₹10,000 per year, helping them to meet their basic needs.
What is the Subhadra Yojana?
The Subhadra Yojana is a new scheme launched by the Odisha government to celebrate Prime Minister
Narendra Modi’s 74th birthday. It aims to provide financial help to women in the state. Eligible women will
receive ₹10,000 per year, helping them to meet their basic needs.
Registration and Eligibility
The scheme is focused on women aged 21 to 60 years who come from economically weaker backgrounds.
Women who are part of wealthy families, work in government jobs, or already get large amounts of
government help cannot apply. Over the next five years, more than 1 crore women (10 million) will benefit
from the program.
Implementation Process
The financial support will be provided in two parts every year:
₹5,000 on Rakhi Purnima
₹5,000 on International Women’s Day
The money will go directly into the women’s Aadhaar-linked bank accounts. To make the process secure,
every woman needs to complete e-KYC verification. They will also get a Subhadra Debit Card to access the
funds easily. Women who make a lot of digital transactions will get additional incentives or rewards. Over
50 lakh women (5 million) have already registered to receive this help.
Financial Aspects
Over the next five years, the Odisha government has set aside a large amount of money—₹55,825 crore—for
this scheme. In the first year (2024-25), ₹10,000 crore will be used to get the program started and to help as
many women as possible.
This scheme is also seen as an important political move by the BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party). It was a key
promise during elections, aiming to attract women voters, especially those in self-help groups. The
Subhadra Yojana is designed to compete with the BJD’s Mission Shakti programme, which previously had
strong support from women voters in the state.
Typhoon Yagi
In early September 2024, Typhoon Yagi became the strongest storm of the year in Asia, hitting several
countries like Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. It caused devastating winds and heavy rainfall,
leading to flooding and landslides. These natural disasters forced hundreds of thousands of people to leave
their homes and resulted in the deaths of more than 400 people.

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Impact on Affected Countries
Vietnam: Vietnam was the worst affected. The typhoon caused 292 deaths and destroyed a lot of property,
especially in Quang Ninh province and Hai Phong City. The damage is estimated at 40 lakh crore, which will
hurt the country’s economy significantly.
Myanmar: In Myanmar, 113 people died, and more than 320,000 people had to move to temporary shelters.
Due to the severe situation, the country’s ruling government has asked for international help, which is rare
given its usual stance.
Laos & Thailand: Both Laos and Thailand also suffered from the storm. Thailand experienced its worst
flooding in 80 years, causing 10 deaths and disrupting transportation.
Even though Typhoon Yagi has weakened into a tropical depression, it is still causing heavy rain. There is a
continuing risk of more flooding and landslides, especially as water levels in the Mekong River are rising
due to the additional rainfall.
International Response and Humanitarian Aid
In response to the disaster, India has launched a relief effort called Operation Sadbhav. India has pledged
$1 million in aid and is sending essential supplies like food, clothing, and medicines. UNICEF has also
warned about the serious impact on children, many of whom have lost their homes and can no longer attend
school.
This region has a history of facing severe storms and floods. For example, in 2008, Cyclone Nargis
devastated Myanmar, and there were more disasters in 2011 and 2015. Governments have been criticized in
the past for not being prepared enough, showing the need for better disaster management.
Six Finalists Shortlisted For 2024 Booker Prize
The Booker Prize for fiction has announced its six finalists for 2024, with the shortlist revealed on
September 16, 2024. In an exciting turn, five out of the six nominees are women, making this a historic
moment in the award’s 55-year history.
Key Nominees:
Here are some of the notable finalists:
Percival Everett: Nominated for his novel James, which gives a fresh look at Mark Twain’s classic
Huckleberry Finn.
Rachel Kushner: Shortlisted for her book Creation Lake, a spy story. Kushner is known for her previous
book, The Mars Room.
Samantha Harvey (Orbital), Anne Michaels (Held), and Charlotte Wood (Stone Yard Devotional) are also
among the finalists.
Yael van der Wouden: She’s the first Dutch author to be nominated for her debut novel, The Safekeep.
Themes in the Stories:
The shortlisted novels explore a wide range of themes and settings. Some stories are set in World War I,
while others take readers to the 19th-century American South or even to the International Space Station.
This mix of themes reflects the complexity of modern life and addresses important issues facing the world
today.
Edmund de Waal, the chair of the judging panel, praised the books for their ability to make readers think
deeply and discuss important societal challenges.
Prize Details:
The Booker Prize, which began in 1969, recognizes exceptional fiction and is open to novels published in
the U.K. and Ireland. The winner will receive £50,000, and the announcement will be made at a ceremony in
London on November 12, 2024.

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About Booker Prize
The Booker Prize, started in 1969, is given for the best novel written in English. Originally, it was only for
authors from the Commonwealth countries, Ireland, and Zimbabwe. In 2014, it was expanded to include
authors from the U.S. The prize helps promote literary fiction and greatly increases book sales for the
winners. In 2020, a new category called the “Booker Prize for Fiction” was introduced to adapt to the
publishing changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Each winner gets £50,000 and international fame.
India to Host COP9 Bureau and Fund Committee Meetings
India will host two important international meetings on September 17-18, 2024 in New Delhi as part of its
role in the global fight against doping in sports. These meetings are part of the UNESCO International
Convention against Doping in Sport, where countries come together to discuss and improve anti-doping
efforts.
Roles and Responsibilities
2nd Formal Meeting of the COP9 Bureau: This meeting is focused on overseeing and guiding anti-doping
initiatives.
3rd Formal Meeting of the Fund Approval Committee: This committee discusses how to distribute funds to
support anti-doping activities globally.
India is the Vice-Chairperson of the COP9 Bureau, meaning it plays an important role in organizing and
leading these meetings. The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports in India is in charge of hosting the event.
International Participation
Delegates from many countries, such as Azerbaijan, France, and Saudi Arabia, will attend the meetings.
High-level officials from UNESCO, the organization that promotes global anti-doping efforts, will also be
involved. This shows that countries all over the world are working together to stop doping in sports.
The meetings will be held in a hybrid format, meaning that some participants will attend in person, while
others will join online. This makes it easier for more people from different countries to participate.
Key Dignitaries
Some important people attending the meetings include:
Farid Gayibov, Minister of Youth & Sport from Azerbaijan
Safa Koçoglu, Deputy Minister of Youth and Sports from Türkiye
Abdulaziz Almasaed, Deputy Minister for Sport and Youth Affairs from Saudi Arabia
Objectives of the Meetings
The main goal is to talk about strategies to stop doping in sports and promote fair competition. The
discussions will focus on ensuring that athletes can compete in clean and honest sports environments,
protecting both their health and their rights.
These meetings are a crucial part of global efforts to fight doping. By working together, countries can better
protect athletes and make sure that sports competitions are fair and free from illegal performance-
enhancing substances.
About the COP9 Bureau
The COP9 Bureau is a group that helps run the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the Convention on
Biological Diversity, but in this case, it also oversees anti-doping measures. It brings together
representatives from different regions to ensure that global discussions on important issues like anti-
doping and biodiversity conservation are fair and transparent.
State of Africa’s Environment 2024
Unsafe sanitation practices and poor water quality have serious consequences, especially in sub-Saharan
Africa. These problems lead to widespread water pollution and increase the risk of diseases. Many deaths
in this region are linked to unsafe water and a lack of proper sanitation systems.

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Impact of Unsafe Water and Sanitation
In sub-Saharan Africa, unsafe water causes major health risks. The death rate due to unsafe water is over
50 per 100,000 people, which is much higher compared to developed countries like Europe, where the rate is
more than 1,000 times lower. Nearly 40% of deaths related to poor water, sanitation, and hygiene services
(also called WASH services) occur in 10 African countries.
Effects on Children’s Health
Children suffer the most from poor sanitation. Waterborne diseases, which are illnesses caused by unsafe
water, are common in the region. According to the World Bank, about 8% of child deaths in Africa are due to
bad sanitation. In 2021, over 254,000 children under five died because of inadequate sanitation in sub-
Saharan Africa. Lack of proper sanitation also leads to problems like stunted growth in children.
Economic Impact
Poor water and sanitation also hurt the economy. In sub-Saharan Africa, these issues are estimated to
reduce the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) by up to 6%. Even though improving sanitation brings significant
economic benefits, there is still not enough funding to solve the problem, despite several international
promises to help.
Open Defecation Challenge
One of the biggest problems is open defecation—when people relieve themselves outside in the open
because they don’t have access to toilets. In sub-Saharan Africa, about 196 million people still practice this.
While the percentage of people practicing open defecation has dropped from 32% to 18%, the use of unsafe
sanitation methods has increased in some rural areas, showing that progress in achieving safe sanitation is
slow.
The issues of unsafe water and poor sanitation are deeply connected. In sub-Saharan Africa, these
challenges are severe and require urgent attention. To improve public health and economic well-being,
efforts must focus on providing safe water and ending open defecation practices.
Global Bio-India 2024 Summit
The fourth edition of Global Bio-India 2024 recently ended, showcasing India’s strength in biotechnology.
The event was organized by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and the Biotechnology Industry
Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) and took place from September 12-14 at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi.
Event Overview
The event was officially opened by Dr. Jitendra Singh, the Union Minister of State for Science and
Technology. Over three days, many national and international participants from the biotechnology field
gathered to share ideas and innovations.
Themes and Highlights
The theme for this year was ‘Biotech Innovation’ and ‘Bio-manufacturing’, emphasizing the importance of
these areas in boosting India’s Bioeconomy. During the event, 11 new products developed by Indian biotech
startups were introduced, showing the growing talent and creativity in the country.
At the closing session, important partnerships were formed, including an agreement between the Children’s
Investment Fund Foundation and IPE Global to fund projects that will help grow the biotech sector in India.
Awards and Recognitions
Several awards were given to recognize exceptional contributions to the biotech industry, including:
BIRAC Innovators Awards
Best Startup Exhibitor Awards
Best Incubator Exhibitor Awards
BioE3 Competition Awards

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Government Initiatives
The government also announced new initiatives to promote innovation in biotechnology. These include the
i4 (Innovation for Industry) program and the PACE (Promoting Academic Collaboration and
Entrepreneurship) program, both designed to encourage collaboration between academia and industry.
Keynotes and Insights
One of the special guests, Prof. V. Ramgopal Rao, stressed the importance of creating models like BIRAC
for emerging fields like nanotechnology and quantum technology. He also called for more support for deep
tech startups and honored the late Dr. M.K. Bhan for his visionary contributions to India’s biotech sector.
At the closing ceremony, important figures like Dr. Rajesh S Gokhale and Ms. Shilpy Kochhar expressed
their thanks to all participants, partners, and organizers for their efforts.
Global Bio-India 2024 highlighted India’s growing role in biotechnology, offering a clear plan to advance
innovation and bio-manufacturing. It reinforced India’s position as a key player in the global biotech
industry.
About Global Bio-India 2024
This event is one of India’s top biotechnology gatherings, aimed at building global partnerships. It featured
over 500 exhibitors and attracted more than 20,000 attendees. The focus was on innovation in areas like
healthcare, agriculture, and the environment, as well as boosting investment opportunities. The event
emphasized India’s commitment to biotechnology and its potential to lead in global biotech advancements.
India Set to Launch Carbon Market by 2026
India is preparing to create a carbon market through the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), first
announced in June 2023. This plan is designed to help reduce harmful emissions in different industries.
Under this scheme, sectors that manage to reduce their emissions more than required can sell carbon
credits to those that cannot meet their targets. Those who fall short of their goals must buy these credits to
offset their emissions.
When will the CCTS start?
The detailed rules for how the CCTS will work were shared by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in
August 2024. However, the government has not yet set specific emission reduction targets, which are
needed to make the scheme work. BEE officials believe that the scheme might start functioning by 2026.
What is the CCTS?
The CCTS is a system that encourages companies to either reduce or limit their emissions. It is part of
India’s commitment to the Paris Agreement of 2016, where the country promised to cut its emissions
intensity (the amount of emissions per unit of GDP) by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030. This means that India
is working to produce less pollution while growing its economy.
India’s emission reduction goals
Apart from the 2030 target, India also has a long-term goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. This
means that by 2070, India aims to balance the amount of greenhouse gases it emits with the amount it
removes from the atmosphere. This is important both for global climate efforts and for managing the
impact of climate change within India.
Why is India introducing the CCTS?
India’s decision to introduce the CCTS is partly influenced by international actions, such as the European
Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Set to start in 2026, the CBAM will place a tax on
imported goods based on how much pollution was created during their production. Countries like China and
Indonesia have also created carbon markets, which likely encouraged India to pursue similar strategies.
The biggest challenge for the CCTS is making sure it truly helps reduce emissions. Its success depends on
setting strong emission targets and ensuring that industries follow the rules.

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What is a carbon market?
A carbon market allows companies to trade carbon credits to reduce the overall impact of carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions. One carbon credit equals one ton of CO2 reduced. The idea started with the Kyoto
Protocol in 1997. For example, California has a large cap-and-trade program, and the European Union began
its Trading System in 2005. There are also voluntary markets, where companies or individuals can buy
carbon credits to offset their own emissions. New technologies, like blockchain, are being explored to
improve transparency in these markets. Carbon markets also support sustainable development and
biodiversity conservation efforts.
Earth Welcomes Temporary 'Mini-Moon' 2024
From September 29 to November 25, 2024, Earth will have a temporary companion called asteroid 2024
PT5. This asteroid will orbit around our planet for two months, acting like a mini-moon. However, it will not
be visible to the naked eye or even most amateur telescopes because it is too faint.
What is a mini-moon?
A mini-moon is a small asteroid that gets temporarily caught by Earth’s gravity. Unlike our permanent Moon,
these mini-moons stay for a short period and then move away. Asteroid 2024 PT5, which is about 10 meters
(33 feet) in size, will be one of these mini-moons, briefly orbiting alongside our Moon during its time near
Earth.
Characteristics of Asteroid 2024 PT5
Asteroid 2024 PT5 was first spotted by NASA’s ATLAS program on August 7, 2024. Its path is similar to
other asteroids from the Arjuna asteroid belt. Instead of making a complete orbit around Earth, it will follow
a horseshoe-shaped path before breaking free from Earth’s gravity and continuing its journey in space.
Scientific Importance
This mini-moon gives scientists a chance to learn more about how near-Earth objects behave when they
come close to our planet. By studying how asteroid 2024 PT5 interacts with Earth’s gravity, astronomers
can improve their ability to predict the paths of other asteroids in the future.
Historical Context of Mini-Moons
Yes, Earth has had other mini-moons in the past. For example, one orbited our planet from July 2006 to July
2007. Another asteroid, called 2022 NX1, temporarily orbited Earth in 1981 and again in 2022. These events
show that Earth occasionally catches small asteroids in its gravitational field.
Can we see asteroid 2024 PT5?
Even though this mini-moon is interesting, it will be very hard to see. With a brightness magnitude of 22,
only very advanced observatories will be able to detect it. Most people, even with good telescopes, won’t be
able to watch its passage.
About mini-moons
Mini-moons are temporary natural satellites that orbit Earth after being captured by its gravity. They are
often small—usually just a few meters in diameter—and stay in orbit for only a short time, typically a few
months. The most famous mini-moon, called 2006 RH120, orbited Earth for about a year. These objects help
scientists better understand the movement and dynamics of asteroids in space, but they are very different
from our permanent Moon.
September 18, 2024
NPS Vatsalya Scheme
Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman introduced the NPS Vatsalya Scheme in July 2024 as part of the
National Pension System (NPS). It aims to help parents and guardians make long-term financial plans for
their children, even while they are still minors. This allows them to start saving early for their child’s future,
particularly for retirement.
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Overview of NPS Vatsalya
Any Indian citizen, including Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), can open an NPS Vatsalya account. The account
is opened by a legal guardian on behalf of a minor (child under 18 years). When the child turns 18, the
account can be converted into a regular NPS account.
Key Features of NPS Vatsalya
Start Saving Early: Parents can start saving for their child’s future from the time they are infants.
Minimum Contribution: The minimum amount to invest is ₹1,000 per year, with no upper limit on how much
can be contributed.
Compounding Benefit: The scheme benefits from compounding, meaning the investment can grow over
time as interest is earned on both the initial amount and the accumulated interest.
Flexible Contributions
Parents can choose to contribute as little as ₹500 per month or ₹6,000 per year. This flexibility allows
families to invest at a pace that suits their financial situation, while still providing a chance for significant
growth over time.
Investment Options
Parents have different investment strategies to choose from:
Default Choice: The Moderate Life Cycle Fund (LC-50), which invests 50% in equity (stocks) and 50% in
other assets.
Auto Choice: Based on how much risk parents are willing to take, they can choose:
Aggressive LC-75 (75% in equity)
Moderate LC-50 (50% in equity)
Conservative LC-25 (25% in equity)
Active Choice: Parents can actively decide how to allocate their money across different types of
investments, such as equity, corporate debt, government bonds, and alternative assets.
Partial Withdrawal Rules
After three years, parents can make partial withdrawals for specific needs, like education or medical
expenses. They can withdraw up to 25% of the total amount saved, and these withdrawals can be done up to
three times before the child turns 18.
Maturity and Withdrawal Options
When the child turns 18, parents can either withdraw the savings or continue with the scheme. The
withdrawal options are:
If the total savings are ₹2.5 lakh or less: The entire amount can be withdrawn as a lump sum.
If the total savings are more than ₹2.5 lakh: Parents can withdraw 20% of the amount, and the remaining
80% must be used to buy an annuity, whiach provides regular income in the future.
If the account is not closed when the child turns 18, it automatically becomes a regular NPS Tier I account
(All Citizen), and the child must complete a new Know Your Customer (KYC) process within three months.
The NPS Vatsalya scheme offers parents a flexible and effective way to start saving for their child’s long-
term future, taking advantage of compounding growth and a range of investment options. It also offers
withdrawal flexibility for important needs like education, ensuring the scheme adapts to both immediate and
long-term financial goals.
India Water Week 2024
Smt. Droupadi Murmu, the President of India, officially opened the 8th India Water Week in New Delhi,
observed from 17th September to 20th September 2024. The event brought together Union Ministers,
international representatives, and experts, highlighting the importance of water conservation both in India
and around the world.

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Significance of the Event
India Water Week focuses on the critical role water plays in sustaining life. It promotes awareness and
actions for conserving this valuable resource. During the inauguration, a symbolic “Jal Bharo” (filling of
water) ceremony was held, representing the importance of protecting and saving water for the future.
The convention features 18 sessions that allow experts, technocrats, and water practitioners to share
knowledge about water management. These sessions encourage discussions about strategies to manage
and conserve water effectively, focusing on both national and global issues.
Presidential Address
In her speech, President Murmu talked about the ancient wisdom found in the Vedas, which consider water
sacred. She emphasized that water conservation is crucial, especially for future generations. She also
encouraged young people to take an active role in conserving water and protecting this essential resource.
Union Minister C. R. Paatil stressed the importance of working together globally to address the water crisis.
He mentioned that ministers from different countries shared their experiences and solutions to manage
water resources effectively.
The event also celebrated grassroots efforts in water conservation. Two women, Ujiaro Bai and Lakmen
Mary Nongkhlaw, known as “Water Warriors,” shared their inspiring stories about how their communities are
involved in conserving water. These examples show the impact of community-driven initiatives in tackling
water-related challenges.
Exhibitions and Forums
An exhibition showcasing the latest technologies for water management was also inaugurated. The Global
Water Leaders’ Plenary and Country Forum also provided a space for countries to exchange ideas and best
practices for water conservation and management, promoting international cooperation.
The first day of India Water Week ended with a cultural program, bringing a sense of unity and shared
purpose among the participants. The program reinforced the event’s theme of working together for
sustainable water management.
About India Water Week
India Water Week started in 2012 and aims to promote the sustainable use of water resources. The event
happens every year and focuses on various topics, such as water conservation and preventing pollution. It
brings together experts, policymakers, and stakeholders to discuss innovations and solutions.
India is home to many important rivers like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Yamuna, which are vital for
agriculture and cultural traditions. However, the country also faces serious water shortages, with around
600 million people affected. About 60% of irrigation in India depends on groundwater. The National Water
Policy focuses on efficient use of water, and the River Linking Project is one of India’s efforts to balance
water availability across different regions.
Angkor Wat Named Most Photogenic UNESCO Site in Asia
Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet shared exciting news: Angkor Wat was named the most photogenic
UNESCO World Heritage site in Asia by Times Travel. This recognition was highlighted in a list published by
the Times of India, which also included other famous landmarks across Asia.
What other sites were included in the list?
The top ten most photogenic UNESCO World Heritage sites in Asia included these stunning locations:
Taj Mahal (India) – Known for its breathtaking beauty and marble architecture.
Hampi (India) – An ancient city filled with temples and historic ruins.
Great Wall of China (China) – A monumental structure with scenic views.
Ancient City of Bagan (Myanmar) – Famous for its thousands of temples and pagodas.
Borobudur (Indonesia) – The world’s largest Buddhist temple.

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Ha Long Bay (Vietnam) – A bay known for its limestone islands and emerald waters.
Historic Monuments of Kyoto (Japan) – Includes beautiful temples and gardens.
Petra (Jordan) – A city carved into the rock, known for its unique architecture.
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (Philippines) – Stunning, centuries-old rice terraces built
into mountains.
These sites are known for their cultural significance and beauty, making them perfect subjects for
photography.
Tourism Insights
Angkor Wat is Cambodia’s most visited tourist attraction. In the first eight months of 2024, it welcomed
651,857 international visitors, a 30.7% increase compared to the previous year. During this time, ticket sales
generated $30.3 million, showing a 31% growth in revenue. This highlights Angkor Wat’s importance as a
cultural and historical destination, making it a must-visit site in Southeast Asia.
About Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat was built in the early 12th century and is the largest religious monument in the world. Originally
dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu, it later became a Buddhist site. The temple complex spans over 162
hectares (around 400 acres) and includes more than 5,000 sculptures. Its unique layout represents a
miniature model of the universe in stone. Despite its grandeur, Angkor Wat was largely forgotten by the
Western world until the 19th century. The temple’s walls feature bas-reliefs that depict historical and
mythological stories. Since 1992, Angkor Wat has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Amrit Mohan Prasad Appointed Director General of SSB
Amrit Mohan Prasad is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer from the Odisha cadre. He has a long career in
law enforcement and security, having previously served as the Special Director General of the Central
Reserve Police Force (CRPF). His appointment as the new Director General (DG) of the Sashastra Seema Bal
(SSB) was approved by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet. This decision, made by the Ministry of
Home Affairs, takes effect as soon as he officially takes on his new role.
Role of the Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
The SSB is one of India’s Central Armed Police Forces. It was established in 1963 to secure the Indo-Nepal
border. Its headquarters is in New Delhi. The SSB’s responsibilities include anti-smuggling operations,
preventing cross-border crime, counter-terrorism activities, and helping in disaster relief efforts. SSB
personnel are highly trained in areas like mountaineering and jungle warfare. Their motto is “Service,
Security, and Brotherhood.” Besides its security duties, the SSB also engages in community development
and civic programs, helping build stronger ties with border communities.
Amrit Mohan Prasad’s New Responsibilities
As the DG of SSB, Amrit Mohan Prasad will lead the force in its efforts to secure India’s borders with Nepal
and Bhutan. He will oversee all operations and strategies related to border security, crime prevention, and
maintaining peace along the borders. His leadership is crucial to handling cross-border issues and ensuring
that the SSB functions effectively in its duties.
Amrit Mohan Prasad will serve as the DG of SSB until his retirement on August 31, 2025, unless the
government issues further orders before that date.
Prasad’s extensive experience in law enforcement makes him well-suited for this important role. His
appointment reflects the government’s focus on strengthening border security, which is particularly
important given the ongoing challenges with cross-border crime and security threats.
Periyar EV Ramasamy Remembered on 146th Birth Anniversary
Chennai celebrated the 146th birth anniversary of Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, on September 17, 2024, a famous
social reformer and rationalist from Tamil Nadu. The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M.K. Stalin, led the

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
tributes, honoring Periyar for his significant contributions to social justice and equality.
Early Life and Political Beginnings
Periyar was born in 1879 in Erode, Tamil Nadu. He started his political career as a member of the Congress
party. However, he disagreed with how the party handled caste issues, especially the separation of Brahmin
and non-Brahmin students in a Congress-run school. This experience led him to question the party’s
approach to social equality.
In 1925, Periyar left the Congress and joined the Justice Party, which worked for the rights of non-Brahmin
communities. He created the Self-Respect Movement, which aimed to challenge the dominance of Brahmins
in society and promote social equality for everyone, regardless of caste.
Vaikom Satyagraha and National Recognition
Periyar gained national attention during the Vaikom Satyagraha in 1924, a protest in Kerala that demanded
public access for lower-caste individuals near the Vaikom temple. His role in this movement helped
establish him as a key leader in the fight for social justice in India.
Creation of Dravidar Kazhagam
In the 1940s, Periyar founded the Dravidar Kazhagam, a political organization that advocated for the
formation of “Dravida Nadu.” This was a proposed region that would include speakers of Dravidian
languages like Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, and Kannada. His vision was based on the shared cultural and
linguistic identity of these southern Indian states.
Social Reforms and Gender Equality
Periyar was a strong advocate for social reforms. He promoted gender equality and pushed for women’s
rights, including the right to own property, seek divorce, and live independently. He also encouraged people
to move away from caste-based identities and practiced inter-dining, where people of different castes would
eat together to break down social barriers.
Periyar’s Legacy
Periyar passed away in 1973, but his ideas continue to influence Tamil society. He is remembered as
“Thanthai Periyar,” or the Father of Modern Tamil Nadu, for his efforts to promote self-respect, equality, and
rationalist thinking. His work has left a lasting impact on Dravidian politics, and his vision of a just, caste-
free society remains relevant today.
Hezbollah Pager Explosions Result in 3,000 Injuries in Lebanon
Nearly 3,000 people were injured, and eight people were killed in Lebanon due to a series of explosions
involving pagers operated by Hezbollah. Health officials reported that over 200 of the injured people were in
critical condition, with severe injuries mainly affecting the face, hands, and stomach.
Details of the Explosion
The investigation showed that these pagers, which Hezbollah used for secure communication, exploded at
the same time across Lebanon. It seems that the devices overheated due to problems with the lithium
batteries. Before exploding, they were programmed to beep, warning users. The explosion caused injuries
mainly to those using or near the pagers.
Who is Responsible?
There has been speculation that Israeli intelligence might be involved in the incident. Lebanese officials
described it as an act of “criminal Israeli aggression.” Hezbollah suggested that the explosions were in
response to recent actions by Israel, while Israel has been on alert about Hezbollah’s activities, especially
after Hamas’ attacks earlier in October.
Growing Conflict Between Hezbollah and Israel
Tensions between Israel and Hezbollah have risen since October 8, 2023, following Hamas’ attacks on
Israel. Hezbollah has increased its military activity, claiming it was done to support Palestinians in Gaza.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
Israel is concerned about Hezbollah’s military strength and presence in the region.
Understanding Hezbollah
Hezbollah, meaning “Party of God,” was formed during the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) as a response to
the presence of Palestinians in Lebanon. With support from Iran and its Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps,
Hezbollah has grown into a powerful militia. It is known for opposing Israel and Western influence in the
region.
Hezbollah also holds significant political power in Lebanon, controlling a large number of seats in
Parliament. However, the group faces criticism at home due to Lebanon’s economic crisis, which has
created tension regarding its role in both local politics and regional conflicts.
Scotland To Host 2026 Commonwealth Games
Scotland will host the Commonwealth Games in 2026 after Victoria, Australia, withdrew due to rising costs.
Glasgow, which hosted the Games in 2014, will once again welcome athletes from around the world, but the
event will be on a smaller scale this time.
Why Australia Withdrew
Victoria, Australia, decided not to host the 2026 Games because the costs were becoming too high. A later
investigation found that their cost predictions had been overstated, leading to their decision to withdraw.
Scotland’s Plan to Host
The Scottish government has committed to hosting the event without needing extra public money. Health
Secretary Neil Gray confirmed that the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) would provide £20 million
in funding. Of this, £5 million will go towards upgrading the facilities needed for the Games.
Financial Support
In addition to the funding from the CGF, the UK government is prepared to provide £2.3 million as a backup
in case costs go over the expected budget. This extra support is to ensure the Games are held sustainably
and cost-effectively.
Although the 2026 Games will be smaller than the 2014 event, First Minister John Swinney emphasized that
it will still be an important celebration of sporting excellence and unity.
About the Commonwealth Games
The Commonwealth Games, established in 1930, bring together athletes from 72 member nations. The
Games originally started as the British Empire Games and focused on promoting friendship and peace. A
unique feature is the Queen’s Baton Relay, which travels around the world before the Games start,
symbolizing unity among the nations. The event happens every four years and includes more than 20 sports.
Australia has won the most medals in the history of the Games, and the 2022 Birmingham Games saw the
first-ever women’s T20 cricket competition. The Games also celebrate cultural diversity with colorful
ceremonies that highlight traditions from around the world.
Hottest August Recorded: Climate Records Continue to Break
The Earth has been experiencing record-breaking heat more frequently, with August 2024 becoming the
hottest August ever recorded in 175 years. This pattern of extreme temperatures is a clear sign of how
climate change is affecting the planet.
Global Temperature Averages
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the global land and ocean
surface temperature for August 2024 was 2.29°F (1.27°C) higher than the 20th-century average, which is
60.1°F (15.6°C). This makes August 2024 the warmest August in recorded history.
Regional Temperature Records
Some regions had even more extreme heat:
Europe and Oceania: Both experienced their hottest Augusts ever.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
Asia: Had its second-warmest August.
Africa and North America: Both saw their third-warmest August.
Northern Hemisphere: The summer of 2024 was the hottest ever.
Southern Hemisphere: Winter in the Southern Hemisphere was the warmest on record, with
temperatures 0.96°C above the average.
Decline in Sea Ice
In addition to high temperatures, sea ice levels are also shrinking:
The total global sea ice extent (the area covered by sea ice) is the second smallest ever recorded at
8.32 million square miles. This is 1.05 million square miles below the average from 1991-2020.
Arctic sea ice was much lower than usual, ranking as the fourth-lowest on record.
Antarctic sea ice was also well below average, being the second-lowest ever recorded.
The continuous breaking of heat records and the shrinking of sea ice highlight the serious and ongoing
effects of climate change. These trends are a warning that urgent action is needed to prevent more severe
consequences in the future.
Gujarat Leads Awards at Global Renewable Energy Expo
The 4th Global Renewable Energy Investors Meet and Expo was held in Gujarat, making it the first time the
event took place outside Delhi. Gujarat stood out as the top-performing state, winning the most awards for
its contributions to renewable energy.
Gujarat’s Success in Renewable Energy
Gujarat ranked among the top three Indian states in several renewable energy areas. The state excelled in
total renewable energy capacity and was a leader in wind power. In solar power capacity, Gujarat came in
second, with Rajasthan taking the top spot.
Other Leading States in Renewable Energy
Other states like Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka were also recognized for their contributions to
renewable energy. Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand received awards for their progress in hydropower
development.
Gujarat’s Leadership and Vision
At the expo, Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel highlighted Gujarat’s role as a leader in renewable energy. He
introduced two important initiatives: the “Mission 100 GW of Renewable Energy in Gujarat” and the “Gujarat
Energy Vision 2047,” which outlines the state’s long-term renewable energy goals.
Investments and Infrastructure Growth
The expo saw the signing of major investment deals through Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) worth
over ₹500 billion. These agreements are set to boost Gujarat’s renewable energy infrastructure, supporting
its future energy goals.
The Chief Minister encouraged businesses and stakeholders to take advantage of Gujarat’s renewable
energy policies. The state aims to improve energy security, shift to clean energy, and achieve net-zero
carbon emissions.
Support from the Central Government
Union Minister Pralhad Joshi praised Gujarat for its potential in renewable energy, noting that the state
contributes about 53% of India’s solar generation capacity. This highlights Gujarat’s key role in the country’s
renewable energy development.
Under the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana, 350,000 rooftop solar systems have been installed across India,
with Gujarat being a major participant in this initiative. This project aims to promote solar energy use in
households.

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024

September 19, 2024

Exercise 'AIKYA'
Exercise AIKYA is a two-day national event organized by the National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA) and the Army Southern Command in Chennai. The main goal is to improve how different
organizations work together and prepare for disasters.
Aims and Objectives
The focus of the event is to improve coordination and readiness for disaster response. Participants will take
part in practice exercises (simulations) and discussions about how to use technology to better manage
disasters.
Key Participants
People from different departments are attending, including representatives from Railways, Transport, Civil
Aviation, Health, Environment and Climate Change, State and National Disaster, Management Authorities,
and the Indian Army.
Other important contributors include officials from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD),
the National Remote Sensing Centre, the Central Water Commission, and the Forest Survey of India.
Focus Areas
The symposium will talk about important current issues, such as Tsunamis, Landslides, Floods, Forest Fires,
Cyclones, and Recent Disasters. The discussions will focus on how to prevent these disasters and how to
manage them better when they happen.
Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building
Exercise AIKYA will encourage sharing knowledge among participants to help them better understand
disaster management techniques. It will also help participants build their skills and capacity for future
disaster preparedness. Strategic planning will play a big role, as they aim to come up with real solutions to
improve how disasters are handled.
About Disaster Management
Disaster management has four main steps Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery. Helping
people and communities rebuild after a disaster. The Sendai Framework is a global plan to reduce disaster
risk, and it emphasizes planning. More than 90% of disasters are linked to climate change. FEMA (U.S.
Federal Emergency Management Agency) was created in 1979 to manage disasters in the U.S. Early
warning systems can reduce the impact of disasters by up to 30%. Approaches that involve local
communities have proven to make them more resilient to disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction focuses on
long-term strategies to keep people safe. Training exercises like those in Exercise AIKYA are essential for
improving how people respond to disasters. Finally, technology plays a big role in helping responders
understand the situation better during disasters.
India Seeks Modifications to Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan
India has officially informed Pakistan about changes it wants to make to the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT),
citing unexpected and significant reasons. This notice was given under Article XII(3) of the treaty, which
allows changes to be made through a new agreement between the two countries. India had already sent a
notice in January 2023 because of ongoing arguments about Indian hydropower projects.
What is the Indus Waters Treaty?
The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 to help India and Pakistan share water from the Indus River
and its tributaries. Under this treaty, India can use the Eastern Rivers (Beas, Ravi, Sutlej), and Pakistan
controls the Western Rivers (Indus, Chenab, Jhelum). The World Bank helped create this treaty to resolve
water disputes after the partition of India. It also set up a Permanent Indus Commission to handle conflicts.
Despite tensions, the treaty has survived wars and disputes, making it a rare success in managing water
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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
between two countries.
The Dispute over Hydroelectric Projects
India’s recent notice comes after years of disagreements with Pakistan over two Indian hydropower projects
on the Kishanganga and Chenab rivers. Pakistan has raised concerns multiple times, leading to attempts to
resolve the issue through the treaty’s dispute-resolution process. However, no final solution has been
reached.
How Are Disputes Resolved Under the Treaty?
The IWT outlines a three-step process for solving disputes under Article IX:
Indus Commissioners from both countries try to resolve the issue.
If they fail, a Neutral Expert is appointed to clarify.
If the issue still isn’t resolved, it can be taken to a Court of Arbitration.
Why Does India Want to Renegotiate?
India’s notice shows that it is concerned about changes like population growth, environmental challenges,
and cross-border terrorism. India believes that the original treaty, made in the 1960s, does not address
modern issues like climate change. These concerns are pushing India to ask for a renegotiation of the
treaty.
Key Events Since January 2023
April 2023: India holds a meeting to review the process for changing the treaty.
July 2023: The Court of Arbitration claims it has the power to deal with the Kishanganga and Ratle projects,
but India disagrees.
September 2023: India takes part in the Neutral Expert process but stays firm on not joining the parallel
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) process.
Through these actions, India is signaling that the treaty’s original conditions have changed, and it needs to
be updated to address today’s challenges.
Cabinet Approves Extension of PM-AASHA Schemes for Farmers
The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of the PM-AASHA schemes to ensure fair pricing for
farmers and manage price volatility of essential commodities. PM-AASHA (Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay
Sanrakshan Abhiyan) aims to provide remunerative prices to farmers, ensuring they receive a guaranteed
Minimum Support Price (MSP) for their produce.
Key Components
PM-AASHA consists of:
Price Deficit Payment Scheme (PDPS): Compensates farmers when market prices fall below the MSP. The
central government covers the difference, limited to 15% of MSP.
Price Support Scheme (PSS): Provides market intervention to purchase crops directly at MSP.
Price Stabilisation Fund (PSF): Aims to stabilize prices of essential commodities.
Market Intervention Scheme (MIS): Focuses on managing price volatility through strategic purchases.
Financial Implications
The total financial outlay for PM-AASHA is set at ₹35,000 crore during the 15th Finance Commission Cycle,
lasting until 2025-26. Under the PDPS guidelines, farmers are eligible for a maximum compensation of 25%
of MSP based on the notified rates.
Increased Coverage and Implementation
To incentivise state participation in the PDPS for oilseeds, the coverage has increased from 25% to 40% of
state production, and the implementation period has been extended from 3 months to 4 months.
More About PM-AASHA
PM-AASHA (Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanraks han Abhiyan) is an Indian government initiative aimed at

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
safeguarding farmers’ incomes and ensuring fair prices for their produce. Launched in 2019, it
encompasses three major schemes: PM’s MSP (Minimum Support Price), the Pradhan Mantri Kisan
Samman Nidhi, and the Agri-Market Infrastructure Fund. The program focuses on enhancing farmers’
access to markets, promoting agricultural diversity, and providing financial support. Its implementation
involves collaboration with state governments and aims to reduce the income disparity among farmers
nationwide.
Scientists Discover New Blood Group System MAL
A team from NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) and the University of Bristol has made an important
discovery: the MAL blood group system, which solves a long-standing mystery about the AnWj antigen, first
observed in 1972. Led by Louise Tilley, this research aims to improve how doctors match blood for
transfusions and ensure better care for patients.
Understanding the AnWj Antigen
The AnWj antigen is a rare blood group. It is mostly found in Black populations and is linked to the
glycophorin A protein on red blood cells. People who don’t have this antigen might face difficulties with
blood transfusions, which could lead to problems like alloimmunization (when the body attacks the new
blood).
The MAL Blood Group System
The MAL blood group system is now the 47th official blood group system. The MAL blood group system
includes M and N antigens, which are determined by the glycophorin A gene. These antigens are separate
from more common blood systems like ABO and Rh. Having the M antigen may increase the risk of certain
diseases, while the N antigen can affect how prone someone is to infections. These traits are inherited in a
codominant way, meaning a person can have both types.
Genetic Discoveries
Scientists found that homozygous deletions (a type of genetic change) in the MAL gene are connected to
the AnWj-negative trait. Knowing this helps create more precise genetic tests to identify these rare cases.
The research allows for new genotyping tests to find people who are AnWj-negative, making blood
transfusions safer. When blood types are mismatched, it can cause serious problems, so this discovery is a
major step forward.
Global Impact
While it’s hard to predict exact numbers, this discovery could help around 400 patients globally each year.
The work was supported by NHSBT’s International Blood Group Reference Laboratory, which provides
important antibodies for research and testing.
This breakthrough shows how important safe blood transfusions are. People like Philip Brown, a survivor,
have stressed how vital it is to match blood correctly. Experts like Nicole Thornton highlighted how this
discovery will help both donors and recipients worldwide.
About NHS Blood and Transplant
The NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) manages blood donation and organ transplantation in England.
Since 2005, it has run 15 regional blood centers and collects about 1.6 million blood donations every year,
providing blood to over 170 hospitals. It also manages 4,000 organ transplants annually, helps with tissue
donations, and focuses on finding rare blood types.
China's Chang'e-6 Mission Returns Unique Lunar Soil Samples
China’s Chang’e-6 mission has successfully collected soil samples from the far side of the moon. This is a
big step in exploring the moon, as it’s the first time material has been gathered from this less-studied area.
Significance of the Mission
The Chang’e-6 mission is a major technological success for China and adds important information to global

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moon research. The samples collected will help scientists better understand the moon’s geological past.
Sample Composition: Plagioclase and Olivine
Initial studies of the samples found that they have more plagioclase and less olivine compared to those
from the Chang’e-5 mission. This suggests that the far side of the moon has a different surface
composition, pointing to a unique geological history in that region.
The samples also included different types of rock fragments, such as basalt, breccia, agglutinate, glasses,
and leucocrate. These show that the far side of the moon has experienced a variety of volcanic and impact
events, making its history different from other parts of the moon.
Distinct Trace Element Composition
A closer look at the Chang’e-6 samples revealed unique chemical elements, especially thorium, uranium,
and potassium, which were different from those found by the Apollo and Chang’e-5 missions. This might
help scientists learn more about how the moon formed and the differences between its regions.
The Chang’e-6 mission returned nearly 2 kilograms of lunar soil. This will help future scientific studies and
lead to a better understanding of how the moon evolved. China’s dedication to space exploration is
expected to bring even more discoveries and support upcoming missions.
About the Chang’e-6 Mission
Launched in 2024, the Chang’e-6 mission aimed to collect samples from the moon’s South Pole. It’s part of
China’s Chang’e program, named after the Chinese moon goddess. Using advanced robots and landers,
Chang’e-6 aims to bring about 2 kilograms of moon samples back to Earth. This mission follows the
success of Chang’e-5 in 2020 and shows China’s growing capabilities in space exploration. China also has
plans for crewed missions to the moon in the 2030s.
Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Approves ₹5,000 Crore for MSME Sector
The Andhra Pradesh Cabinet has approved a ₹5,000 crore fund to help small businesses, aiming to create 2
million jobs over the next five years. This ₹5,000 crore fund is designed to support Micro, Small, and
Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), helping them grow and reducing their need for regular loans from banks. The
money will be provided through the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE).
This makes it easier for small businesses to get financial help, allowing them to expand and create jobs.
Using Central Government Schemes
The state government plans to combine state and central government programs to give the most benefit to
local industries. By aligning different schemes, they hope to boost the economy faster and more efficiently.
One of the main goals of this initiative is to create 2 million (20 lakh) jobs within five years. This effort is
part of a larger strategy to increase job opportunities and boost the state’s economy.
The Cabinet noted that many village and ward secretariat volunteers did not have their jobs extended by the
previous government. Over 1.1 lakh volunteers have already resigned.
New Proposals from the Cabinet
The Cabinet made several important proposals:
Changing the Name of Bhogapuram International Airport: They want to rename the airport after Alluri
Sitharama Raju, a freedom fighter.
Student Health Tracking: They plan to track the health of students by giving each student an ‘APAAR ID’ to
maintain their health records.
Ex-Servicemen Corporation: The Cabinet decided to set up a corporation to help ex-servicemen, starting
with an ₹10 crore fund.
Support for Education and Farmers
The Cabinet permitted SRM University to apply for ‘Deemed to be University’ status. They also approved
tenant farmers’ cards, which allow farmers to take loans from banks without needing permission from the

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landowners.
Infrastructure and Water Management
The government is committed to finishing the Polavaram irrigation project in 2.5 years and ensuring the
current contractor stays on the job. They also ordered the Water Resources Department to make sure
there’s enough water for farming in Rayalaseema by using the state’s reservoirs.
Finally, the Cabinet decided to push for 33% reservation for Backward Classes in legislative bodies, aiming
to give them more representation and support in politics.
One-Horned Rhinos Among Most Vulnerable to Climate Change
The 2024 State of Rhino Report by the International Rhino Foundation shows that all rhino species face
different challenges due to environmental, social, and political factors in various regions. The report
discusses both the difficulties and successes in protecting rhinos.
Current Status of Rhino Population
There are now fewer than 28,000 rhinos worldwide, spread across five species. They face major threats like
poaching and habitat loss. The Javan rhino is especially at risk and has experienced serious setbacks.
Greater One-Horned Rhino Case Study
The Greater One-Horned Rhino (also known as the Indian Rhino) is mainly found in India and Nepal. Thanks
to joint management efforts, its numbers have grown from fewer than 100 rhinos a century ago to about
4,014 today. Despite this success, it is still classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, meaning it is at risk.
Threats to Conservation
Rhinos face several threats:
Poaching: Illegal hunting remains a significant issue.
Habitat Destruction: Invasive species and human activities destroy their homes.
Climate Change: Changes in weather patterns affect their habitat and food sources. For the Greater One-
Horned Rhino, stronger monsoons and limited resources increase conflicts with humans.
Poaching Trends
In Africa, rhino poaching increased by 4% from 2022 to 2023, with at least 586 rhinos killed. While some
populations are recovering, others, especially in Namibia and some South African parks, are still declining
due to poaching.
About the Greater One-Horned Rhino
The Greater One-Horned Rhino, or Indian Rhino, is mostly found in northeastern India and Nepal. It has
distinctive armor-plated skin with folds that offer protection. This species can weigh over 2,200 kg and run
up to 40 km/h. Unlike other rhinos, it has just one horn, averaging 25 cm. They mainly eat grasses and can
cool off by submerging in water. Although conservation efforts have increased their numbers, they are still
vulnerable due to habitat loss and poaching.
Southern States Lead in GDP Contribution
A recent report by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) has highlighted large
differences in how different Indian states are doing economically. The report shows that some states,
especially in the south, are growing quickly, while others, like West Bengal, are seeing a decline in their
economic performance.
Southern States’ Economic Growth
After economic reforms in the early 1990s, southern states such as Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Kerala, and Tamil Nadu became major contributors to India’s overall economic output. In 1991, these states
had below-average incomes, but by 2024, they contributed 30% of India’s GDP. Key drivers of this growth
include Karnataka’s booming tech industry and Tamil Nadu’s industrial development, with Telangana also
growing quickly since it became a separate state in 2014.

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West Bengal’s Economic Decline
In contrast, West Bengal, which was once a leading state, has seen a major decline. In the early 1960s, the
state contributed 10.5% to India’s GDP, but by now, that has dropped to 5.6%. Its per capita income (the
average income per person) has also fallen significantly compared to the national average, going from
127.5% of the national average to just 83.7%. This is surprising given the state’s strong economy in the
past.
Punjab vs. Haryana: A Comparison
Punjab, which benefitted from the Green Revolution (a period of agricultural advancements), has seen its
economic growth slow down since 1991. Its per capita income dropped from 169% of the national average
to just 106%. On the other hand, Haryana, a neighboring state, has done much better, with its income rising
to 176.8% of the national average. This shows that Haryana’s economic strategies have been more
successful, while Punjab is struggling to maintain its earlier success.
Maharashtra’s Contribution
Maharashtra, India’s most important economic state, still contributes the most to the country’s GDP, but its
share has decreased from over 15% to 13.3%. Although its per capita income is now 150.7% of the national
average, it has dropped out of the top five states in terms of income per person. This suggests the state
may need to adjust its economic policies to regain its position.
Challenges for the Poorest States
The report also highlights the difficulties faced by poorer states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Uttar
Pradesh’s contribution to the economy has decreased from 14% in the 1960s to 9.5% today. Bihar
contributes only 4.3% to the national economy and continues to fall behind, while Odisha has shown some
improvement. These states’ struggles reflect the broader impact of economic reforms and state-specific
policies.
The differences in how well Indian states are doing show that some have benefitted more from economic
reforms than others. While southern states have made the most of these changes, states like West Bengal
remain a puzzle, with their economies declining despite having certain advantages.
Zimbabwe Plans To Cull 200 Elephants Amid Drought
In response to a severe drought, Zimbabwe has decided to kill (cull) 200 elephants to help tackle food
shortages. This tough decision comes because the country’s elephant population is too large for the
environment to support, and there is an urgent need to provide food for people.
Why is Elephant Overpopulation a Problem?
Zimbabwe has over 84,000 elephants, but the land can only comfortably support around 45,000. This means
there are far too many elephants, leading to problems for both wildlife and people. Too many elephants use
up resources like food and water, making it hard for both animals and humans to survive. As a result,
elephants often wander outside their protected areas, causing more conflict with humans.
Government Initiatives
Zimbabwe’s Environment Minister, Sithembiso Nyoni, explained in parliament that the overpopulation of
elephants is a big problem. Because the elephants are leaving their habitats to find resources, they come
into contact with humans more often, which can be dangerous. To address this issue, the government is
looking at solutions, including those used by Namibia, which also recently started culling animals to deal
with food shortages.
Opposition to Culling
The decision to cull elephants has sparked criticism from wildlife advocates and conservationists. They
argue that killing elephants is harmful to wildlife and could create more problems, like an increase in
hunting for bushmeat. However, others believe that this step is necessary to protect both people and the

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environment.
Human-Wildlife Conflict
Culling is being considered as a way to reduce the danger posed by elephants coming into human areas.
There have been fatal encounters between elephants and people, which has strengthened the argument that
the elephant population needs to be controlled for human safety.
International Context
Zimbabwe’s decision is similar to actions taken in Namibia, where they have also started culling animals
due to drought and food shortages. These issues have been worsened by climate change and weather
patterns like El Niño.
The culling in Zimbabwe will begin once all the necessary paperwork is completed. The focus will be on
areas where the elephant population is especially large. The goal is to balance wildlife conservation with the
need to keep people safe and meet the food needs of communities.
Who is Atishi Marlena, New CM of Delhi?
Arvind Kejriwal has stepped down from his role as the Chief Minister of Delhi, making way for Atishi Marlena
to take over as the leader of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). This decision was finalized during a recent
meeting with AAP lawmakers, where Kejriwal proposed Atishi’s name as his replacement. The party
members agreed unanimously to have Atishi as the next leader.
AAP Leadership Transition
After Kejriwal’s resignation, choosing a new Chief Minister began. Atishi Marlena was selected as the
preferred candidate, beating out Kailash Gahlot, another senior leader in the party. Interestingly, under this
new leadership, the AAP has decided not to appoint a deputy chief minister.
Who is Atishi Marlena?
Atishi Marlena was born on June 8, 1981, into a scholarly family in Delhi. Both of her parents are professors
at Delhi University, and her husband, Praveen Singh, works in the field of education. The name “Marlena” is
inspired by the ideologies of Marx and Lenin, reflecting her early influences.
Education and Early Life
Atishi attended Springdales School for her early education. She later graduated from St. Stephen’s College
in 2001. She went on to study at Oxford University with the help of a Chevening scholarship in 2003,
followed by a Rhodes scholarship to continue her studies at Magdalen College in 2005. These prestigious
scholarships highlight her academic excellence.
A Shift in Public Persona
In 2018, Atishi decided to drop “Marlena” from her public name, preferring to go simply by “Atishi.” This was
a deliberate choice to focus more on her professional achievements and less on her family background. She
wanted to build a stronger public identity as a leader in social work and education. This shift reflects her
desire to present herself as a focused and independent political leader.
September 20, 2024
Jafar Hassan Appointed as New Prime Minister of Jordan
King Abdullah II of Jordan has chosen Jafar Hassan to be the new Prime Minister, following the resignation
of Bisher Al-Khasawneh and his Cabinet after the recent parliamentary elections.
Transition of Power
The previous Prime Minister, Bisher Al-Khasawneh, had been in office. When he and his Cabinet stepped
down, it required a quick transition to a new government, leading to Hassan’s appointment.
As the new Prime Minister, Hassan will have to address serious issues, including a weak economy and
rising public discontent. The ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict has added pressure, particularly since Jordan
has a large Palestinian population, making the situation even more sensitive.
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Impact of Parliamentary Elections
In the recent elections, an Islamic party became the largest political group, showing that many people in
Jordan are frustrated with the government. It also highlights how regional issues, like the Israel-Palestine
conflict, are affecting politics within Jordan.
About Jafar Hassan
Jafar Hassan, previously in charge of the King’s office and a former planning minister, is now responsible
for creating a new government. He is highly educated, with a Ph.D. in political science from the University of
Geneva and a master’s degree in public administration from Harvard University.
About King Abdullah II
King Abdullah II, born in 1962, became king in 1999 after his father, King Hussein. He has studied at
Eaglebrook School in the United States and also attended Harvard. In addition to his education, he is a
trained military officer and has served in the Jordanian armed forces. King Abdullah II is also known for his
efforts in peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine. He is a 41st-generation descendant of the
Prophet Muhammad and established the King Abdullah II Fund for Development to promote social and
economic improvements in Jordan.
Supermassive Black Hole Jets Recorded Extend Vast Distances
Astronomers have recently discovered two enormous beams of energy, called jets, coming from a
supermassive black hole in a galaxy about 7.5 billion light-years away. These jets are the biggest ever
found, stretching an incredible 23 million light-years across space.
What is a light-year?
A light-year is how far light can travel in one year, which is about 5.9 trillion miles (9.5 trillion kilometers).
When we observe objects that are billions of light-years away, we are looking at events that happened
billions of years ago, because the light from these objects takes that long to reach us.
What are black holes?
Black holes are extremely dense areas in space with a gravitational pull so strong that not even light can
escape them. Most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, have a supermassive black hole at their center.
Formation of Jets
Jets form when a black hole pulls in surrounding matter, like gas and dust. As this material falls toward the
black hole, it gets magnetized and accelerated, producing high-energy jets. These jets need a constant
supply of material, roughly equal to the mass of the Sun each year, to keep going.
The newly discovered jets, called Porphyrion, are about 30% longer than any jets previously recorded. They
are made up of tiny particles, mostly electrons and positrons, moving at nearly the speed of light. These jets
are some of the most energetic things in the universe.
Significance of the Discovery
Jets like Porphyrion are so powerful that they release energy comparable to trillions of stars. Their immense
size means they can influence vast areas of space, potentially affecting how new stars form and even
altering the magnetic fields in the universe.
These jets can heat the gas between stars, preventing it from cooling down and forming new stars. They
also extend far beyond their own galaxy, showing that black holes can influence the structure of the
universe on a very large scale, including galaxy clusters and vast empty areas called cosmic voids.
Studying jets like Porphyrion helps us understand the major role that black holes play in shaping the
universe. By learning more about these powerful jets, scientists can uncover new information about how
stars form and how cosmic structures evolve over long distances.
Taiwan Legalizes Marriage Registration for Same-Sex Cross-Strait Couples
Taiwan has officially recognized same-sex marriages between Taiwanese and Chinese partners, which is a

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big step in supporting the rights of LGBTQ individuals in cross-strait relationships. This decision comes
after Taiwan made history in 2019 by becoming the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage.
Background on Same-Sex Marriage in Taiwan
Taiwan has been a leader in the fight for LGBTQ rights in Asia. When it legalized same-sex marriage in 2019,
it set an example for equality across the region. However, the law at the time didn’t cover couples where
one partner was from mainland China because of the political tensions between Taiwan and China.
Cross-Strait Relations and Marriage Complexity
Taiwan’s complicated relationship with China affects marriage rules. China considers Taiwan as part of its
territory, which leads to stricter marriage regulations for couples from both sides. For example,
heterosexual couples must go through a lengthy process where they first marry abroad and then undergo
interviews in Taiwan to prove their marriage is real. These rules are partly designed to prevent fraudulent
marriages and address national security concerns.
Equal Treatment for Same-Sex Couples
Now, with the new government policy, same-sex couples can go through the same process as heterosexual
couples. They need to get legally married in one of the 35 countries that recognize same-sex marriage and
submit the necessary paperwork. Just like other cross-strait couples, they will have to go through interviews
at the border before their marriage can be officially registered.
This change shows that Taiwan is continuing to move forward with LGBTQ rights, ensuring that all
marriages are treated equally. The government has stressed its dedication to supporting marriages of all
kinds, even with the challenges of political tensions between Taiwan and China.
Statistics on Chinese Spouses
Taiwan currently has about 360,000 Chinese spouses of Taiwanese citizens. These spouses must wait six
years to apply for Taiwanese citizenship, which is double the wait time compared to spouses from other
countries. This highlights the ongoing difficulties for cross-strait couples, even as Taiwan makes strides in
supporting same-sex marriages.
By recognizing same-sex marriages for cross-strait couples, Taiwan is reaffirming its commitment to
LGBTQ rights. This decision also sets an important example for international marriage laws, despite the
complicated political relationship between Taiwan and China.
India's First Astronaut to ISS Set for Ax-4 Mission
In 2025, India will make history again in space with Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla piloting the Axiom-4
(Ax-4) mission. This mission will be India’s first human presence on the International Space Station (ISS)
and only the second government-sponsored human spaceflight from India, after Wing Commander Rakesh
Sharma’s mission in 1984.
Background of the mission
The Ax-4 mission is part of a bigger plan between India and the United States. This collaboration was
announced by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to the U.S. To make it happen, the Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) signed an agreement with Axiom Space, an American company that
specializes in sending humans to space.
Astronaut Selection
Shubhanshu Shukla, the astronaut chosen to pilot the mission, is a test pilot in the Indian Air Force. He will
be backed up by Group Captain Prashanth Nair, also from the Indian Air Force. They will join an international
team led by Peggy Whitson, an experienced astronaut in charge of the mission’s operations and training.
Mission Training
Astronauts like Shubhanshu Shukla undergo a lot of preparation before they go into space. Their training
covers everything from how to operate spacecraft to handling emergencies and conducting scientific

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experiments. Shukla will focus on learning how to navigate and dock the spacecraft, as well as how to help
with research while staying 14 days on the ISS.
During his time on the ISS, Shukla will perform five experiments in microgravity. These experiments will not
only help with scientific research but also contribute to India’s future space missions, especially the
Gaganyaan program, which aims to send India’s first crewed mission into space.
Technological Aspects
The mission will use advanced technology from SpaceX, including the Falcon 9 rocket and the Dragon
spacecraft. The Dragon is known for its automated systems that make docking with the ISS easier and its
advanced life support systems, which help keep astronauts safe.
The Ax-4 mission will involve astronauts from Poland and Hungary, making it a truly international effort.
This highlights the growing collaboration between countries in space exploration and paves the way for
more nations to participate in future space missions.
About the Axiom-4 mission
The Axiom-4 mission is part of NASA’s private astronaut program, which allows commercial companies like
Axiom Space to send astronauts to the ISS. This will be the fourth mission in the series, following Axiom-1,
Axiom-2, and Axiom-3. The Crew Dragon spacecraft will be used for the mission, and the crew may include
private astronauts or commercial participants. The mission’s goals are to conduct scientific research,
demonstrate new technologies, and strengthen international partnerships for future space exploration.
IISc Develops Nanomaterial to Clean Chromium from Groundwater
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have made an important discovery by developing a
special nanomaterial that can help reduce heavy metal contamination in groundwater, particularly focusing
on chromium pollution. This is crucial because heavy metals in water are a growing environmental concern,
especially in urban areas affected by industrial waste.
What is Chromium Contamination?
Chromium is a toxic metal that often gets into the soil and groundwater because of waste from industries
like leather tanning, electroplating, and textile manufacturing. Traditionally, the solution involves removing
the contaminated water and sending it to treatment plants where it is cleaned through chemical and
physical processes.
A New Way to Clean Water On-Site
The IISc team came up with a new way to clean the water directly at the contamination site. They use iron
nanoparticles that are injected into the groundwater, where they react with chromium to clean the water on-
site, avoiding the need to transport it to another location for treatment.
The team first created nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), which is a type of iron that can reduce harmful
chromium (Cr6+) to a safer form (Cr3+). However, these iron nanoparticles had a tendency to clump
together, which made them less effective.
Preventing Clumping with Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
To solve the clumping problem, the researchers coated the iron nanoparticles with carboxymethyl cellulose
(CMC), a substance that helps keep the particles separated. This makes the nanoparticles more efficient at
cleaning contaminated water.
The CMC coating also prevents the iron particles from rusting. By adding sulphur compounds in conditions
without oxygen, the coating forms a protective layer of iron sulphide, making the particles even more
effective in cleaning the water.
High Success Rate in Removing Chromium
Tests showed that the S-CMC-nZVI nanomaterial (the improved version with the CMC coating) was able to
remove 99% of the harmful chromium, even in different pH levels and with other competing particles in the

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water. This means the solution is strong enough to work under real-world conditions.
The researchers tested the new material using sand columns and contaminated soils, and it worked very
well in immobilizing heavy metals. The next step is to scale up the testing to see how well it works in larger
areas.
Potential to Clean Lakes in Bengaluru
This technology could be especially useful in cleaning polluted lakes like Bellandur Lake in Bengaluru, which
are contaminated with chromium as well as other heavy metals like cadmium and nickel. It could contribute
to a wider effort to clean the environment and protect public health.
The IISc’s development of this special nanomaterial represents a major breakthrough in on-site groundwater
remediation, offering a sustainable way to tackle one of the most pressing environmental issues—heavy
metal contamination.
About IISc
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc), founded in 1909, is India’s top institute for advanced research in
science and technology. Located in Bangalore, it has a long history of producing world-class scientists and
researchers. Known globally for its work in engineering and technology, IISc is also home to a beautiful
campus, including a historic 150-year-old tree and the Tagore Circle.
Telangana Launches Comprehensive MSME Policy for Growth
The Telangana government has launched the MSME 2024 policy to help micro, small, and medium
enterprises (MSMEs) overcome key challenges. These challenges include access to land, finance, raw
materials, skilled labor, market access, and technology. This policy was introduced by Chief Minister A.
Revanth Reddy and it is the first major initiative for MSMEs since he became Chief Minister in December
2023.
Key Objectives of the MSME 2024 Policy
The main goal of this policy is to close the gaps in the TS-iPASS framework (a system for approving
industrial projects in Telangana) and to give MSMEs complete support, from the start of their business to
sell their products. The policy has 40 different measures aimed at helping businesses grow and succeed.
Land Access Initiatives
One big challenge for MSMEs is finding affordable land. To address this:
Five out of ten new industrial parks will be set aside just for MSMEs.
One park will be reserved for women-owned MSMEs, and another will focus on innovative start-ups.
5% of plots in these parks will be reserved for women entrepreneurs, and 15% for SC/ST
entrepreneurs (people from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes). SC/ST entrepreneurs will also
get a 50% discount on land costs.
Financial Support Measures
The policy includes several financial help options to reduce money-related challenges:
SC/ST entrepreneurs will get a 50% subsidy on their capital investments, up to ₹1 crore.
Other MSMEs will receive a 25% subsidy, up to ₹30 lakh.
Women entrepreneurs can get an extra 20% subsidy, up to ₹20 lakh.
Growth Acceleration Initiatives
To help MSMEs grow, the policy will:
Set up ten common facility centers in different districts to provide shared resources.
Build testing centers and warehouses with private investors. These investors will receive discounts
and rebates to encourage their participation.
Technological Advancements
To promote the use of modern technology, the policy will:

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Establish a ₹100 crore Yantram Fund for MSMEs to help them adopt new technologies.
Require the government to purchase 25% of its supplies from MSMEs.
Provide reimbursements for MSMEs that purchase digital technology in bulk and for intellectual
property rights (IPR) registration costs.
Focus on Women’s Empowerment
The policy puts special emphasis on women-owned enterprises, including:
Reserved plots for women in industrial parks.
Additional financial support for women-owned businesses, along with reimbursement for importing
technology.
The Telangana MSME 2024 policy is a well-rounded plan designed to support MSME growth by making it
easier for them to get land, funding, and technology. It also focuses on helping women entrepreneurs and
marginalized communities, aiming for inclusive growth and economic progress.
About the Telangana Government
Telangana, established in 2014, is the youngest state in India, formed from the state of Andhra Pradesh.
The capital of Telangana is Hyderabad, a major center for technology and pharmaceuticals, often called
“Cyberabad.” Telangana is home to the world’s largest irrigation project, the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation
Scheme, and celebrates the unique Bathukamma festival, which honors nature and womanhood. The state’s
official language is Telugu, and it has a rich cultural heritage, including the famous Kuchipudi dance. The
state also supports financial inclusion through schemes like Rytu Bandhu, which provides financial
assistance to farmers.
World Food India 2024
World Food India 2024 is a large international event focused on the future of the food processing industry. It
will take place from September 19 to 22 at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi. The event is organized by the
Ministry of Food Processing Industries and aims to bring together a diverse group of people and
organizations to discuss innovation, technology, and sustainability in food processing.
Participation
The event will have participation from over 90 countries, 26 Indian states and union territories, and 18
central ministries and other government bodies. This level of involvement shows India’s growing
importance in the global food processing industry.
Focus Areas
The key areas of focus at the event will include:
Innovation: New ideas and technologies that can improve food processing.
Technology: Using advanced machinery and digital solutions to make the food industry more efficient.
Sustainability: Encouraging practices that are good for the environment, reducing waste, and using
resources more effectively.
The event aims to improve how food is processed in India by making it more efficient and environmentally
friendly.
India’s Role in the Global Food Industry
World Food India 2024 will also show how India is becoming a global leader in food processing. India plays
an important role in international trade and food security, and this event will highlight its growing influence
in these areas.
Government Initiatives
The event will showcase various government programs that are designed to support the food processing
sector. These programs aim to attract investment and show how the government is working to help the
industry grow and become more advanced.

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To celebrate India’s rich culinary diversity, a cooking competition called Swaad Sutra will be held. This
competition will focus on regional cuisines from across India, giving a platform to the country’s unique food
traditions.
About World Food India 2024
World Food India 2024 will have over 1,000 exhibitors displaying products and innovations in agribusiness
and food processing. The event will support the “Make in India” initiative, encouraging the development of
locally produced food products. Chefs from different parts of India will hold culinary demonstrations,
showcasing the regional flavors of the country.
India is the second-largest food producer in the world, but about 40% of its food is wasted each year. The
event will focus on finding sustainable solutions to reduce this waste, while also discussing key themes like
food security and entrepreneurship in the food industry.
Cabinet Approves Chandrayaan-4, Venus Orbiter Mission
The Union Cabinet recently approved several important steps in India’s space exploration plans. These
include building the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), launching the Chandrayaan-4 mission to collect
moon samples, and preparing for India’s first mission to Venus. Prime Minister Narendra Modi called this a
significant milestone, aiming for a self-sustained space station by 2035 and a manned moon mission by
2040.
Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS)
The BAS project focuses on building India’s first space station. This will strengthen the country’s
Gaganyaan program (India’s first human spaceflight mission). India plans to launch the first part of the
space station, called BAS-1, by 2028, with a full space station ready by 2035. It will orbit 300 to 400 km
above Earth and will support astronauts for up to 20 days at a time. The station will be used for scientific
research and aims to promote national and international cooperation. The Gaganyaan mission is an
important step toward setting up this station. The BAS modules will be launched using India’s GSLV Mk III
rocket and highlight India’s growing ability in space exploration.
Technological Validation
To develop the space station, India will carry out various missions to test the technologies needed for
building and running it. These missions are essential to ensure safety and success in future crewed
spaceflights.
Chandrayaan-4 Mission
The Chandrayaan-4 mission is focused on bringing moon samples back to Earth. This mission will build on
the achievements of Chandrayaan-3, which proved India’s ability to land on the moon. Chandrayaan-4 will be
a cost-effective way to develop moon technologies as India prepares for a manned mission to the moon by
2040.
Venus Mission
Along with its moon missions, the government has approved India’s first mission to Venus. This mission
will expand India’s role in planetary exploration and contribute to space research beyond the moon.
With these projects, India aims to demonstrate its growing strength in space exploration. The country is
focusing on both lunar and interplanetary missions, to create a sustainable human presence in space by
2040.
September 21, 2024
White Revolution 2.0
Union Minister Amit Shah introduced “White Revolution 2.0” to further strengthen India’s dairy sector. This
initiative builds upon the success of Operation Flood, which started in 1970 and transformed the dairy
industry through cooperative societies. Operation Flood made India one of the largest milk producers in the
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world.
Objectives of White Revolution 2.0
The primary goal of White Revolution 2.0 is to increase milk collection across the country by 50% over the
next five years. The aim is to boost daily milk procurement from 660 lakh kilograms to 1,007 lakh kilograms
by 2028-29. This will also give dairy farmers better access to markets by expanding the cooperative
network.
Cooperatives were the backbone of Operation Flood, and they remain central to White Revolution 2.0.
Currently, there are about 1.7 lakh dairy cooperative societies across India, covering 30% of the villages.
These cooperatives handle about 10% of the national milk production, but the coverage is uneven across
regions.
To increase coverage, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) plans to set up 56,000 new
cooperative societies and improve 46,000 existing ones over the next five years. The focus will be on states
like Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh, where dairy cooperatives are currently less
developed.
Funding Strategies
The initiative will receive funding from the National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) 2.0. This
money will be used to set up milk collection centers, create chilling facilities to keep milk fresh, and provide
training programs for dairy farmers.
Current Milk Production Landscape
India is already the largest milk producer in the world, with a total production of 230.58 million tonnes in
2022-23. This is a huge increase compared to 17 million tonnes in 1951-52. However, the milk yield per
animal is still low when compared to global averages.
Economic Impact
The dairy industry accounts for about 40% of India’s agricultural output and provides livelihoods for more
than 85 million people. Around 63% of the milk produced reaches the market, with the majority coming from
the unorganised sector, while cooperatives control most of the organised sector.
White Revolution 2.0 is designed to build on past achievements. It aims to improve milk production,
increase economic opportunities, and uplift rural communities, especially women, by empowering them
through cooperative movements.
This initiative will play a crucial role in India’s continued dairy development and in making the dairy sector
more inclusive and efficient.
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Alliance Strengthens Indo-Pacific Cooperation
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is an informal group of India, Australia, Japan, and the United
States. The main goal of this alliance is to maintain a free and open Indo-Pacific region, ensuring that
countries can trade and move freely without restrictions. Formed in 2007, the Quad was revitalized in 2017
to address regional and global issues, especially in response to China’s growing influence.
Origins and Revival of the Quad
The Quad first came together in 2007 because of increasing concerns about security and China’s growing
power in the region. After being inactive for several years, the Quad became active again in 2017 as its
members wanted to work together to ensure stability, particularly in maritime areas. They were also
interested in balancing out China’s assertiveness in the region.
How does the Quad Work?
The Quad operates by bringing together the four countries for regular meetings and discussions. In 2019,
the first Foreign Ministers’ Meetings (QFMM) began, where high-ranking officials from each country
discussed important issues. In 2021, the first Leaders’ Summit took place, where the heads of the Quad

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nations met to discuss issues like vaccine distribution, climate change, and technology cooperation.
Key Focus Areas of the Quad
To tackle global challenges, the Quad has created several working groups. Each group focuses on specific
areas:
Climate Change: This group promotes sustainable energy. In 2023, the Quad launched the Clean Energy
Supply Chains Initiative to support green energy practices.
Critical and Emerging Technologies: The goal here is to protect the technology supply chains that are
crucial for communication and security. One project includes the Open RAN pilot in Palau, aimed at
developing better wireless networks.
Cybersecurity: This group works on improving digital security in the Indo-Pacific, especially to protect
critical infrastructure like power grids and communication networks from cyberattacks.
Health Security: Initially focusing on vaccines, the Health Security Partnership now aims to improve
healthcare systems and help countries better respond to health crises.
Infrastructure Development: The Quad promotes building high-quality infrastructure in the region. This
includes training workers and improving communication networks.
Space Cooperation: The Quad collaborates in sharing satellite data, which helps monitor climate risks and
ensures the safe use of space.
Since 2021, the Quad has made significant progress in distributing vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic,
especially through the Quad Vaccine Partnership. They have also started various infrastructure projects and
formed partnerships to help the region deal with climate change.
Why is the Indo-Pacific Important?
The Indo-Pacific region is crucial for global trade and economic growth. The Quad’s mission is to keep the
region free, open, and inclusive, ensuring that international rules are respected. Although the Quad is not
directly against China, it is clear that it aims to balance China’s expanding influence by promoting a rules-
based order in the region.
The Quad plays a key role in addressing regional challenges, promoting cooperation, and ensuring stability
in the Indo-Pacific through its focus on democracy, security, and international collaboration.
New COVID Variant XEC
A new COVID-19 variant, called XEC, has recently been discovered and is spreading rapidly. It was first
found in Germany in August 2024, and scientists believe it may soon become the dominant variant
worldwide. XEC is a recombinant variant, which means it was created from two different strains of the virus.
Understanding Recombinant Variants
Recombinant variants form when a person is infected with two different COVID-19 variants at the same
time. When this happens, the two variants can mix their genetic material to create a new version of the
virus. In the case of XEC, it is a combination of the KS.1.1 and KP.3.3 variants, both of which came from an
earlier variant called JN.1.
Spread and Current Prevalence
Since its discovery, XEC has spread to 27 countries, with more than 600 cases reported. It is especially
common in Europe, North America, and Asia. The highest number of cases is in Germany (13%), followed by
the UK (7%) and the US (under 5%). Other variants, such as KP.3.1.1 and KP.3.3, are still more common in
Europe, North America, and Asia, but XEC is growing fast.
Growth Advantage
XEC has certain mutations that may help it spread faster than other variants. These mutations affect its
spike protein, which is the part of the virus that helps it enter human cells. The T22N mutation from KS.1.1
and the Q493E mutation from KP.3.3 might make it easier for XEC to infect people. However, scientists are

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still studying whether these changes affect how severe the illness is.
Impact on Disease Severity
So far, no clear evidence shows that XEC causes more severe illness than other COVID-19 variants. The
symptoms of XEC infections are expected to be similar to those of previous variants, including high fever,
sore throat, cough, headaches, and fatigue. More research is needed to understand if XEC could lead to
more serious outcomes.
Monitoring and Vaccination Efforts
As countries continue to deal with COVID-19, vaccination remains important. The UK will start rolling out a
new booster vaccine in October, targeting the JN.1 variant, which is related to XEC. Continuous monitoring
of XEC and other variants, like MV.1, is essential. It is possible that other variants could still become more
widespread than XEC, so it’s important to stay alert and keep tracking the virus.
About COVID-19 Variants
COVID-19 variants emerge when the SARS-CoV-2 virus undergoes changes or mutations. Some of the well-
known variants include Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron. These variants can differ in how fast they spread,
how severe the illness is, and how well vaccines work against them. The World Health Organization (WHO)
labels variants that pose more risk as “variants of concern” (VOC) or “variants of interest” (VOI). Keeping
track of these variants through genomic surveillance is important to control the pandemic. Vaccination
plays a key role in limiting the spread of new variants and protecting people from severe illness.
XEC is a new and fast-spreading COVID-19 variant that requires close monitoring. While it may spread more
easily, there is no clear evidence yet that it causes more severe illness. Vaccination efforts and continued
surveillance will be crucial to managing this variant and any others that may emerge.
National Achievement Survey 2024 Set for December 4
The National Achievement Survey (NAS) 2024 will take place on December 4, 2024, and aims to evaluate
how well school students in India are learning. This year’s survey will assess around five million students
from Classes 3, 6, and 9, an increase from the 3.7 million students assessed in the last survey in 2021.
Survey Coverage
The NAS 2024 will include students from 792 districts across 36 States and Union Territories in India. It will
focus on three important levels of education: Class 3, Class 6, and Class 9. These grades represent key
points in a student’s learning journey, where they transition to higher levels of education.
The survey will be conducted in 26 languages, allowing students from diverse linguistic backgrounds to
participate. This year, six new languages have been added: Kashmiri, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Santhali, Maithili, and
Dogri, on top of the 20 languages already used in previous surveys.
Assessment Methodology
To keep the process fair, random sampling will be used to select which schools and students will
participate. Each grade level will have its own set of questions designed to test different skills:
Class 3: Students will answer 45 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in language, maths, and environmental
science, with 90 minutes to complete the test.
Class 6: Students will answer 51 MCQs, testing similar subjects but with more challenging questions.
Class 9: Students will face 60 MCQs, covering material from Classes 6 to 8, with 120 minutes to finish the
test.
Competency-Based Assessment
NAS uses a competency-based assessment model. This means the survey not only looks at what students
know but also how well they can apply their knowledge in real-world situations. The survey will also examine
factors like the learning environment and socio-economic conditions that may influence students’
performance. The results will be broken down into district-level report cards to provide detailed insights.

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Trends and Expectations
Previous surveys have shown a drop in student scores as they move from Class 3 to Class 10, highlighting
the need for more focus on learning as students progress. NAS 2024 is expected to show how well students
have recovered from the learning losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The results will be available in
February 2025.
About the National Achievement Survey
The National Achievement Survey (NAS) began in 2001 and is conducted by the NCERT (National Council of
Educational Research and Training). It happens every three years and assesses student performance in
subjects like math, science, and language. NAS not only looks at academic results but also considers social
and economic factors that affect learning. The data collected helps shape education policies and improve
teaching methods. NAS includes students from both urban and rural areas, making it one of the largest
surveys of its kind in India.
EU Pledges ₹35 Billion Loan to Support Ukraine’s Recovery
The European Union (EU) has promised to lend Ukraine up to ₹35 billion (about $39 billion) to help the
country recover from the ongoing war with Russia, which started in February 2022. This loan is part of a
larger financial aid package that is being coordinated by the G7 nations, a group of the world’s largest
economies, to support Ukraine during this difficult time.
G7 Loan Agreement
The G7 leaders agreed to provide Ukraine with a total loan package of $50 billion. This money is meant to
help rebuild Ukraine’s economy and repair important infrastructure, especially its power systems, which
have been badly damaged by the war.
The loans will be funded using money earned from the interest on Russian central bank assets that have
been frozen due to the conflict. This means that Russia’s own money will be used to help pay for the
damage caused by its invasion of Ukraine. However, there have been some delays in distributing the loan
due to complications in setting up this funding system.
EU’s Previous Support for Ukraine
The EU has already provided over ₹118 billion euros (about $132 billion) to Ukraine in different forms of
military and economic aid since the war began. This new loan is crucial because Russia’s ongoing attacks
continue to threaten Ukraine’s stability and make recovery even harder.
According to European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, this loan will be a big help for Ukraine’s
national budget. It will make the country more financially stable and give Ukraine the flexibility to use the
money where it’s needed most. Ukraine will decide how to spend these funds based on its most urgent
needs.
Implementation Timeline
Von der Leyen is confident that the loan will be delivered to Ukraine quickly. The EU expects that other G7
countries will also send their financial assistance soon, helping Ukraine rebuild its critical infrastructure and
improve its defense capabilities.
Ukraine’s Plans for Reconstruction
President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has outlined how Ukraine plans to use the funds. The priorities include:
Rebuilding energy facilities that were destroyed in the war.
Constructing bomb shelters to protect civilians.
Improving schools and educational facilities to ensure children can continue their education.
Buying military resources to defend against further attacks.
More About the European Union
The European Union (EU) started in 1957 as the European Economic Community. Today, it has 27 member

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countries, and 19 of them use the euro as their currency. The Schengen Area allows people to travel
between 26 nations without needing a passport. The EU is known for its Common Agricultural Policy, which
uses about 36% of its budget to support farming. In 2012, the EU won the Nobel Peace Prize. Its European
Court of Justice makes sure EU laws are applied the same way in all member countries, and the European
Parliament has 705 members. The EU’s motto is “United in Diversity”, and it works hard to protect the
environment through the Green Deal initiatives.
Jordan Becomes First Country to Eliminate Leprosy
The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially recognized Jordan as the first country in the world to
eliminate leprosy. This recognition was praised by WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus,
who highlighted the collective effort by Jordan to stop the spread of the disease and tackle the stigma
associated with it.
Significance of Achievement
Jordan’s success is a huge milestone in public health. It shows that with the right strategies, countries can
not only eliminate diseases but also reduce the negative social and economic effects of those diseases.
According to Saima Wazed, WHO Regional Director for South-East Asia, this success is about more than just
stopping the disease—it also includes fighting its psychological and social impacts.
History of Leprosy in Jordan
For more than 20 years, Jordan has not had any cases of indigenous leprosy (cases that originated within
the country). This achievement shows Jordan’s strong political will and health programs focused on
controlling and eventually eliminating the disease.
An independent team was sent by the WHO to check if Jordan had truly eliminated leprosy. After a careful
review, they confirmed that Jordan had successfully eradicated the disease, proving the effectiveness of its
public health efforts.
Implications for Other Nations
According to Dr. Hanan Balkhy, WHO Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterranean, Jordan’s achievement
can be an example for other countries. It shows how proper planning and execution can help overcome
public health challenges.Even though Jordan has eliminated leprosy, the WHO and Jordan’s Ministry of
Health stress the importance of staying vigilant. They will continue to monitor for any new cases, especially
from international sources.
What Is Leprosy?
Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a long-lasting infectious disease caused by a bacterium called
Mycobacterium leprae. It affects the skin, nerves, and sometimes other parts of the body. If diagnosed and
treated early, it can prevent serious complications like disability.
Leprosy is still considered a neglected tropical disease (NTD). Each year, over 200,000 new cases are
reported in more than 120 countries. Eliminating the disease requires strong public health action and global
cooperation.
About Jordan
Jordan is a country in the Middle East known for its rich history. It is home to Petra, an ancient city and
UNESCO World Heritage site, and Amman, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The
Jordan River is famous in religious history as the site of Jesus’ baptism, and Wadi Rum (Valley of the Moon)
is known for its beautiful desert landscapes. Jordan also has the Dead Sea, the lowest point on Earth, and is
famous for its delicious national dish, mansaf. The country is also home to the world’s largest olive tree,
which is over 2,000 years old.
India to Host World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit 2025
The Indian government will host the World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit (WAVES) from February 5

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to 9, 2025. This event is aimed at boosting India’s media and entertainment sector and strengthening its
global influence.
Objective of WAVES
WAVES will be the first global summit to cover all areas of the media and entertainment industry. The goal
is to encourage dialogue, trade partnerships, and innovation among key players in the industry. It will
provide a platform where people can discuss ideas, form business collaborations, and explore new trends.
The event will bring together industry leaders, stakeholders, and innovators. These participants will share
their insights, identify new opportunities, and discuss the challenges the industry is facing, especially as it
continues to evolve with new technologies.
Focus Areas
The summit will focus on shaping the future of India’s media and entertainment industry by attracting
investment and business opportunities. Special focus will be given to the Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming,
and Comics (AVGC) sectors, which are rapidly growing and attracting attention worldwide.
Support from the State of Telangana
The Telangana government has shown strong support for WAVES, highlighting its established ecosystem
that promotes innovation in the media and entertainment sector. Telangana has become a hub for
technology and creative industries, making it a key player in the summit.
Fighting Piracy and Supporting the Gaming Industry
Sanjay Jaju, the Secretary of Information & Broadcasting, has promised that the government will take strict
actions against piracy to protect content creators. He also mentioned that the gaming industry will receive
governmental support, encouraging its growth and protecting the interests of stakeholders in this field.
More About WAVES
The World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit is a major event where professionals discuss trends and
innovations in the audiovisual industry. Topics often include technological advancements like 8K resolution,
immersive audio, and virtual reality. The summit also focuses on sustainable production, global market
strategies, and the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on how content is created. It provides valuable
networking opportunities for both emerging talent and experienced professionals in the industry.
ISRO Signs 75 Technology Transfer Agreements With Private Firms
India’s space sector has taken a major step forward as ISRO, IN-SPACe, and NSIL recently signed 75
Technology Transfer Agreements (TTAs) with non-governmental entities (NGEs). This is part of India’s
ongoing space reforms to encourage more private sector participation in space activities.
Purpose of TTAs
The purpose of these TTAs is to allow private companies to access ISRO’s space technologies. These
technologies, developed for space missions, can be applied to a wide range of areas like agriculture, energy,
infrastructure, defense, telecommunications, and cybersecurity. The goal is to use space technology to
solve real-world problems and drive commercial innovation.
Key Entities Involved
ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation): India’s national space agency, responsible for space research,
exploration, and satellite missions.
IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center): A government agency created to
promote and help the private sector participate in space activities.
NSIL (NewSpace India Limited): This is ISRO’s commercial arm, which helps transfer space technologies to
private companies and promotes India’s space economy.
Why are these Collaborations Important?
The signing of these 75 TTAs marks a strategic shift in India’s space policy. After recent reforms, more

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collaborations between the government and private companies show a growing trust in the private sector to
contribute to space technology innovation. These agreements will help create new commercial
opportunities while also benefiting society by applying space technology to everyday needs.
Leadership Perspective
Pawan Goenka, the chairman of IN-SPACe, emphasized the importance of these 75 agreements. He said
they will help private firms use space technologies in new and innovative ways. This collaboration is
essential for building a strong space economy in India and addressing important societal needs.
By signing these Technology Transfer Agreements, ISRO, IN-SPACe, and NSIL aim to create a thriving
ecosystem that supports commercial ventures and brings benefits to society. These agreements are
expected to boost innovation in various industries and help India become a leader in the global space
market.
19th Edition of Divya Kala Mela
The 19th Divya Kala Mela was recently launched in Visakhapatnam by Governor Shri S. Abdul Nazeer, with
support from dignitaries like Union Minister Dr. Virendra Kumar. This event is focused on empowering
artisans with disabilities (Divyang artisans) and promoting inclusivity in society.
Financial Support and Initiatives
As part of the fair, 10 Divyang beneficiaries received concessional loans amounting to ₹40 lakh. These
loans were provided by the National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC) to help
individuals with disabilities start or grow their businesses, which is a step toward financial independence.
Showcasing Talents
More than 100 Divyang artisans from 20 states and Union Territories participated in the mela. They
displayed a wide range of products, such as handicrafts, handlooms, and packaged foods. The event
supports the government’s “Vocal for Local” initiative, which aims to boost the local economy by promoting
products made by local artisans, helping them achieve financial independence
Event Details
The fair is open from September 19 to 29, running daily from 11:00 AM to 9:00 PM at Marine Ground,
Andhra University. Visitors can enjoy cultural performances by Divyang artists, while also exploring food
stalls that offer regional cuisines from across India.
Commitment to Inclusion
At the event, Dr. Virendra Kumar and other dignitaries highlighted how important such events are for
promoting the economic empowerment of people with disabilities. They also emphasized their commitment
to hygiene, social welfare, and community responsibility, reinforcing the importance of inclusion.
About Divya Kala Mela
Divya Kala Mela is an annual festival that showcases the talents of artists with disabilities. Organized by the
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, the mela aims to promote inclusivity and raise awareness
about the abilities of Divyang artists. It includes exhibitions, performances, and cultural activities, all aimed
at improving the livelihoods of artisans. The first mela was held in 2016, and since then, it has been
organized in various Indian cities. It symbolizes empowerment through art and entrepreneurship.
September 23, 2024
India, US Sign Agreement for Semiconductor Fabrication Plant
India and the United States have made a major agreement to create a semiconductor fabrication plant. This
partnership is a big step forward in their technology collaboration, with both countries viewing it as a
milestone. The project is important for areas like national security, telecommunications, and green energy
and has been praised by US President Joe Biden and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

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Overview of the Semiconductor Fabrication Plant
The plant, named “Shakti” (meaning power), will focus on making advanced semiconductors—special
materials used in electronics and critical technologies. These include types like infrared, gallium nitride, and
silicon carbide semiconductors. What makes this project unique is that it’s the first time the US Military is
partnering with India on such crucial technology.
Key Partnerships
This project is part of India’s Semiconductor Mission, which aims to boost India’s capabilities in this field.
The initiative involves key players such as Bharat Semi and 3rdiTech from India, working alongside the US
Space Force. Together, they will focus on creating advanced tools for sensing, communication, and power
electronics that can be used in both military and commercial settings.
Comparison to Previous Deals
Experts are comparing this new semiconductor agreement to the Indo-US civil nuclear deal because of its
significance. While past collaborations between India and the US mainly focused on assembling and testing
electronics, this new project takes things to the next level by actually making semiconductors. This is the
first true partnership in semiconductor fabrication between the two nations.
What this means for India
This partnership will put India among a small group of countries that can produce advanced
semiconductors on their own. Currently, India relies on imports for these critical materials, but with this
plant, India will reduce its dependence on other countries. This shift will strengthen India’s technology
supply chain, making the country a key player in the global semiconductor industry.
Economic and Security Benefits
The plant will not only meet India’s national security needs but also support commercial sectors like
railways, telecommunications, and data centers. Right now, India spends USD 1 billion a year importing
semiconductors, so this plant will help cut down that cost while boosting India’s position in the world of
technology.
This semiconductor plant marks the beginning of a new era in technology cooperation between India and
the US. It sets the stage for future advancements in semiconductor technology and opens the door for more
collaborations. This partnership will likely give both countries a stronger competitive edge in the global
market, especially in the fast-growing tech sector.
PM Vishwakarma Scheme
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently spoke to a group of artisans at an event celebrating the anniversary
of the PM Vishwakarma Yojana. The event took place at the Swavalambai ground in Wardha, where the
Prime Minister encouraged artisans to explore business opportunities and entrepreneurship.
What is the PM Vishwakarma Scheme?
The PM Vishwakarma Yojana is a government program aimed at improving the productivity and success of
people involved in traditional occupations like handicrafts and small-scale industries. Since its launch, the
scheme has helped more than 6.5 lakh (650,000) artisans by giving them modern machinery and toolkits to
improve their work.
Financial Aid and Support
One of the key benefits of the PM Vishwakarma Scheme is the financial help it provides. Artisans can get
loans up to 3 lakh rupees to support their businesses. Over the past year, loans worth 1,400 crore rupees
have been given out to help artisans, particularly those from Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST)
communities.
New Schemes Announced
At the same event, two new programs were introduced by the Government of Maharashtra to help boost skill

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development and support artisans:
Acharya Chanakya Skill Development Center: This center will provide free skill development training for
young people, helping them learn new trades and improve their job prospects.
Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Holkar Women Startup Scheme: This initiative aims to help women start businesses
and become self-reliant, promoting women-led startups.
These new schemes are designed to further support artisans and encourage more people to become
entrepreneurs.
About the PM Vishwakarma Scheme
Launched in September 2023, the PM Vishwakarma Scheme aims to support traditional artisans and
craftspeople across India. The scheme focuses on providing:
Skill enhancement to improve their crafts
Financial support through loans
Market access to sell their products more easily
The scheme aims to benefit over 1 crore artisans across India, while also preserving India’s cultural
heritage by supporting traditional crafts. It includes creating Vishwakarma Kendras where artisans can
access training and resources. Additionally, it encourages artisans to use digital platforms to showcase and
sell their products, and promotes sustainable practices to ensure long-term livelihood opportunities for
artisans.
Kumar Tuhin Appointed Ambassador of India to Netherlands
Kumar Tuhin has been appointed as India’s Ambassador to the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Ministry of
External Affairs recently announced this, and Tuhin is expected to take on his new role soon.
Professional Background
Tuhin is part of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), joining in 1991. He is currently the Director General at the
Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). Throughout his career, he has held various important roles in
India and abroad.
Career Journey
Tuhin started his diplomatic career at India’s mission in Hong Kong from 1993 to 1995. He later worked in
Beijing at the Indian Embassy from 1995 to 1999, focusing on political matters. From 1999 to 2002, Tuhin
was part of India’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva. He served in Hanoi, Vietnam
between 2005 and 2009, and was the Deputy Consul General in San Francisco from 2009 to 2012.
Leadership Roles
Since December 2021, Tuhin has been leading the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). He was the
Ambassador to Hungary from November 2018 to November 2021 and the High Commissioner to Namibia
between June 2015 and October 2018.
Contributions to India’s Ministry of External Affairs
In New Delhi, Tuhin worked as Deputy Secretary/Director, focusing on China and East Asia from 2002 to
2005. He also led the Development Partnership Administration between 2012 and 2015, contributing to
India’s foreign aid and development projects.
Educational Background
Before joining the Indian Foreign Service, Tuhin earned a degree in mechanical engineering and initially
worked in the Indian Railways. He later transitioned into a career in diplomacy with the Indian Foreign
Service. This new position as Ambassador to the Netherlands highlights his broad experience and
leadership in international relations.
Union Cabinet Approves Next Generation Launch Vehicle
The Union Cabinet of India, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved the development of the Next

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Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV). This decision is a big step for India’s space exploration goals and sets
the stage for future projects, like building the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (Indian Space Station) and a
crewed mission to the Moon by 2040.
What is the NGLV?
The NGLV is a new, advanced rocket system that will improve India’s ability to launch missions into space.
It is a key part of India’s plan to expand its space program and take on larger, more complex space projects
in the future.
Payload Capacity
One of the most important features of the NGLV is its ability to carry a much heavier load into space. It can
carry up to 30 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is three times more than what India’s current LVM3
rocket can handle. This makes it possible for India to launch bigger satellites and more ambitious space
missions.
Cost Efficiency
Even though the NGLV can carry a lot more into space, it will only cost 50% more than the LVM3. This is
important because it makes the NGLV a cost-effective solution for India’s long-term space missions.
Reusability Features
A big innovation in the NGLV is its reusability. This means that parts of the rocket can be used again after a
mission, which reduces costs. By reusing parts, it becomes cheaper to launch missions into space, making
space exploration more affordable in the future.
Green Propulsion Technology
The NGLV will also use green propulsion systems, which are designed to be environmentally friendly. This is
in line with the global movement toward more sustainable space practices. By using cleaner technologies,
India is showing its commitment to responsible space exploration.
Future Space Missions
The NGLV will play a key role in many future space missions, including those that will carry humans into
space. It will also support missions with heavier payloads that are important for building the Indian Space
Station and exploring the Moon. These missions are part of India’s broader goals during the Amrit Kaal
period, which focuses on national development.
About India’s Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)
India’s Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) is designed by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)
to improve reliability and carry heavier satellites into space. It will feature reusable parts and is expected to
have its first flight around 2025. With a modular design, the NGLV can be quickly adjusted for different
missions, making it an important tool for India’s growing role in the commercial space industry. The use of
indigenous materials also highlights India’s focus on self-reliance in space technology.
Amazon Faces Severe Drought and Record Wildfires in 2024
In 2023, the Amazon region faced one of its worst droughts ever, leading to a significant drop in water
levels in major rivers like the Solimoes. By September 2024, the water level in the Madeira River in Porto
Velho dropped to just 48 cm, compared to the normal level of 332 cm. This drastic change caused the
Brazilian government to declare state of emergency in six cities.
How the Drought Affected Biodiversity and Communities
The drought has had a serious impact on both the wildlife and the people living in the Amazon. Many
communities depend on rivers for transportation, especially the Indigenous and riverine populations. With
rivers drying up, it has become difficult to travel, cutting people off from important supplies like food, fuel,
and medicine. The Amazon region, which is home to around 47 million people, relies heavily on its rivers for
daily life, making this situation especially difficult.

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Record-Breaking Wildfires
The drought also caused a surge in wildfires. In July 2023, there were about 11,500 fires, but this number
shot up to 38,000 in August 2023—the highest level of fires in two decades. These fires have released large
amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, reaching the highest levels of carbon emissions since 2005. This
has worsened the environmental crisis.
What Caused the Drought?
The drought is mainly due to climate change and the El Niño weather pattern, which reduces rainfall.
Another factor is the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), which controls rain in the region. Warmer ocean
temperatures in the tropical Atlantic Ocean have pushed the ITCZ further north, resulting in less rainfall in
the Amazon.
The Amazon has experienced more frequent and intense droughts over the years. Major droughts occurred
in 2005, 2010, and 2015-2016. In the past 25 years, there have been four severe droughts, showing a
troubling pattern of more frequent dry spells.
Long-Term Effects of the Drought
This ongoing drought could have serious long-term effects. Drier conditions lead to more trees dying, which
reduces the forest’s ability to absorb carbon. It also increases the risk of wildfires. Although the full
consequences of the drought are not yet clear, it is likely to have a lasting impact on the environment and
the people who depend on the Amazon for their livelihoods.
Kaziranga Sees 86% Drop in Rhino Poaching Since 2016
Kaziranga National Park in Assam has achieved a remarkable 86% reduction in rhino poaching since 2016.
This success was highlighted by Assam’s Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma during World Rhino Day,
showing that ongoing efforts to protect the one-horned rhinoceros are paying off.
Why was Poaching a Big Problem?
Between 2000 and 2021, poachers killed 190 rhinos in Assam. The main reason for poaching is the illegal
trade of rhino horns, which are highly valued in traditional medicine and as status symbols in some parts of
the world. Protecting the one-horned rhino is not just about saving an animal—it’s essential for preserving
Assam’s biodiversity.
Government’s Commitment to Rhino Protection
The Indian government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has made protecting the one-horned rhino a
key priority. When the “double-engine government” (referring to the strong state and central government
partnership) took office in 2016, they introduced more focused conservation strategies to safeguard these
animals.
What Conservation Steps Have Been Taken?
Several actions have been put in place since 2016 to ensure the safety and survival of rhinos:
Increased Protection: New anti-poaching camps were set up, and a special protection force was created to
guard the rhinos.
Expanded Habitat: Efforts were made to increase the rhinos’ natural habitat, giving them more space to
thrive.
The “Kaziranga model” of conservation has gained global recognition for its success in protecting rhinos.
Anti-poaching camps are established every 5.82 square kilometers, with 233 camps across the park. These
camps are staffed with dedicated personnel who work to keep poachers at bay.
How the Local Community Helps
Local communities play an important role in protecting rhinos. The government has involved these
communities in the conservation process and thanked them for their help. This has strengthened the bond
between the people and wildlife protection efforts.

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Current Rhino Population
According to the 2022 census, there are now over 2,850 one-horned rhinos in Assam. Kaziranga alone is
home to 2,613 of them, which is a clear sign that the protective measures and community involvement are
working well.
About Kaziranga National Park
Kaziranga National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Assam, India. It’s known for having the world’s
largest population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros. Covering an area of over 430 square kilometers, the
park features a range of ecosystems, from grasslands and marshlands to dense forests. Established in
1905 to protect rhinos, the park is also home to more than 300 bird species and endangered animals like
the Bengal tiger and Asian elephant. Its success in wildlife conservation is largely due to effective anti-
poaching measures and community support.
India Signs Agreements for Clean and Fair Economy in IPEF
India recently signed important agreements under the US-led Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for
Prosperity (IPEF). These agreements aim to build a cleaner and fairer economy. They were formalized
during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the United States and are designed to speed up clean energy
projects and improve economic transparency between member countries.
Key Goals of the Agreements
The agreements focus on several important areas such as Developing and using clean energy technologies,
Strengthening anti-corruption efforts, and Improving tax transparency among the countries involved.
Clean Economy Initiatives
The clean economy part of the IPEF is all about Securing energy and cutting down greenhouse gas
emissions, Encouraging new ideas to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Promoting technical cooperation
between the countries, helping them share knowledge and resources to achieve clean energy goals.
Fair Economy Agreements
The fair economy side of the agreements aims to create:
A transparent and predictable business environment where rules are clear and fair for everyone.
Better information sharing between countries to improve economic cooperation.
Stronger systems to help with asset recovery and to make it easier to investigate cross-border
financial crimes.
Financial Support for IPEF Initiatives
To support these efforts, the IPEF includes:
The IPEF Catalytic Capital Fund, which helps encourage private companies to invest. This fund
started with $33 million from member countries.
The PGI Investment Accelerator, which received $300 million from the US International Development
Finance Corporation to help speed up investments in clean energy and other projects.
Concerns and Criticism
While the agreements have many positives, there are some concerns. Experts like Ajay Srivastava have
raised issues such as:
The lack of transparency during the negotiations, making it difficult for some countries to fully
understand the terms.
The non-derogation clause, which could limit India’s ability to change its own rules for important
infrastructure projects.
The risk that international standards India adopts through IPEF may not always align with its national
interests.

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Strategic Importance of the IPEF
The IPEF involves 14 countries and focuses on four key areas Trade, Supply chain resilience, Clean
economy, and Fair economy. India’s participation highlights its dedication to being part of a regional
partnership that plays a big role in the global economy. The framework helps India work more closely with
other countries, promoting stronger economic ties and cooperation.
About the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF)
The IPEF was launched in May 2022 and includes 14 countries, representing about 40% of the global
economy. It focuses on areas like trade, clean energy, and digital technologies. Unlike traditional trade
agreements, the IPEF allows countries to make flexible commitments, helping them cooperate on things like
labor standards and environmental issues without strict trade rules. The U.S. also sees the IPEF as a way to
counter China’s growing influence and to strengthen economic stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
Anura Kumara Dissanayake Elected Sri Lanka's New President
Anura Kumara Dissanayake recently became the President of Sri Lanka, securing 42.31% of the votes in the
election. His victory marks a break from the traditional political leadership in the country, reflecting the
frustration many Sri Lankans feel towards the established political elite, especially during a time of
economic hardship.
Early Life and Background
Anura was born on November 24, 1968, in Galewela, a rural area of Sri Lanka. His modest upbringing in the
countryside gave him a strong connection to the challenges faced by rural communities. Unlike many
politicians from wealthier, urban backgrounds, Anura’s experiences with rural struggles shaped his political
views and aspirations.
Political Activism and the JVP
Anura’s political career began in the early 1990s when he joined the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), a
left-wing political party in Sri Lanka. The JVP is known for its Marxist-Leninist ideology and a history of
violent uprisings. However, under Anura’s leadership, the JVP shifted its focus from radical activism to
participating in democratic politics, prioritizing peaceful reforms and governance.
Leadership and Transformation
Anura became a Member of Parliament (MP) in 2000, and by 2014, he had taken over the leadership of the
JVP. His leadership helped transform the party from its militant past into a more mainstream political
organization. The JVP began to focus on economic issues that impacted the rural working class, such as
inflation and mismanagement by traditional political parties. His rise coincided with a growing
dissatisfaction among the public, who were fed up with high living costs and economic instability.
Electoral Victory and Its Importance
Anura’s election as President is significant for both his journey and Sri Lanka’s political landscape. This is
the first time in decades that a Marxist party will lead the country. His victory reflects the public’s desire for
change, particularly around issues of corruption and economic reform. The JVP’s anti-corruption stance and
focus on helping ordinary citizens have made them popular with people who feel left behind by previous
governments.
Public Concerns and Future Challenges
Despite the optimism surrounding Anura’s presidency, there are concerns about how well the JVP can
handle governing a country. Some critics worry that the party’s history of militant activity and strict internal
structure may make it difficult for them to fully adapt to democratic processes. How the JVP will balance its
traditional values with modern governance will be an important test for Anura’s leadership.
In the past, the JVP had tense relations with neighboring India, particularly in the 1980s. Anura, who once
had a strong anti-Indian stance, has since softened his approach. As President, he is working towards more

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balanced and cooperative international relations, indicating a possible shift in Sri Lanka’s foreign policy
under his leadership.
Kerala Tops 2024 State Food Safety Index
For the second year in a row, Kerala has secured the top spot in the 2024 State Food Safety Index (SFSI).
This achievement reinforces Kerala’s commitment to maintaining high standards in food safety across
India. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) released the rankings during the Global
Food Regulators Summit 2024.
Overview of the Rankings
Following Kerala, Tamil Nadu ranked second, and Jammu and Kashmir ranked third. Gujarat, which had held
the top position in 2021, slipped to fourth place this year. These changes show that food safety
performance in India varies yearly as states work to improve their systems.
What is the State Food Safety Index (SFSI)?
The SFSI was launched in 2019 to evaluate how well states and union territories are doing in food safety.
The index looks at five key areas:
Human Resources and Institutional Data – This looks at how well-equipped the state is in terms of
manpower and food safety institutions.
Compliance – How well the state follows food safety regulations.
Food Testing Infrastructure and Surveillance – The quality of labs and how well the state monitors food
safety.
Training and Capacity Building – The efforts to train food handlers and improve knowledge about food
safety.
Consumer Empowerment – Raising awareness among the public about food safety.
Kerala’s Achievements in Food Safety
Kerala’s consistent performance is the result of several key actions:
Exceeding inspection targets – The state conducted more food safety inspections than required.
Improving food testing infrastructure – Better laboratories and equipment have helped ensure accurate
testing.
Increasing licensed food operators – Through targeted drives, the state increased the number of
businesses operating with the correct food safety licenses.
Recognition and Impact
The FSSAI report specifically praised Kerala for not just meeting but surpassing its food safety inspection
goals for 2023-24. By improving food safety infrastructure and running effective consumer awareness
campaigns, Kerala has set a high standard for other states.
Government Initiatives in Kerala
Kerala’s Health Minister, Veena George, highlighted several important initiatives that helped Kerala achieve
this success:
Regular food safety inspections
Collecting food samples for testing
Taking legal action against businesses that don’t follow food safety rules
Accrediting laboratories to improve testing standards
Training food handlers and educating the public about food safety
These combined efforts have put Kerala at the forefront of food safety in India.
About the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
FSSAI was established in 2006 under the Food Safety and Standards Act to ensure that the food people eat
is safe and of good quality. The authority sets rules for food labeling and packaging and enforces standards

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for food additives and contamination. FSSAI’s logo, which includes the letters “FSSAI,” shows that a product
complies with food safety regulations. The organization also runs training programs on food safety and
works with international bodies like Codex Alimentarius. FSSAI’s headquarters are located in Delhi.
September 24, 2024
Nagar Van Yojana Surpasses Target with 111 Urban Forests
The Nagar Van Yojana (NVY) was launched by the Government of India in 2020 to increase the amount of
greenery in cities. Within the first 100 days of this new initiative, the government aimed to create 100 urban
forests, called Nagar Vans. This target was exceeded, with 111 Nagar Vans approved across 6 states and 1
union territory.
Purpose of Nagar Van Yojana
The main goal of NVY is to improve the quality of life in cities by creating more green spaces. These urban
forests will provide areas for relaxation, education, and environmental benefits. They also aim to help fight
climate change by improving air quality and reducing the effects of rising temperatures in urban areas.
Financial Support and Size
The government is providing Rs. 4 lakh per hectare to help create and maintain these Nagar Vans. Each
forest will cover an area between 10 to 50 hectares, depending on the size of the city. Cities with Municipal
Corporations, Municipalities, and Urban Local Bodies will be part of the program.
Focus on Biodiversity
NVY focuses on improving biodiversity by planting a variety of trees, including fruit-bearing, medicinal, and
native species. This will help attract wildlife and create a balanced environment within the city. These urban
forests will not only be places of greenery but also havens for different forms of life.
Community Participation
The involvement of the community is a key part of the Nagar Van Yojana. People are encouraged to
participate in tree-planting events and educational programs. Each urban forest must have at least two-
thirds of its area covered with trees. By engaging the public, the initiative hopes to build a strong connection
between people and their local environment.
Components of Nagar Vans
Each Nagar Van will have multiple features to serve different purposes. These may include:
Biodiversity Parks to protect various plant and animal species.
Smriti Vans, where trees are planted in memory of loved ones.
Butterfly Conservatories to attract and protect butterflies.
Herbal Gardens to grow medicinal plants.
Matri Vans, which are planted under the “Ek Ped Ma Ke Naam” (A Tree in Mother’s Name) initiative.
Future Goals
By 2027, the government plans to create 1,000 Nagar Vans across India. This effort is supported by the
National Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA). The aim is to protect
urban forests and tackle important environmental issues like air pollution and habitat loss in cities.
Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003 - Recent Updates
In response to the increasing use of tobacco among young people, India’s Union Ministry of Education and
the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare have issued important guidelines to make educational institutions
tobacco-free. This initiative, which is tied to the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003,
aims to protect children and teenagers from becoming addicted to tobacco.
Current Situation
According to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2019, about 8.5% of school students aged 13 to 15 in
India use tobacco. Even more concerning, over 5,500 children start using tobacco every day, and 55% of
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people who use tobacco for their whole lives start before the age of 20. This shows how urgent it is to take
action to stop these trends.
Objectives of the ToFEI Manual
The Tobacco-Free Educational Institution (ToFEI) manual has a few key goals:
Raise awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco on health among students, teachers, and staff.
Provide information on how to quit tobacco use.
Create a healthy, tobacco-free environment in schools and colleges.
Make sure educational institutions follow the laws about tobacco use, especially regarding minors and the
sale of tobacco near schools.
The government has asked all schools, colleges, and universities to use the ToFEI manual as a guide. The
manual will help create a tobacco-free culture in both public and private educational institutions.
Collaborative Efforts
To make this plan successful, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare will
work together with officials in states and districts. This joint effort will help reduce tobacco use among
young people and protect public health.
This initiative shows how committed the Indian government is to stopping the use of tobacco among youth.
By raising awareness and putting stronger rules in place, they hope to secure a healthier future for the next
generation.
About Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA)
The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) was created in India in 2003 to regulate the use of
tobacco. It makes smoking in public places illegal and bans advertising tobacco products. It also requires
health warnings to cover at least 85% of tobacco packaging. The Act prohibits the sale of tobacco to minors
and within 100 yards of schools. State governments are responsible for enforcing these rules. The law is
updated from time to time to strengthen regulations, and public health campaigns often focus on helping
people quit smoking and understanding its health risks.
Union Ministry Launches 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' App"
On October 10, 2023, Union Minister Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia launched the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ app at
a press conference in New Delhi. This app aims to promote environmental conservation while celebrating
the bond between mothers and their children.
What is the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ App?
Originally launched in 2020 by the Madhya Pradesh government, the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ app encourages
people to plant trees in honor of their mothers. The app tracks the growth of trees and their locations,
helping to raise awareness about environmental issues. It plays a part in reforestation and fighting climate
change, connecting personal memories with nature, and improving community involvement in sustainable
practices.
Key Features of the App
Easy to Use: Users can quickly open the app by tapping its icon, which takes them to the home screen.
Simple Registration: After clicking the upload button, users are asked to log in by providing their name and
some details.
Photo Upload: The app lets users take a photo of the tree they’ve planted using their phone’s camera.
Tree Information: After taking the photo, users can provide details about the tree, like its type, location, and
why it was planted.
Easy Image Submission: Users can either submit their photo or retake it, without losing any previous
information.
Location and Timestamp: The app automatically records where and when the tree was planted.

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Progress Tracking: Users are encouraged to upload pictures every 30 days to track how the tree is growing.
Carbon Credit Monitoring: The app tracks the carbon credits earned from planting trees, showing the
environmental impact of each contribution.
Social Media Sharing: Users can share their tree dedication on social media to spread the word and inspire
others to join.
The ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ app encourages people to make a positive environmental impact by planting
trees in honor of their mothers. It combines ecological conservation with personal celebration, making it a
meaningful way to contribute to a greener planet. The app can be downloaded from the official website and
will soon be available on the Google Play Store.
India Launches First Comprehensive Cancer Multi-Omics Data Portal
The Indian Cancer Genome Atlas (ICGA) has introduced India’s first multi-omics data portal. This new
platform allows researchers and doctors to access important data from Indian cancer patients. It
represents a major step forward in cancer research, helping to create treatments specifically for Indian
people.
What are the Challenges in Cancer Treatment?
In the past, cancer treatments in India were often based on research from Western countries. However,
cancers in Indian patients can be different from those studied in the West. This means that some
treatments may not be as effective because they don’t take into account the unique characteristics of
cancers found in Indian populations.
What is the Mission of ICGA?
The ICGA’s main goal is to collect detailed information about the genetic makeup and molecular
characteristics of cancers in Indian patients. This information can then help doctors and researchers create
better and more personalized treatment plans, specifically designed for Indian people.
Key Features of the Data Portal
This portal is the first of its kind in India that combines different types of molecular data, such as DNA, RNA,
and protein information, from breast cancer patients. It also includes data on how these patients responded
to their treatments, making it a valuable resource for future research.
The portal has now data from 50 breast cancer patients, but the ICGA plans to increase this number to over
500 patients in the next year. This will provide an even larger pool of information for researchers to study.
Impact on Cancer Research
The ICGA’s multi-omics data portal is expected to change the way cancer is studied in India. Providing more
detailed information about the disease can lead to breakthroughs in personalized medicine—treatments
specifically tailored to the needs of Indian cancer patients.
About the Indian Cancer Genome Atlas (ICGA)
The ICGA, started in 2020, aims to understand cancers in India through genomic studies. It focuses on
common cancers in India, like oral and breast cancer, and works with several research institutions. By
mapping genetic differences among Indian patients, ICGA helps researchers develop more targeted cancer
treatments and improve the understanding of how cancer works in different populations across India.
ADB Funds Rs 530 Crore for Tripura's Water Supply Upgrade
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) will provide Rs 530 crore in financial assistance to the government of
Tripura to improve drinking water supply across 12 cities. This project will benefit around 400,000 people,
helping to solve water issues for over 75,000 families. Tripura’s Chief Minister, Manik Saha, launched this
initiative under the ‘Mukhyamantri Nagar Unnayan Prakalp’ scheme. The project is expected to be
completed in the next three years.

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Key Details of the Scheme
Funding: The Asian Development Bank is providing the funds.
Total Budget: Rs 530 crore has been allocated for the project.
Timeline: The project is planned to be completed in three years.
Who Will Benefit: 75,000 families in these 12 cities will see improved water supply.
Cities Covered in the Project
The project will focus on the following 12 cities: Udaipur, Amarpur, Belonia, Melaghar, Bishramganj, Khowai,
Ranir Bazar, Mohanpur, Dharmanagar, Kailashahar, Kumarghat, Ambassa. Of these, seven (Udaipur, Belonia,
Bishramganj, Khowai, Dharmanagar, Kailashahar, Ambassa) are designated as district headquarters.
Infrastructure Improvements
As part of this project, several key infrastructure developments will take place:
Pipeline Installation: 305 km of new water pipelines will be installed to distribute water.
Tubewells: 25 deep tubewells will be constructed to provide water from underground sources.
Iron Removal Plants: 18 plants will be set up to remove excess iron from the water, improving its quality.
Water Treatment Plants: Four plants will be built to treat water and make it safe for drinking.
Water Reservoirs: 19 reservoirs will be constructed to store treated water.
After the current phase, the project will expand to cover eight more cities, including the Agartala Municipal
Corporation, as part of the next phase.
About the Asian Development Bank
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was founded in 1966 and is headquartered in Manila, Philippines. It has
68 member countries, with more than 40 from Asia. ADB’s goal is to reduce poverty and promote
sustainable development. It invests in many sectors, including infrastructure, health, and education. The
ADB also focuses on climate change resilience and gender equality. The current president is Masatsugu
Asakawa, appointed in 2020.
World Gorilla Day
World Gorilla Day, celebrated on September 24, reminds us of the importance of protecting gorillas, who are
our closest relatives after chimpanzees. This day calls on people to take action to help gorillas, guided by
international agreements like the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
In the past, gorillas have been misunderstood and shown negatively, especially in Western culture. One big
example of this is the 1933 movie King Kong, where gorillas were portrayed as violent and scary. But in
reality, gorillas are gentle creatures, similar to bonobos and smaller chimpanzees.
Where Did the Name ‘Gorilla’ Come From?
The word ‘gorilla’ was first used in 1847 by two people—Thomas Staughton Savage, a doctor, and Jeffries
Wyman, a naturalist. They studied a gorilla specimen in Liberia and gave it this name. The word ‘gorilla’ is
believed to come from stories told by Hanno, an ancient explorer who described “wild men” with hairy
bodies that he saw on the West African coast.
Hanno’s Journey
Hanno was a military commander from Carthage in the 5th century BC, who sailed along the West African
coast. In his writings, called the Periplus of Hanno, he talked about an island where he saw creatures called
‘gorillai’. Scholars today are unsure if Hanno was describing humans or gorillas, and the truth of his stories
is still debated.
Modern Interpretations and Concerns
Some researchers today think that Hanno’s “gorillai” might have been gorillas. However, there are concerns
about how these creatures were treated, raising questions about the way humans and animals were viewed
in the past, and how these old stories affect our views today.

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The Legacy of World Gorilla Day
World Gorilla Day encourages us to learn more about gorillas and work to protect them. It helps counter old
misconceptions and celebrates the true nature of these amazing, peaceful, and intelligent animals. Learning
about their history and cultural significance also gives us a deeper understanding of both gorillas and the
way humans have interacted with them over time.
Eastern Bridge VII Exercise
Exercise Eastern Bridge VII was a joint military exercise between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Royal Air
Force of Oman (RAFO). This important collaboration took place at the RAFO airbase in Masirah, Oman. The
exercise successfully concluded, strengthening the bond between India and Oman and improving their
military readiness.
Objective of the Exercise
The main purpose of Eastern Bridge VII was to enhance military cooperation between the two air forces. By
working together on complex air operations and tactical drills, both forces aimed to improve their ability to
work side by side. The exercise focused on helping the air forces develop their strategic and tactical skills
for different types of missions.
Participating Aircraft
The exercise involved a mix of aircraft from both countries:
Indian Air Force: MiG-29 and Jaguar
Royal Air Force of Oman: F-16 and Hawk
These aircraft allowed the two air forces to exchange tactics and learn different ways of operating in the air.
Training Missions
During the exercise, both forces practiced a variety of training missions, including:
Air-to-air combat drills: Simulating fights between aircraft to sharpen combat skills.
Coordinated operations: Working together to perform missions in a synchronized way.
Innovative mission scenarios: Testing new and creative approaches to military missions.
These drills helped both the IAF and RAFO become more adaptable and ready for different situations.
Commitment to Regional Peace
The successful completion of Exercise Eastern Bridge VII shows the strong commitment of India and Oman
to maintaining regional peace and security. Both nations demonstrated their readiness to address any
security challenges that may arise in the region.
About the Indian Air Force (IAF)
The Indian Air Force (IAF) was established in 1932 and is the fourth-largest air force in the world. It played
key roles in the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak wars and now operates more than 1,700 aircraft, including the
home-built Tejas fighter jet. The IAF is also known for its humanitarian missions and disaster relief efforts.
Its motto is “Nabham Sparsham Deeptham” (Touch the Sky with Glory).
About the Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO)
The Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO) was founded in 1959 and is one of the oldest air forces in the Middle
East. It operates a mix of helicopters, fighter jets, and transport aircraft, mainly from the UK. RAFO played
an important role in the Dhofar Rebellion in the 1960s and is involved in regional military operations. RAFO
places great emphasis on training and has partnerships with air forces from the UK and USA.
National Conclave on Gender Mainstreaming Held in New Delhi
The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) recently organized a National Conclave in New Delhi to focus on
Gender Mainstreaming. This event, held in collaboration with IWWAGE (Initiative for What Works to Advance
Women and Girls in the Economy), aimed to improve how gender issues are addressed in rural development
programs, especially within the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-

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NRLM).
Objective of the Conclave
The main goal of the conclave was to make rural programs more sensitive to gender issues. This means
creating community institutions supporting women’s empowerment and developing strategies integrating
gender considerations into rural projects.
Government’s Commitment
Shri Shailesh Kumar Singh, Secretary of Rural Development, emphasized the government’s commitment to
improving rural livelihoods by ensuring socio-economic inclusion. He stressed the importance of a ‘whole-
of-government approach’, meaning that different ministries must work together to achieve the best
outcomes.
Empowering Women
The former Secretary, Shri Nagendra Nath Sinha, highlighted how DAY-NRLM can play a key role in
addressing gender inequality and empowering women. He pointed out the need to raise awareness about
unpaid care work (such as household chores that women often do without pay) and to find solutions that
benefit women’s Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
Shri Charanjit Singh, Additional Secretary of Rural Development, spoke about ongoing efforts to strengthen
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and Village Organizations (VOs). He stressed the importance of providing better
legal and psychological support to women in these groups so that they can thrive.
Panel Discussions
The conclave included four-panel discussions that explored different ways to include gender considerations
in rural programs. The topics covered were:
Gender-responsive community institutions: Ensuring that community organizations support women’s rights
and gender equality.
Convergence pathways: Finding ways for different programs and policies to work together for better gender
outcomes.
Integration of gender in program design: Ensure gender issues are considered when developing new
programs.
Alliance and Advocacy: Working with other organizations to promote gender equality.
Participants
The event brought together a wide range of participants, including government officials, members of Self-
Help Groups (SHGs), gender experts, and representatives from civil society organizations. This diverse
group helped create a collaborative environment to discuss and promote gender mainstreaming in rural
programs.
The National Conclave was a step toward making rural development more inclusive by focusing on gender
equality and women’s empowerment.
ICMR Wins 2024 UN Inter-Agency Task Force Award
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has won the 2024 UN Inter-Agency Task Force Award for its
important work in fighting non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and improving mental health. This award
recognizes how ICMR’s efforts support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and its successful
actions in multiple sectors over the years.
What are Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)?
Non-communicable diseases are health conditions that are not spread from person to person. They include
illnesses like:
Heart diseases (such as heart attacks and strokes)
Cancers

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Chronic respiratory diseases (such as asthma and chronic bronchitis)
Diabetes
These diseases are a major cause of sickness and death worldwide, creating a big strain on healthcare
systems. They also cost a lot of money to treat. This is why it’s so important to prevent and control them.
What Role Does ICMR Play?
ICMR has been very active in addressing NCDs in India. It focuses on:
Research: Studying these diseases to find better ways to treat and prevent them.
Policy advocacy: Working with the government to create health policies that reduce the spread and impact
of NCDs.
Health interventions: Creating programs to improve people’s health and lower the number of people
suffering from these diseases.
Key Initiatives by ICMR
Assistive Health Technology: ICMR has set up national centers to develop tools and technologies that help
people access better healthcare.
Sustainable Products: ICMR promotes environmentally friendly healthcare products, making healthcare
both effective and eco-friendly.
World’s Largest Assistive Technology Survey: ICMR conducted the biggest survey on assistive technology.
This survey helps create better health policies and practices to improve care for people who need
assistance.
Impact and Future Plans
The work ICMR is doing has a big impact on public health by raising awareness, improving access to
healthcare, and encouraging sustainable practices. The award from the UN shows how committed ICMR is
to improving global health and mental health in India.
About ICMR
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) was created in 1911, making it India’s oldest medical
research organization. Its headquarters is in New Delhi, and it works under the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare. ICMR oversees medical research in India, with a network of over 27 national laboratories. It was
very involved in India’s response to COVID-19, especially in approving vaccines. ICMR also does research in
traditional medicine, helping blend modern and traditional health practices.
September 25, 2024
Portable X-Ray Protection Barrier Developed by Indian Institute Collaboration
Researchers at Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST) and
Government Engineering College, Barton Hill (GECBH) have developed a portable X-ray protection barrier.
This device aims to enhance safety during X-ray-based histopathology, a process used to study tissue
samples for disease diagnosis.
Collaboration Overview
The project was a collaborative effort between the Biomedical Technology wing of SCTIMST and Hesper
Tech Pvt. Ltd., a startup from GECBH’s Technology Business Incubation Centre. M.Tech students from the
institutions were instrumental in creating the prototype of this safety device.
How the Device Works
The device is designed to protect healthcare workers from harmful radiation during X-ray examinations of
tissue samples. It significantly reduces radiation exposure levels, lowering them from several millihertz to
negligible microhertz. This reduction marks a considerable improvement in safety for those conducting
histopathology analysis.

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Testing and Results
The prototype was tested at the Government Medical College in Thiruvananthapuram. During these tests, a
Fluke 451P ion chamber survey meter measured radiation leakage. The results confirmed the device’s
effectiveness in minimizing radiation exposure, validating its protective function.
The research team from SCTIMST included Arun Anirudhan, Sabareeswaran A., Ramesh Babu V., and
Aneesh K. John. Vimal George and Viswanath S., founders of Hesper Tech Pvt. Ltd., also played crucial
roles in the development and testing of the barrier.
About Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), established in 1976, is a
premier institution in India specializing in biomedical technology and health research. It operates under the
Government of India and is known for its advanced research in fields like cardiovascular devices, diagnostic
tools, and rehabilitation technologies. The institute collaborates with various universities, offers Ph.D.
programs, and engages in community outreach. With international research partnerships, SCTIMST
continues to drive innovation in medical technology and healthcare.
Indian Army Set to Receive Apache Helicopters
The Indian Army is set to receive its first three AH-64E Apache attack helicopters from Boeing in December
2024, after a delay of more than six months caused by supply chain problems. The helicopters were
originally expected to be delivered between May and July, but the schedule was revised after discussions
between India and the U.S. to prioritize delivery.
Apache Helicopter Specifications
The Apache helicopters are designed mainly for operations in desert areas and are highly effective against
armored threats like tanks. However, they have limitations when used in high-altitude regions, such as
mountainous terrain. To address this, India has developed the indigenous Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) by
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. The LCH is better suited for high-altitude operations and is planned to be
deployed in Ladakh between 2024 and 2025.
Military Developments
In March, the Indian Army formed the 451 Aviation Squadron in Jodhpur to operate the new Apache
helicopters. This marks the Army’s second type of attack helicopter after the LCH. The new squadron is part
of the Army’s efforts to strengthen its aviation capabilities.
Procurement Agreements
India signed an $800 million deal with Boeing in 2020 to purchase six Apache helicopters. The agreement
also includes training for six Indian pilots and 24 technicians in the United States. The Army had previously
expressed interest in acquiring more Apaches, with a proposal for an additional 11 helicopters currently
under consideration.
Strategic Insights
A review led by the Chief of Defence Staff identified a need for 39 heavy attack helicopters across the
Indian armed forces. In response, the Defence Acquisition Council approved the procurement of 156 Light
Combat Helicopters (LCH) for an estimated total cost of ₹45,000 crore. This move highlights India’s focus
on expanding its attack helicopter fleet to meet its strategic needs.
Current Operational Fleet
Along with the LCH, the Indian Army operates 75 Rudra helicopters, which are armed versions of the
Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH). These helicopters, along with the Apaches and LCHs, will enhance the
Army’s ability to conduct operations across various terrains, from deserts to high-altitude regions,
significantly boosting its combat capabilities.

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National Conference on Digital Public Infrastructure

The Union Agriculture Ministry recently held a National Conference focused on implementing Digital Public
Infrastructure (DPI) as part of the Digital Agriculture Mission. This initiative seeks to use digital technology
to make agriculture more efficient and improve service delivery to farmers.
Purpose of the Conference
The conference aimed to strengthen cooperation between the Central Government and State Governments
in rolling out various components of the Digital Agriculture Mission. Key areas of focus included Agri Stack
(a digital platform for farmers), Krishi DSS (a Decision Support System for agriculture), and soil profile
mapping. The goal was to simplify processes and improve agricultural schemes for better service delivery.
Key Components Discussed
Farmer Registry: A digital system to collect and manage farmer information, making it easier for farmers to
access government services and benefits.
Special Central Assistance (SCA) Scheme: Financial support provided by the central government to help
states carry out agricultural reforms.
Digital Agriculture Initiatives: The introduction of technology in various agricultural areas to boost
productivity, sustainability, and ease of operations.
Presentations and Insights
Agriculture Secretary Devesh Chaturvedi discussed the vision of the Digital Agriculture Mission, aiming to
transform agriculture through the use of technology.
Manoj Joshi, Secretary of Land Resources, highlighted the importance of connecting land reforms with the
Farmers’ Registry to enhance data accuracy and service delivery.
Experts like Dr. Pramod Kumar Meherda, Varsha Joshi, and Sagar Mehra led discussions on how DPI can be
applied in animal husbandry and fisheries, showcasing its broad impact beyond traditional farming.
Significance of Guidelines and Handbooks
The release of the Guidelines for the Digital Agriculture Mission and the Farmer Registry Handbook marked
an important step towards establishing sustainable digital practices in agriculture. These resources
demonstrate the Government of India’s dedication to supporting state-level implementations and reforms
through clear, structured guidance.
The National Conference provided a crucial platform to discuss the technological and administrative
changes needed to successfully integrate digital solutions in agriculture. By aligning national initiatives with
state-level efforts, the conference aimed to drive improved outcomes in agriculture through enhanced
efficiency and better service delivery to farmers.
What is the Butterfly Effect?
The butterfly effect is a popular idea in chaos theory showing how tiny changes can lead to unpredictable
outcomes. Imagine a butterfly flapping its wings; this small action could eventually cause a chain of events
that might lead to something as significant as a faraway tornado. This concept emphasizes the idea that
small actions in complex systems can have far-reaching impacts.
Origins of the Butterfly Effect
The concept of the butterfly effect comes from the work of Edward Lorenz, an American mathematician and
meteorologist. Lorenz was one of the first to use computers to model weather patterns. Before him,
scientists like Henri Poincaré and Norbert Wiener had noted that the atmosphere is inherently unstable and
sensitive to minor changes. Lorenz’s work took these ideas further by demonstrating how these small
changes could create wildly different outcomes.
What is Chaos Theory?
Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics that studies complex systems that seem random but are governed

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
by precise rules. These systems are highly sensitive to their starting conditions, meaning even the smallest
differences at the beginning can lead to vastly different results. Lorenz’s computer models highlighted this
by showing that tiny adjustments in weather data could drastically change weather predictions,
emphasizing how delicate chaotic systems can be.
Key Observations by Lorenz
In 1961, Lorenz conducted a groundbreaking experiment that demonstrated the butterfly effect. He was
running weather simulations on a computer and made a small change to an input number, rounding it from
0.506127 to 0.506. This tiny alteration led to completely different weather forecasts two months later,
proving how sensitive weather models are to initial conditions.
The Butterfly Effect Beyond Weather
The butterfly effect is not just about weather; it has implications in many fields, including economics,
biology, and even social sciences. In economics, small changes in consumer behavior can impact global
markets. In biology, tiny genetic mutations can lead to significant evolutionary changes. Quantum chaos is
a modern area of research that explores how the butterfly effect applies at the quantum level, expanding its
relevance beyond classical chaos theory.
The Broader Impact of the Butterfly Effect
The butterfly effect suggests that small actions can have massive consequences, illustrating the sensitivity
of complex systems. This idea challenges the notion of determinism, emphasizing the unpredictability
inherent in many natural and human-made systems. The butterfly effect is widely recognized in popular
culture, often appearing in literature, films, and discussions about how seemingly minor events can lead to
significant, often unexpected outcomes.
Bihar Government Approves Culling of Nilgai and Wild Boars
The Bihar government has approved the culling of Nilgai (also known as blue bulls) and wild boars to reduce
the significant crop damage caused by these animals. This decision aims to help farmers who are
struggling with repeated losses due to the destruction of their crops.
Impact on Agriculture
Farmers in Bihar have reported severe crop damage caused by Nilgai and wild boars. These animals often
raid fields, eating or trampling crops, which results in major financial losses for the farmers. The
government’s decision to allow culling is an attempt to protect agricultural production and the livelihoods of
the farming community.
Where will the Culling Happen?
The culling operation will start in five districts where the crop damage has been most severe: East
Champaran, Vaishali, Buxar, Siwan, and Samastipur. By focusing on these areas, the government hopes to
reduce the impact of these animals on agriculture.
How will the Culling Be Carried Out?
According to Prem Kumar, the Minister for Forest, Environment, and Climate Change, all culling activities
will follow strict rules and guidelines. Officials, including the Superintendent of Police and District
Agriculture Officer, will coordinate efforts to ensure the culling is carried out properly and safely.
Financial Support for Affected Farmers
To help farmers impacted by Nilgai and wild boars, the Agriculture Department will cover the costs of the
culling process. Additionally, the Forest Department will provide compensation to farmers for crop losses,
offering ₹50,000 per hectare of damaged land. This support is aimed at easing the financial burden on
farmers who have suffered significant losses due to these animals.
Estimated Animal Population
It is estimated that there are about 300,000 Nilgai and 67,000 wild boars in the affected areas. The high

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 Current Affairs Articles Compilation [PDF] - September, 2024
numbers of these animals have led to overpopulation, contributing to extensive crop damage. The culling is
intended to reduce their populations to more manageable levels, helping to restore balance and protect
agriculture in the region.
10th Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Conference
The Indian Parliament will host the 10th Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) India Region
Conference in New Delhi. This two-day event reflects the commitment of Commonwealth countries to
improving legislative practices and strengthening democracy.
Leadership of the Conference
Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla, who also serves as the Chairperson of the CPA India Region, will chair the
conference. His leadership will steer discussions on key legislative issues, ensuring productive dialogue
among participants.
Participants in the Conference
The conference will bring together a diverse group of representatives, including:
46 Presiding Officers
4 Chairmen
25 Speakers
3 Deputy Chairmen
14 Deputy Speakers
These participants come from various States and Union Territories in India. Key administrative officials,
such as Principal Secretaries and Secretaries, will also attend, adding their expertise to the discussions.
Before the main conference, there will be an Executive Committee meeting of the CPA India Region. This
meeting will set the stage for the main discussions, helping to shape the conference agenda.
Conference Theme
This year’s theme is “The Role of Legislative Bodies in the Attainment of Sustainable and Inclusive
Development.” Discussions will focus on how parliaments and legislative assemblies can play a crucial role
in achieving broader societal goals, such as sustainable growth and inclusive development.
Background of CPA India Region
The CPA India Region was established in 2004, evolving from the former CPA Asia Region. It includes 31
member branches, comprising the Indian Parliament and 30 State and Union Territory legislatures. This
network of legislative bodies fosters cooperation and dialogue among members.
This is the second time New Delhi has hosted the CPA India Region Conference, highlighting the city’s
importance as a center for parliamentary dialogue and collaboration among Commonwealth nations.
About the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA)
The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) was established in 1911 to promote cooperation
among legislative bodies across Commonwealth countries. It includes 54 member nations with diverse
political systems. The CPA’s headquarters are in London, and it operates through eight regional branches.
The association organizes a biennial conference to share best practices in governance, democracy, and
legislative work. It also emphasizes gender equality, encouraging the participation of women in politics and
supporting democratic values and human rights across member nations.
Indian Navy Hosts Goa Maritime Symposium 2024
The Indian Navy host the fifth edition of the Goa Maritime Symposium (GMS-24) at the Naval War College in
Goa from September 23 to 24, 2024. The symposium is focused on strengthening cooperation and security
among countries in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
Overview of the Goa Maritime Symposium (GMS)
The Goa Maritime Symposium began in 2016 as an annual event organized by the Indian Navy. It promotes

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dialogue on key maritime issues, including security, regional cooperation, and maritime trade. Experts from
various countries discuss topics like the impact of climate change on oceans and threats such as piracy.
Over the years, the symposium has grown in importance, helping to strengthen India’s strategic partnerships
and maritime security efforts in the Indian Ocean Region.
Theme of GMS-24
The theme for GMS-24 is “Common Maritime Security Challenges in the Indian Ocean Region.” The
symposium will focus on addressing threats such as Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing,
along with other illegal activities that threaten maritime safety and security.
Goals of the Symposium
The main aim of the symposium is to enhance cooperation among participating nations to tackle common
security challenges. By working together, these countries hope to make the Indian Ocean safer and more
secure.
Participating Nations
Representatives from 14 countries will attend the symposium, including Bangladesh, Comoros, Indonesia,
Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Myanmar, Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania,
and Thailand.
This wide range of participants highlights the importance of regional collaboration in addressing shared
maritime security concerns.
About the Indian Navy
The Indian Navy, established in 1950, is one of the largest naval forces in the world. Its first aircraft carrier,
INS Vikrant, was commissioned in 1961. The navy’s motto, “Sam No Varunah,” means “May the Lord of
Water be auspicious to us.” The Indian Navy operates over 150 ships and submarines, focusing on ensuring
maritime security and conducting humanitarian missions. It played a significant role in the Indo-Pakistani
War of 1971 and has a special forces unit called MARCOS (Marine Commandos).
'Dust-Free Delhi' Drive
In response to rising air pollution in Delhi, Lieutenant Governor V K Saxena has launched the ‘Dust-free
Delhi’ initiative. This effort aims to reduce pollution levels, especially before the winter season when the air
quality usually worsens.
Main Causes of Air Pollution in Delhi
One of the biggest causes of air pollution in Delhi is road dust. Dry weather and the lack of rain make this
problem worse, as dust from dried mud and silt on the roads gets blown into the air, degrading air quality.
Agencies Involved
Three key agencies will work on this initiative:
Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)
Public Works Department (PWD)
Delhi Jal Board (DJB)
These agencies will focus on removing and properly disposing of mud and silt from the roads to reduce
dust in the air.
Coordination Between Agencies
For better results, the MCD, Irrigation and Flood Control Department (IFCD), and DJB will work closely
together. This collaboration is crucial for effectively using resources and strategies to tackle road dust.
High-level Oversight and Monitoring
A high-level task force led by P K Mishra, the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, has also been set up
to assess Delhi’s readiness to combat air pollution. The task force will monitor current actions against
various pollution sources, such as stubble burning from farms and vehicle emissions.

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Comprehensive Plan for Managing Pollution
The task force will review measures against different sources of pollution, including:
Stubble Burning: Burning of leftover crops, mainly paddy stubble, which adds to the smog.
Vehicle Emissions: Pollution from cars, trucks, and other vehicles on the road.
Construction Dust: Dust from building sites that pollutes the air.
Solid Waste: Burning of garbage and other waste that releases harmful smoke.
Diesel Generators: Emissions from generators that are often used during power outages.
The goal is to create a unified and effective strategy to improve Delhi’s air quality and reduce health risks
related to pollution. This coordinated approach aims to make Delhi a cleaner and healthier city, especially
during the upcoming winter months when pollution levels typically spike.
Majority of Atrocities Against Scheduled Castes From 13 States
A recent government report has revealed that a large number of atrocities against Scheduled Castes (SCs)
and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are concentrated in 13 states in India. The report shows that 97.7% of cases
against SCs and 98.91% of cases against STs came from these states, highlighting a serious issue of
violence and discrimination.
Atrocities Against Scheduled Castes (SCs)
In 2022, there were a total of 51,656 reported cases of atrocities against SCs. Most of these cases were
concentrated in three states:
Uttar Pradesh: 12,287 cases (23.78% of the total)
Rajasthan: 8,651 cases (16.75% of the total)
Madhya Pradesh: 7,732 cases (14.97% of the total)
These three states alone accounted for more than half of all reported cases against SCs, reflecting a
significant regional problem.
Atrocities Against Scheduled Tribes (STs)
A similar pattern was observed for atrocities against STs, with 98.91% of cases coming from the same 13
states. This shows a widespread problem of violence and discrimination against these marginalized
communities in specific regions.
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act
The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act was created to protect SCs and
STs from violence and discrimination. Despite this law, the high number of reported cases indicates a gap
in enforcement and compliance. This suggests that, while legal protections exist, they are not effectively
preventing atrocities against these communities.
The data points to a critical need for stronger protective measures and greater awareness in the affected
states. To ensure the safety and dignity of SCs and STs, it is essential to address the root causes of these
atrocities, such as deep-rooted social biases and lack of law enforcement.
About Scheduled Castes (SCs)
Scheduled Castes are officially recognized groups in India that benefit from affirmative action to help them
overcome social and economic disadvantages. SCs make up about 16.6% of India’s population. Although
the term “Dalit” is often used to refer to SCs, it has a broader social meaning. The first official list of
Scheduled Castes was created in 1935. SCs are entitled to reservations in education, government jobs, and
legislatures to address historical discrimination. However, they still face significant social stigma and
challenges. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who was himself an SC, played a key role in drafting India’s Constitution and
fought tirelessly for the rights of marginalized communities. The term “untouchable” was officially
abolished in India, but its social impact continues to affect SCs.

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About Scheduled Tribes (STs)
Scheduled Tribes are indigenous communities recognized in the Indian Constitution for special protection
due to their unique cultural identities and historical marginalization. STs represent about 8.6% of India’s
population. They often live in remote, rural areas and face challenges like displacement from traditional
lands, lack of access to education, and economic disadvantages. Government programs provide
reservations in education and jobs to help uplift ST communities, but the continued high rates of violence
highlight ongoing issues that need urgent attention.
India's First CO2-to-Methanol Pilot Plant in Pune
India has taken a major step towards combating climate change with the development of its first CO2-to-
methanol pilot plant, focusing on Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) technologies. This initiative reflects
India’s dedication to sustainable practices and reducing carbon emissions.
Project Overview
The pilot plant is located at Thermax Limited in Pune, Maharashtra, and can process 1.4 tonnes of CO2 per
day. This plant is one of the first of its kind in India, aiming to capture carbon dioxide and convert it into
methanol, a useful chemical. The project showcases India’s pioneering efforts in carbon reduction
technology.
Key Stakeholders
This project is a joint effort between the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi and Thermax Limited,
funded as a Public-Private Partnership (PPP). The involvement of both academic and industrial partners
highlights the collaborative approach to tackling carbon emissions. The Department of Science and
Technology (DST) has shown strong support, with officials attending the foundation ceremony to back the
project.
Financial Aspects
The pilot plant costs an estimated ₹31 crore (approximately USD 3.7 million), funded by the DST under the
Ministry of Science and Technology. This investment represents India’s commitment to developing home-
grown technologies for carbon capture and sustainable solutions.
Significance of the Initiative
Abhay Karandikar, Secretary of the DST, emphasized that the pilot plant serves as a transformative platform
for advancing India’s own carbon capture technologies. This project not only aims to reduce carbon
emissions but also supports the development of innovative solutions that can be scaled up in the future.
Alignment with National Goals
The initiative aligns with India’s Panchamrit target, announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the COP
26 climate summit. The Panchamrit framework outlines India’s goals to cut carbon emissions and promote
sustainable development. By investing in technologies like CO2-to-methanol conversion, India is actively
working towards these climate commitments and setting an example for carbon management.
This project is a significant milestone in India’s efforts to mitigate climate change, demonstrating the
country’s proactive stance on environmental protection and technological innovation.
September 26, 2024
Who is Harini Amarasuriya, the new Sri Lankan Prime Minister?
Sri Lankan President Anura Kumar Dissanayake appointed Dr. Harini Amarasuriya as the country’s Prime
Minister, making her the first woman in 24 years to hold this position since Sirimavo Bandaranaike in 2000.
She is only the third woman to ever serve as Prime Minister in Sri Lanka’s history.
Significance of the Appointment
Dr. Harini ‘s appointment is important for several reasons:
Multiple Roles: She holds key government positions, including responsibilities for Justice, Education, and
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Health, making her one of the most influential leaders in the country.
Rare Female Leadership: She is only the third woman to become Prime Minister out of the 16 people who
have held this position in Sri Lanka’s history.
Political Shift: Her rise to power represents a shift toward more gender and ethnic inclusivity in Sri Lankan
politics, breaking traditional barriers.
Background of Dr. Harini Amarasuriya
Personal Life: Born in March 1970 in Galle, Sri Lanka, Dr. Harini is the youngest of three children. Her family
went through economic struggles after the government nationalized many industries.
Education: She studied Sociology at Delhi University and earned a Master’s degree from Macquarie
University. She later completed her Ph.D. at the University of Edinburgh.
Professional Career: Dr. Harini worked as a social health officer before entering politics. She also led the
Humanities and Social Sciences department at the Open University of Sri Lanka.
Her Political Journey
Entering Politics: Dr. Harini joined full-time politics in 2021 after years of being an academic and activist.
Political Party: She is a member of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), a political party that was once
associated with militant actions but has since moved toward a more reformist and democratic image.
Advocacy and Beliefs
Women’s Rights: Dr. Harini is a strong advocate for women’s rights and has been critical of the toxic and
exclusionary political culture in Sri Lanka, pushing for more gender equality.
Ethnic Inclusivity: Growing up among Tamil neighbors has shaped her belief in the need to address ethnic
inequalities. She is particularly focused on helping Tamil women who were affected by Sri Lanka’s civil war.
Impact on Sri Lankan Politics
Dr. Harini’s leadership could mark a turning point for Sri Lanka. Her position as Prime Minister could lead to
more efforts at reconciliation with the Tamil minority and bring about a more inclusive government that
seeks to improve the lives of all Sri Lankans. Her rise in politics also highlights a positive move towards
gender equality and better representation in the country’s political landscape.
India State of Forest Report (ISFR)2023, Report
The release of the India State of Forest Report (ISFR), which provides a detailed account of the country’s
forest cover, has been delayed for over a year. This delay has led to speculation, particularly among forestry
officials. The ISFR is published by the Forest Survey of India (FSI), an organization under the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). Since its first edition in 1991, the ISFR has been an
important publication, coming out every two years.
What is the ISFR?
The ISFR gives a clear picture of the state of forests in India. It has been published every two years since
1991, making it a key source of data for government officials, environmentalists, and researchers. This
report helps shape policies and understand India’s forests’ health.
Why is the ISFR 2023 Delayed?
This is only the second time the report’s release has been delayed, with the first delay happening in 2007.
Some forestry officials believe the delay could be due to a significant decline in forest cover, which might
explain why the government is hesitant to publish the report. The last report came out in 2021.
What did the Previous Report Show?
The 2021 ISFR showed that India had a forest cover of 713,789 square kilometers, which was a small
increase from the 2019 report. However, some officials have raised concerns about how forests are
classified, suggesting that some data might give a misleading picture of the actual forest conditions.

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Changes in Forest Laws
Recently, amendments were made to the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, now renamed the Van
(Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 2023. These changes could allow certain areas of forest that
are not officially recorded to be used for development projects. This has alarmed environmentalists and
retired forest officials, who believe it could lead to further environmental damage.
Legal Oversight
In February 2024, the Supreme Court ordered the MoEFCC to publish State Expert Committee (SEC) reports
online. This was done to ensure transparency in how forests are classified, following earlier court rulings
like the 1996 TN Godavarman case, which emphasized the protection of forests.
Deforestation in India
According to Global Forest Watch, India has experienced a large loss of tree cover between 2001 and 2023.
About 95% of this loss happened in natural forests, casting doubt on claims that India’s overall forest cover
is increasing. Activists believe that the data on forest cover growth may not tell the whole story.
Government’s Response
Bhupender Yadav, the MoEFCC minister, acknowledged that some forest areas have been lost to
development projects but also pointed to successful compensatory afforestation efforts (planting new trees
to replace lost ones) between 2013 and 2023. Despite this, questions remain about the accuracy of the
data, especially since it relies on satellite imagery, which can sometimes be misleading.
Issues with Forest Data
When looking at forest data from past ISFR reports, there have been inconsistencies, particularly in the
classification of unclassified forests. For example, states like Odisha and Goa have shown big changes in
reported forest cover, which makes people skeptical about the data’s reliability.
CAG of India, Murmu Elected as ASOSAI 2024-2027 Chairman
Girish Chandra Murmu, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, has been appointed as the chair
of the Asian Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions (ASOSAI) for the 2024-2027 term. This is important
because it places India in a key position in leading public auditing across Asia.
What is ASOSAI?
ASOSAI is a group of 48 Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) from across Asia. It focuses on improving how
governments audit public spending and ensures transparency and accountability. The 16th ASOSAI
Assembly gathered over 200 delegates from 42 countries, including heads of 22 SAIs, to discuss
cooperation and better governance practices.
Key Meetings and Discussions
Before the main assembly, several important meetings took place:
ASOSAI Grant Committee reviewed funds for projects.
Strategic Planning Discussions to ensure ASOSAI’s goals for 2022-2027 are on track.
Capacity Development Initiatives to help member countries improve their auditing skills.
New Working Groups
During the assembly, they proposed forming three new working groups:
State-Owned Enterprises Audits (led by SAI Malaysia)
IT Audit and Data Analytics (led by SAI India)
Regional and Municipal Audits (led by SAI Russia)
These groups will focus on specific areas to improve audits and help ensure financial transparency across
the region.
Governance and Future Plans
The 60th ASOSAI Governing Board Meeting approved important reports, including:

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A mid-term review of the Strategic Plan 2022-2027.
The outcomes of the Bangkok Declaration 2021, which focuses on making auditing more effective.
New collaborations and regulatory reforms were introduced to improve how audits are done.
These developments in ASOSAI show a strong commitment to improving public governance across Asia by
making audits more transparent and reliable. This helps ensure that governments are held accountable for
how they spend public money.
About the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)
The CAG of India was established in 1860 and operates under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution. The
CAG’s main job is to audit government spending at both the central and state levels to ensure
accountability. The President of India appoints the CAG for a six-year term, and its reports are submitted to
the Parliament and state legislatures. The CAG plays a crucial role in making sure that public money is used
properly.
About Girish Chandra Murmu
G.C. Murmu was born on November 21, 1959, in Betnoti village, located in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
He comes from a Santal family. He has a Master’s degree in Political Science from Utkal University and an
MBA from the University of Birmingham. Murmu served as the 14th Comptroller and Auditor General of India
and was also the external auditor for the Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Women In Space Leadership Programme Launched By DST
The Department of Science and Technology (DST), in partnership with the British Council, has launched the
Women in Space Leadership Programme (WiSLP) as part of the UK-India Education and Research Initiative
(UKIERI). This programme is designed to encourage more women to take leadership roles in the field of
space sciences and aims to create a more inclusive environment for women in scientific research and
innovation.
What is the Aim of WiSLP?
The main goal of the WiSLP is to create a framework that helps women become leaders in space sciences.
By supporting women in scientific research, it hopes to break down barriers and make the space sector
more gender-inclusive.
Coventry University is a key partner in the programme, helping to put the plan into action. The university is
responsible for implementing activities and reaching out to participants.
Expert Opinions
Experts involved in the programme have highlighted its importance:
Vandana Singh, who leads the WISE-KIRAN division at DST, believes that the programme will
empower women and give them the tools they need to succeed in space sciences.
Michael Houlgate from the British Council emphasized the importance of collaboration between
countries to solve global challenges. He also highlighted the need to increase the number of women
in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).
Who is the Programme For?
The programme is aimed at 250 early-career researchers, focusing on helping them overcome gender
biases and create a strong network of support in the scientific community.
Workshops will be conducted as part of the programme, where academics and policymakers will discuss
ways to promote gender equality in space sciences, both within India and internationally. These discussions
will help shape policies and practices that support women in the field.
Future Goals
One of the long-term goals of the initiative is to build sustainable mentoring networks that will continue to
support women in space sciences. Additionally, it seeks to bring more gender perspectives into key areas

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like astrophysics and telecommunications, enhancing innovation by considering diverse viewpoints. Experts
like Prof. Annapurni Subramaniyam encourage more women to get involved in space science early in their
careers, as it is a rapidly growing field with opportunities in various disciplines.
India, Australia Trade Ministers Discuss Free Trade Agreement Progress
Trade ministers from India and Australia recently met to assess the progress of their discussions toward a
comprehensive free trade agreement. This meeting comes nearly 20 months after the launch of the
Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA), which has already played a big role in improving trade
between the two countries.
Significance of the ECTA
The ECTA has made a significant impact on trade between India and Australia, especially for Australia.
Australian exports to India reached $30 billion, largely thanks to the lower tariffs (taxes on imported goods).
One area that benefited the most was Australian agriculture, where exports to India grew by 60%, reaching
$1.6 billion. This shows how the agreement has strengthened economic ties between the two nations.
Trade Goals
During the meeting, India’s Piyush Goyal and Australia’s Don Farrell shared their goal of increasing trade
between the two countries to $100 billion by 2030. This ambitious target reflects their commitment to
building even stronger trade relations through ongoing negotiations.
The trade agreement has led to lower tariffs, meaning imported goods from India are now cheaper for
Australian consumers. It’s estimated that Australian consumers have saved around $225 million because of
these reduced tariffs, demonstrating how the agreement has created benefits for everyday people in both
countries.
Main Discussion
During their meeting, the ministers focused on:
Reviewing the implementation of the ECTA.
Discussing progress on a more comprehensive trade deal known as the Comprehensive Economic
Cooperation Agreement (CECA).
Addressing issues related to the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Exploring opportunities within the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework—a regional trade initiative that
both India and Australia are part of.
What are Australia’s Agricultural Interests?
Australia has expressed a desire to further reduce or eliminate tariffs on key agricultural products it exports
to India, such as chickpeas and wine. However, India has been more cautious, especially when it comes to
dairy products, which are sensitive to Indian markets. Despite these differences, both countries have shown
a willingness to negotiate and find common ground.
Both ministers were optimistic about the future of their trade talks. They are committed to ensuring that any
future trade agreements will be balanced, benefiting both countries while addressing public concerns. The
hope is that the next deal will build on the successes of the ECTA, further strengthening economic ties
between India and Australia.
India Surpasses Japan, Ranks Third in Asia Power Index
India has risen to third place in the Asia Power Index, according to the Lowy Institute, reflecting its strong
economic recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic. This rise has allowed India to surpass Japan, highlighting
its growing role in regional power.
What is the Asia Power Index?
The Asia Power Index measures the influence and power of 27 countries in Asia and the Pacific region. It
looks at several factors like military strength, economic resources, diplomatic influence, and cultural impact

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to determine each country’s overall power. Countries included in this ranking range from Pakistan to the
Pacific Islands.
Current Rankings in the Asia Power Index
Here are the top six countries and their scores in the Asia Power Index:
United States – Score: 81.7
China – Score: 72.7
India – Score: 39.1
Japan – Score: 38.9
Australia – Score: 31.9
Russia – Score: 31.1
What Factors Led to India’s Rise?
India’s rise in the Asia Power Index is mainly due to a few key factors:
Economic Growth: India has recovered strongly from the pandemic, which improved its economic capability
score by 4.2 points.
Population and GDP: India has a large population and is experiencing strong economic growth. It is ranked
third in the world for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which measures the value of its economy.
Diplomatic Influence: India has increased its international presence through multilateral dialogues like the
Quad, which involves countries like Japan, Australia, and the United States. Even though India doesn’t have
formal military alliances, its strategic initiatives have boosted its influence.
While India has made significant progress, there is still room for improvement. The Lowy Institute notes that
India has not fully used its resources to maximize its global influence. This means India’s impact on the
world stage could grow even more if it better utilized its strengths.
India’s Leadership and Strategic Role
Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership, India has raised its international profile. The country
follows a non-aligned strategy, meaning it stays neutral in many global conflicts. This allows India to
carefully manage complex geopolitical issues while contributing to regional security.
DRDO, IIT Delhi Develops Advanced Light Weight Bullet Proof jackets
The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and IIT Delhi have worked together to create the
ABHED bulletproof jacket. This jacket offers advanced protection for soldiers and security personnel facing
high-risk situations. The Ministry of Defence has announced this as an important step forward in developing
personal armour technology.
What is the ABHED Bulletproof Jacket?
The ABHED jacket is specially designed to give 360-degree protection to the wearer. This means it can
protect all around the body. Despite providing full protection, it is made from lightweight materials, making
it easier to wear for long periods. The jacket meets the strict requirements of the Indian Army while being
lighter than the maximum allowed weight. The jacket weighs between 8.2 kgs and 9.5 kgs, depending on the
protection level as set by the Bureau of India Standards (BIS).
Materials and Design
The jacket is made from advanced polymers and boron carbide ceramics, materials that are both strong and
light. It features a modular design, meaning it has separate pieces of armour for the front and back. The
development of this jacket involved testing materials at high-stress levels, and the team used computer
simulations to improve the design.
Collaboration and Production
This jacket is a result of the DRDO Industry Academia Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE), established in 2022.
Through this collaboration, Indian companies have been chosen to produce the jackets. Three companies

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are ready to start manufacturing the jacket, with the DRDO transferring the technology to them.
Importance of the ABHED Jacket
Dr. Samir V Kamat, the Secretary of Defence R&D and Chairman of DRDO, said that the ABHED jacket
represents the success of collaboration between defence research, universities, and industry. This
teamwork has helped advance military technology in India.
Financial Growth of Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL)
In addition to the progress made by DRDO, Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL), a key player in India’s defence
industry, has reported impressive growth. The company’s gross revenue more than doubled, reaching over
₹2,000 crores for the first time. This success highlights GSL’s expanding role in the country’s defence
sector.
Future Plans for GSL
With an order book of ₹18,562 crores and several ongoing projects, including advanced ships for the Indian
Navy and Coast Guard, GSL is set for continued growth. The company’s financial success and large orders
indicate a strong future for this important defence manufacturer.
"Ocean-24" Russia and China Massive Naval Exercises
Russia and China have started a large-scale naval exercise called “Ocean-24” in the Sea of Japan. This
military collaboration is a clear sign of closer ties between the two nations and could indicate shifts in
global power and alliances.
Size of the Naval Drills
The “Ocean-24” exercises from September 10 to 16, 2024, and are considered the biggest in the last 30
years. Here are the key details about the forces involved:
400+ warships (including submarines and support vessels).
120+ aircraft, such as planes and helicopters.
About 90,000 military personnel.
These operations are not limited to the Sea of Japan but also cover the Pacific, Arctic, Mediterranean,
Caspian, and Baltic Seas.
Strengthening the Russia-China Military Alliance
China’s participation in “Ocean-24” shows the growing military partnership between Russia and China. By
working together in this large exercise, they are demonstrating their ability to coordinate complex military
operations.
Strategic Objectives of the Exercises
The drills aim to achieve several important goals, as outlined by Russian Defence Minister Andrei Belousov:
Defending against large-scale attacks at sea.
Dealing with threats from unmanned (drone) ships and aerial systems.
Protecting naval bases and important installations.
Carrying out amphibious operations (landings from sea to land).
Safeguarding transport ships and ensuring their safe passage across seas.
Global Implications
These joint exercises between Russia and China send a message to Western nations about their combined
military strength. It highlights their ability to work together on large-scale operations across multiple seas,
which could impact how global alliances and security strategies are shaped in the future.
World Free Zones Organisation (World FZO) Congress
The 10th annual World Free Zones Organisation (World FZO) Congress was held from September 23rd to
25th at the Madinat Jumeirah in Dubai. This important event brings together leaders and experts from free
zones, logistics, and global trade.

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Thematic Focus of the Congress
The main theme of the congress is “Zones and the Shifting Global Economic Structures – Unlocking New
Investment Avenues.” This theme looks at how the world economy is changing and what that means for free
zones, which are special areas designed to encourage trade and investment.
Objective of the Congress
The primary goal of the congress is to explore recent trends, new technologies, and innovations that are
affecting free zones. It provides a space for people to share ideas and discuss the challenges faced by the
industry.
Key Participants
The congress features over 35 prominent speakers, including industry experts and decision-makers from
around the world. These participants are all involved in free zones and related sectors, making it a great
opportunity for networking and learning.
India’s Participation
India has a significant role in the Congress, with several Indian companies and free zones taking part. This
participation allows Indian businesses to connect with international partners and discover new investment
opportunities.
Srikanth Badiga, who is the Chairman of the Export Promotion Council for EOUs and SEZs, represents India
at the congress. His presence shows India’s commitment to engaging with global changes that affect free
trade zones.
About the World Free Zones Organisation
The World Free Zones Organisation (WFZO) was established in 2014 and is based in Dubai. It promotes free
zones globally to enhance trade and investment. The WFZO brings together over 300 members from
different sectors and countries. Free zones provide benefits like tax incentives, customs advantages, and
regulatory exemptions, which can encourage innovation and business growth. The WFZO also helps share
knowledge and best practices among free zone operators. Its annual conference allows industry leaders to
discuss current trends and policies, improving global trade connections.
Mankidia Community Granted Habitat Rights in Odisha Forests
The Mankidia community in Odisha has been granted habitat rights, making them the sixth Particularly
Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) to receive this recognition under the Forest Rights Act, 2006. This important
legal recognition allows the Mankidia to access and manage their traditional forest areas, which were
previously limited due to their PVTG status.
Overview of the Mankidia Community
The Mankidia are a semi-nomadic tribe, meaning they move around to find resources rather than staying in
one place permanently. They are well-known for their skills in rope-making and have traditional practices
that include trapping and eating monkeys. Historically, the Mankidia have depended on forest resources for
their livelihood and cultural practices. With this new recognition, they now have legal rights to their
ancestral lands, affirming their connection to these areas.
Importance of Habitat Rights
The habitat rights granted under Section 2(h) of the Forest Rights Act define an area that includes not just
the community’s traditional habitat but also some parts of reserved and protected forests. This formal
recognition lifts previous restrictions, allowing the Mankidia to engage freely in their traditional activities,
such as gathering food and crafting materials.
Legislative Framework
The Forest Rights Act, which was passed in 2006, aims to correct historical wrongs faced by tribal
communities in India. It provides a framework for recognizing the rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes

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and other traditional forest dwellers to their ancestral lands, ensuring that they can maintain their lifestyles
and cultural practices.
Progress in Odisha
The Mankidia are the second PVTG in Odisha to receive habitat rights, following the Paudi Bhuyan
community, which gained recognition earlier in 2024. This process has also led to approvals for other
PVTGs in the state, including the Juang, Saora, Chuktia Bhunjia, and Hill Khadia communities. This progress
makes Odisha a leader in implementing habitat rights for tribal communities in India.
Current Status of Other PVTGs
While the Mankidia and other communities have secured their habitat rights, claims from additional PVTGs
in Odisha are still being reviewed. In contrast, other states in India have granted habitat rights to fewer tribal
communities, showing that Odisha is taking a more progressive approach to supporting these vulnerable
groups.
More About the Mankidia Community
The Mankidia community, mainly residing in Odisha, is a small and marginalized tribal group with a unique
lifestyle. They traditionally engage in hunting, gathering, and activities related to the forest. The Mankidia
speak a dialect of the Kui language and are classified as a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG). Their
traditional diet primarily consists of forest products, and they have faced significant challenges from
deforestation and land encroachments. Efforts are ongoing to preserve their culture, but their population is
dwindling, which highlights the urgent need for sustainable development to protect their way of life.
"Pact for the Future"
World leaders have officially adopted the “Pact for the Future,” which is an important agreement aimed at
promoting global peace, sustainability, and inclusivity for future generations. This declaration is designed to
address the pressing issues that the world faces today and ensure a better tomorrow for everyone.
Key Components of the Pact
The Pact includes two main parts:
Global Digital Compact: This framework aims to make the digital world more accessible, secure, and fair for
everyone. It recognizes that as technology becomes more integrated into our lives, it is crucial to ensure
that all people can benefit from it equally.
Declaration on Future Generations: This document focuses on making commitments to protect the rights
and opportunities of future generations. It stresses the importance of taking action now to ensure that
children and grandchildren can have a better life and access to resources.
Consensus and Controversies
The Pact was adopted by a consensus among the 193-member Assembly, which means that most countries
agreed on it, although there was some last-minute opposition from a few nations. Countries like Russia,
Iran, the DPRK (North Korea), and Syria proposed changes to the Pact. They wanted to stress the
importance of not interfering in other countries matters and limit the influence of non-governmental
organizations and private businesses on global issues. However, these proposals for changes were
ultimately not accepted.
Significance of the Pact
The adoption of the Pact for the Future represents a united effort by world leaders to create a safer and
fairer future for all. It emphasizes the importance of working together and involving different groups of
people in solving global problems. The Pact shows a commitment to collaborative governance, meaning
that different nations and organizations will work together to address the challenges the world faces.
September 27, 2024

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One In Three Children Affected By Myopia Surge

A recent study revealed that one in three children around the world now has short-sightedness, also known
as myopia. This condition makes it difficult for children to see things clearly that are far away. The main
reasons for this increase are more time spent looking at screens and less time spent outdoors, especially
during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Pandemic’s Impact
The COVID-19 pandemic changed the way many children lived. Because of lockdowns, children had to stay
indoors more and spend more time on devices like phones, computers, and TVs for school and
entertainment. This led to less outdoor physical activity, which is important for healthy eyes. As a result,
myopia cases have gone up significantly. The study, published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology,
shows that myopia cases have tripled worldwide since 1990.
Global Statistics
Researchers collected data from over five million children in 50 countries and found that myopia rates vary
across regions. In Asia, the problem is particularly serious, with 85% of children in Japan and 73% in South
Korea affected. In contrast, countries like Paraguay and Uganda have much lower rates, with only 1% of
children affected. In the UK, Ireland, and the US, around 15% of children are dealing with myopia.
Age and Development
Myopia usually starts during elementary or primary school and gets worse until a child’s eye stops growing,
which happens around the age of 20. Environmental factors play a big role in this, especially in places like
East Asia, where children spend a lot of time looking at screens or reading books. This can increase the risk
of developing myopia.
Experts believe that by 2050, more than half of the world’s teenagers might have myopia. The study also
suggests that girls and young women may be more likely to develop myopia because they tend to spend
less time outdoors during their school years.
How can we prevent myopia?
To help prevent myopia, researchers recommend that children spend at least two hours a day outdoors,
especially when they are between the ages of seven and nine. Being outside and exposed to natural light is
beneficial for eye health.
What is myopia?
Myopia, or nearsightedness, affects more than 30% of the global population. It usually starts in childhood
and can get worse during the teenage years. Myopia happens when the eyeball becomes too long or the
cornea (the front part of the eye) curves too much, making it hard to see things clearly from a distance.
Having myopia can increase the risk of other serious eye problems, like retinal detachment and glaucoma.
There are treatments available, such as wearing glasses or contact lenses. Newer treatments like
orthokeratology (special lenses worn overnight to reshape the eye) can also help. Additionally, spending
more time in natural light may help slow the progression of myopia. Genetics can play a role too—if a child’s
parents have myopia, they are more likely to develop it.
PM Modi Launches Three PARAM Rudra Supercomputers in India
Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently inaugurated three PARAM Rudra supercomputers and a High-
Performance Computing (HPC) system. These advancements are important steps for India’s technological
progress, made possible through the National Supercomputing Mission.
What is the National Supercomputing Mission?
The National Supercomputing Mission, which began in 2015, aims to increase India’s ability to handle
complex calculations and support advanced scientific research. This mission is designed to boost various
sectors like information technology (IT), manufacturing, and startups. The launch of these supercomputers

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is the result of years of effort under this mission.
Supercomputers Overview
The three PARAM Rudra supercomputers have been installed in Pune, Delhi, and Kolkata. Together, they
cost ₹130 crore to develop. These supercomputers will help India perform more scientific research and
create new innovations.
High-Performance Computing System
The HPC system, which was developed with ₹850 crore, will be used mainly for weather and climate
research. It will improve the ability of institutions like IITM (Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology) and
NCMRWF (National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting) to predict and understand weather
patterns. This will help with disaster management and ensuring public safety.
Benefits of Advanced Computing
Prime Minister Modi emphasized that technology should benefit everyone, especially the underprivileged.
The new supercomputers and HPC system will allow for better predictions of severe weather events like
floods or cyclones, which can save lives and reduce damage. This will help improve disaster response and
protect communities.
Future Aspirations in Science and Technology
Prime Minister Modi also talked about future projects. One of the most exciting is Mission Gaganyan, which
aims to send Indians to space and eventually have an Indian space station by 2035. He also stressed the
importance of creating a semiconductor ecosystem so India can play a larger role in the global technology
supply chain.
Research Applications
The PARAM Rudra supercomputers will support research in many areas, including:
GMRT in Pune: This facility will focus on astronomy and study things like Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs).
IUAC in Delhi: Research here will advance material science and atomic physics.
S.N. Bose Centre in Kolkata: This center will study physics, cosmology, and earth sciences.
The launch of the PARAM Rudra supercomputers and the HPC system is a major achievement for India’s
science and technology sector. These tools will help foster innovation, improve research, and ensure that
technology is used to benefit everyone, especially the common people.
Karnataka Government Rejects Kasturirangan Committee Report
The Karnataka government has decided to reject the Kasturirangan committee report, which was created to
protect important ecological areas (ESAs) in the Western Ghats. Despite earlier indications that the report
might be reviewed, the government, after a Cabinet meeting, decided not to implement its
recommendations.
Kasturirangan Committee Report
The Kasturirangan Committee was set up in 2012 to help create a National Wildlife Action Plan. Its main
focus was to identify ecologically sensitive areas in the Western Ghats and suggest ways to protect
biodiversity. The committee stressed the importance of involving local communities in environmental
management, seeking a balance between development and conservation. The report sparked debates about
land use and environmental policies in India, especially regarding how to manage wildlife and ecosystems
sustainably.
Political Opposition
Many politicians and local representatives from districts like Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi
strongly oppose the report. They are concerned that following its recommendations could harm the
livelihoods of people living in these areas. Local communities worry that the restrictions could limit their
ability to carry out activities like farming or building, which are essential for their daily lives.

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Government Response
The Karnataka Cabinet, led by Law and Parliamentary Affairs Minister H.K. Patil, rejected the report, partly
due to political pressure. The previous government, led by the BJP and Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai,
also opposed the report. This shows that both past and present governments have resisted implementing
the recommendations.
By rejecting the Kasturirangan report, there are now questions about how the government will protect the
Western Ghats in the future. The decision highlights the challenge of balancing environmental protection
with the needs of local communities. It shows how difficult it can be to implement environmental policies
when there is strong local opposition.
Telangana Launches ‘Darshini’ Scheme for Educational Student Tours
The Telangana government has launched a program called ‘Telangana Darshini’ to give students
educational experiences outside their regular classrooms. This program, led by the Youth Advancement,
Tourism, and Culture Department (T&PMU), encourages students to go on educational tours around
Telangana to learn in a hands-on, immersive way.
What is the goal of this program?
Telangana Darshini’s main goal is to help students engage with Telangana’s rich cultural heritage, historical
sites, and scientific institutions. It aims to make learning more meaningful by allowing students to explore
important landmarks and understand the state’s history and culture better.
Target Audience and Age Groups
The program is designed for students from Class 2 up to university level, and the trips are adjusted based
on their age:
Classes 2-4: Short, one-day trips to nearby heritage sites, parks, and monuments.
Classes 5-8: Day trips that cover areas within 20-30 kilometers.
Classes 9 to Intermediate: Longer, two-day trips that cover up to 50-70 kilometers.
University students: Four-day tours to locations outside their home districts.
Funding and Costs
The Telangana government has set aside ₹12.10 crore for this program, which will cover travel,
accommodation, and meals. The cost of trips depends on their length:
A one-day trip costs around ₹300 per student.
A four-day trip costs about ₹4,000 per student.
Who will participate?
The program plans to include 100,000 students this year, ensuring that students from all types of schools,
including residential schools and youth tourism clubs, can take part.
Coordination and Safety Measures
A committee of nodal officers from different government departments will handle the detailed planning of
the tours, including logistics like transportation and routes. The Telangana Tourism Development
Corporation (TSTDC) will coordinate the program, and local authorities like district collectors and the police
will ensure the safety and supervision of the students during the tours.
‘Telangana Darshini’ is a valuable program that emphasizes hands-on learning for students. By focusing on
Telangana’s cultural heritage and making sure students from all backgrounds can participate, the initiative
promotes both education and inclusivity across the state.
India to host the World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA)
India will host the World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA) from 14th to 24th October
2024. This is a major event, and it will be the first time it is held in Asia. The Department of
Telecommunications (DoT) has started Outreach Sessions across big cities to help students learn more

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about telecom standards and innovations by connecting them with industry experts.
What is WTSA 2024?
WTSA is an important global conference held every four years, organized by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU). More than 190 countries participate in the event. WTSA sets the global
rules for telecommunication standards, which are crucial for current technologies like 5G and upcoming
ones like 6G. By hosting WTSA 2024, India shows how it is becoming more influential in the world of
telecommunications.
What are the Outreach Sessions?
Outreach Sessions have been organized in cities like Delhi, Hyderabad, and Bengaluru, where more than 500
students took part. In these sessions, experts from ITU, universities, and the telecom industry explain why
telecom standards are so important. These standards help different telecom systems work together
smoothly and support innovation worldwide.
Why are the Outreach Sessions important for students?
These sessions give students a deeper understanding of how telecom standards will shape India’s
leadership in this field. They also help students see how they can contribute to future advancements in
technologies like 5G and 6G.
What is the 5G-6G Hackathon?
After the outreach sessions, the DoT launched the 5G-6G Hackathon 2024. This competition encourages
participants from different sectors to come up with innovative ideas and solutions for India’s specific
needs. The goal is to create new 5G and 6G applications that will benefit the country.
WTSA 2024 Side Events
Along with the main WTSA event, several other activities will take place, such as:
ITU Kaleidoscope Conference
Exhibitions
Special programs promoting women in telecom
Discussions on how AI (Artificial Intelligence) can be used for good.
These events will add to the discussions and ensure a more inclusive approach in the telecom sector.
India Joins US-Led Minerals Security Finance Network
India has officially become part of the Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN), a group led by the United
States. This network was created to help countries work together to secure important minerals needed for
technology and clean energy. The announcement was made by the US State Department on September 23,
2024, during the United Nations General Assembly. The network now includes 14 countries and the
European Union.
What is the MSFN?
The MSFN is linked to the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), which was started by the US in 2022. India
joined the MSP in June 2023, showing its growing role in securing important minerals globally. The MSFN
focuses on reducing dependence on specific countries, especially China, for key minerals such as rare earth
elements, which are essential for clean energy technologies like electric vehicles and solar panels.
Why is the MSFN Important?
The network is designed to help countries reduce their reliance on a few sources for critical minerals, which
are needed to transition to clean energy. Since many of these minerals are controlled by just a few
countries, the MSFN helps nations work together to secure more reliable and sustainable supply chains.
This cooperation ensures that countries can access the minerals needed for clean energy projects and
technologies.

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Public and Private Sector Collaboration
The MSFN encourages Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) and Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) in
member countries to collaborate. By working together, they aim to create stronger supply chains for critical
minerals. This collaboration allows these organizations to combine their resources and make a bigger
impact than they would individually.
Addressing the Risks of Energy Transition
Jose W. Fernandez, the US Undersecretary of State, emphasized the need to increase the production of
critical minerals. He pointed out that relying on a few countries for these minerals poses risks, especially as
the world moves towards clean energy. The MSFN’s goal is to reduce these risks by building stronger, more
resilient supply chains.
About the MSFN
The Minerals Security Finance Network focuses on securing a steady and sustainable supply of minerals
that are crucial for clean energy technologies. These include minerals like lithium, cobalt, and rare earth
elements. The network encourages innovation in mineral processing and recycling and supports responsible
mining practices. It also works towards making mineral extraction more environmentally sustainable while
addressing geopolitical challenges that can disrupt the supply of these important resources.
By joining the MSFN, India is playing a key role in ensuring the world has access to the minerals needed for
future clean energy technologies and sustainable growth.
Global Aerospace Summit Begins in Abu Dhabi
The Global Aerospace Summit recently held its seventh edition in Abu Dhabi from September 25 to 26,
2024. This event is an important platform for people involved in the aerospace industry to come together
and discuss crucial topics such as sustainability, innovation, and involving young talent.
Main Themes of the Summit
The summit focused on several important themes, including:
Aerospace technology
Policy changes
Investment in the industry
One of the main areas of discussion was emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), electric
propulsion, and hydrogen-powered aircraft. These technologies are seen as vital to the future of aviation
and space travel.
Innovation through AI in Aerospace
During the summit, Rami El Samra, Vice President of Emirates, spoke about how AI could change aviation.
He explained that adopting AI could make airline operations more efficient and improve the customer
experience. He also reflected on how the aviation industry has evolved since Emirates was established in
1985.
Panel Discussions
The summit featured several panel discussions that covered a wide range of topics:
Space communication
Growing demand for air travel
Advanced aerial mobility (like new types of flying vehicles)
Trends in global business aviation, with a focus on sustainability and the potential for supersonic travel
(faster-than-sound flights).
Startup Engagement at VISTA
The summit also included VISTA, a special section for startups from around the world. Here, young and
innovative companies showcased their technologies to potential investors. These technologies ranged from

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cryptocurrency solutions to electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles, a new form of air travel.
Economic Growth and Future Prospects
The aerospace sector is growing rapidly, with the space economy expected to reach $1.8 trillion by 2035.
This growth is happening at an estimated rate of 9% per year, and it highlights Abu Dhabi’s role as a major
hub for the aerospace industry, contributing to economic growth in the region.
Summit’s Impact
Since its first edition in 2012, the Global Aerospace Summit has played an important role in bringing
together industry leaders, government officials, and academics. It has helped foster collaboration and
innovation in the global aerospace industry.
New Catfish Species Exostoma Sentiyonoae Discovered in Nagaland
A new species of catfish, called Exostoma sentiyonoae, has been discovered in the Dzuleke River in
Nagaland, India. This river is part of the Barak River system, and the discovery is important because it
shows how rich the region’s aquatic life is.
Publication Details
The discovery was published in the scientific journal Zootaxa by two researchers:
Bungdon Shangningam from the Zoological Survey of India.
Limatemjen from Kohima Science College.
The newly found fish is cataloged as holotype ZSI FF 9871 and measures 75.8 mm in length.
Characteristics of Exostoma sentiyonoae
This new catfish has unique features that make it different from other fish in the same genus. Some of its
special characteristics include:
Adipose fin (a small fin on the back) connected to its upper caudal-fin rays.
Tubercles (small bumps) on its dorsal fin spine.
A slender head.
A large distance between the dorsal fin and adipose fin.
Small eyes and a total of 41 vertebrae.
Taxonomic Distinctions
The researchers found differences between Exostoma sentiyonoae and similar species, such as:
Compared to E. berdmorei, it has a shorter dorsal-fin base, longer distance between dorsal and
adipose fins, and smaller eyes.
Compared to E. gaoligongense, it has a shorter distance between pectoral and pelvic fins, and smaller
eyes.
From species like E. effreni (in the Chao Phraya River), it differs by having a wider head and a deeper
caudal peduncle (tail area).
From E. peregrinator, it has a longer dorsal-adipose fin distance and a shorter anal-fin base.
This is the first time a member of the Exostoma genus has been found in the Dzuleke River. The discovery
shows that there could be many more undiscovered species in the area because of its rough terrain and
limited research on fish.
Future Research Directions
The researchers stress the need for more studies on Nagaland’s rivers. They suggest:
Doing more surveys to explore other possible fish species, including genetic studies.
Investigating how these species are distributed and how they interact with their environment.
Developing conservation plans to protect the unique species and biodiversity in the region.
The discovery of Exostoma sentiyonoae is an exciting step in understanding the diversity of fish in
Nagaland. It also contributes to the larger conservation efforts in important biodiversity regions like the

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Eastern Himalayas and Indo-Burma. More research is needed to uncover other fish species in these remote
areas.
September 30, 2024
Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP)
The Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) is a major effort between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh to
improve water management for drinking and farming. Recent talks led by Rajasthan Chief Minister Bhajan
Lal Sharma and Union Water Power Minister CR Paatil show that the project is moving forward, with key
issues being addressed, and an agreement is expected soon.
Project Overview
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) first announced the ERCP in 2017-18. Its main goal is to provide drinking
water and irrigation to 13 districts in eastern Rajasthan and the Malwa and Chambal regions in Madhya
Pradesh. This project is expected to help local communities and increase farming productivity.
Goals and Scope
The ERCP is set to:
Provide water for drinking and industrial use to 13 districts in Rajasthan and nearby areas in Madhya
Pradesh.
Irrigate around 5.6 lakh hectares of land in both states.
Add water to nearby tanks along the way.
Project Components
A key part of the project is the Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) ERCP Link, which is part of the
Government of India’s national river-linking initiative. The project involves:
Creating a Detailed Project Report (DPR) to outline its goals and needs.
Coordinating between the states to create an agreement on water sharing, cost management, and
project execution.
Future Developments
The DPR is still being prepared, and once it’s ready, it will help form the agreement between Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, and the Union Government. This agreement will cover:
The project’s work scope.
Water sharing details.
Financial responsibilities and expected benefits.
Plans for carrying out and managing the project in the Chambal region.
This collaboration aims to improve water access and promote sustainable development in the area.
India Becomes Third Largest Ethanol Producer and Consumer
India has recently become the third-largest producer and consumer of ethanol in the world. This change is
thanks to important policy changes made by the Indian government to encourage the use of biofuels and
improve energy sustainability.
Government Initiatives
The government has launched several programs to increase ethanol production, including financial support
for sugarcane farmers and manufacturers. These policies aim to make more ethanol available for blending
with fuels, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and support farmers in rural areas.
Industry Conference
In September 2024, the India Sugar & Bio-Energy Conference was held, organized by the Indian Sugar & Bio-
Energy Manufacturers Association (ISMA). This event gathered policymakers, industry leaders, and other
stakeholders to talk about the future of the sugar and bio-energy sectors.

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Conference Theme
This year’s conference theme, “Harmonising Sweet Sustainability: Navigating India’s Path to a Green
Economy,” focuses on developing sustainable practices in the sugar and bio-energy industries. It aims to
encourage teamwork and innovation in finding eco-friendly solutions.
Growth Opportunities
Through discussions at the conference and government policies, participants hope to find new growth
opportunities in ethanol production, improve supply chains, and promote sustainable farming practices that
fit with India’s green economy goals.
By focusing on ethanol, India is working to become a leader in the biofuels sector. This effort supports
energy security, environmental sustainability, and the agricultural economy.
What is Ethanol?
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a renewable biofuel made from plants. It is used in drinks and as a
solvent. Interestingly, ethanol has less energy than gasoline, providing only about 67% of the energy when
burned. During fermentation, yeast changes sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Ethanol has been used
as fuel since the 19th century and can also be produced from waste materials like agricultural byproducts
and organic waste.
New Zealand Scientists Discover Rare Ghost Shark Species
Scientists in New Zealand have discovered a new species of ghost shark, a rare fish that lives deep in the
Pacific Ocean. This discovery is important because it helps us learn more about marine species that are not
well-known.
What Are Ghost Sharks?
Ghost sharks, also called spookfish or chimeras, are unusual fish that are related to sharks and rays. They
have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone, and unlike most fish, they don’t have scales.
Where Was the New Species Found?
The new species, named the Australasian Narrow-nosed Spookfish (Harriota avia), was discovered in an
area called Chatham Rise, located east of New Zealand. Ghost sharks live in very deep waters, sometimes
as far down as 2,600 meters (1.6 miles), which makes them hard to study.
Importance of the Discovery
Dr. Brit Finucci, one of the researchers involved, said this discovery is important because ghost sharks are
difficult to find, and little is known about their biology or how many of them exist. Learning more about them
can help with conservation efforts to protect these rare creatures.
Naming the New Species
The name Harriota avia was chosen in honor of Dr. Finucci’s grandmother. It also highlights the ancient
history of chimeras, which are considered distant relatives of modern fish.
What makes this species different?
At first, scientists thought this ghost shark was part of a species that is found in many places. However,
genetic testing showed that Harriota avia is unique to the waters around Australia and New Zealand.
Understanding these genetic differences is important for protecting the species.
Studying ghost sharks is crucial for coming up with ways to protect them, especially since they live in such
deep and difficult-to-reach parts of the ocean. Knowing more about their population and health will help
scientists create plans to conserve them.
Scientists Discover New Mechanism for Protein Regulation in Cells
Scientists at the Biotechnology & Innovation Council — Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics
(BRIC-CDFD) in Hyderabad have discovered a new process involving the Wntless (WLS) protein, which is
crucial for the development of organs in animals with backbones (vertebrates). This discovery helps explain

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how proteins move inside cells.
The Role of Wntless (WLS)
WLS is a protein found in cell membranes and is important for releasing another protein called Wnt3a.
Wnt3a helps with signalling that guides the early stages of organism development. WLS ensures that
proteins go to the right places in the cell, helping organs like the intestines, lungs, inner ear, and eyes
develop properly.
Protein Recycling and Breakdown
Cells keep WLS levels in check by either recycling or breaking it down depending on what the cell needs.
The researchers found that when EYA proteins are missing, WLS gets broken down instead of being
recycled. Keeping this balance is important for healthy cell function.
Testing the Findings
The scientists tested the role of EYA proteins in different organisms, including fruit flies, worms, and
zebrafish. They found that while fruit flies and worms developed normally, zebrafish had serious
developmental problems, like abnormal head and jaw formation, when EYA proteins were missing.
Impact of Missing EYA Proteins
The study shows that a lack of EYA proteins can cause developmental disorders, especially in zebrafish.
The abnormalities likely occur because important signalling pathways are disrupted, making EYA proteins
essential for proper growth.
The scientists suggest further study of chemicals that can either stabilise or disrupt EYA proteins. This
could help in understanding and possibly treating developmental disorders in vertebrates. The research was
published in the journal Development Cell.
'Most Dangerous Bird in the World' Faces Extinction Threat
The cassowary, often called the ‘most dangerous bird in the world,’ is at risk due to hunting and habitat
loss. With fewer than 5,000 left in Australia, efforts to protect this species are becoming more urgent.
What is a Cassowary?
The cassowary is a large, flightless bird found in the rainforests of New Guinea and northern Australia. It is
known for its bright blue neck, black feathers, red wattles, and a helmet-like structure called a casque on its
head.
Ecological Importance
Cassowaries are important for the environment because they spread seeds through their droppings, which
helps maintain plant diversity in rainforests. Studies show that they can adjust their eating habits, which
allows them to survive even in areas where habitats are fragmented.
Types of Cassowaries
There are three types of cassowaries:
Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius): The largest, living in lowland rainforests and eucalyptus
forests.
Northern Cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus): Found in coastal swamps and lowland rainforests in
New Guinea.
Dwarf Cassowary: The smallest, living in mountainous regions at high altitudes.
Threats to the Cassowary
The main dangers cassowaries face include:
Habitat loss: Deforestation and land development have destroyed much of their natural environment.
Hunting: Hunting has reduced their numbers, made worse by competition from invasive species.
Behaviour and Myths
Cassowaries are known for being potentially dangerous because of their strong legs and sharp claws. While

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they have attacked humans, experts believe they are not as deadly as people think. Other birds, like
ostriches and emus, are considered more dangerous. In fact, human activities pose a bigger threat to
cassowaries than the birds do to humans.
Conservation Efforts
World Cassowary Day is celebrated on September 26 to raise awareness about the need to protect them.
Conservation efforts focus on saving their habitats and reducing hunting. Losing cassowaries could harm
the health of rainforests in Australia and New Guinea.
More About the Cassowary
The cassowary is a large bird that cannot fly and comes from New Guinea and nearby islands. It is known
for its bright blue skin and a helmet-like structure on its head called a casque. Cassowaries can weigh as
much as 130 pounds and grow up to 6 feet tall. Even though they are big, they can run at speeds of up to 30
miles per hour and jump over 5 feet high.
These birds usually live alone and mainly eat fruits, which helps spread seeds in their environment. They
have strong legs and can kick hard, which can make them dangerous if they feel threatened. The name of
their genus, Casuarius, means “horned head.”
India Jumps to 39th in Global Innovation Index 2024
India has moved up to 39th place out of 133 countries in the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2024. This shows
a big improvement in how India supports innovation. Union Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal
announced this news, highlighting that India is the leader in innovation in Central and Southern Asia.
Key Rankings
Global Position: 39th out of 133 countries
Regional Leadership: 1st in Central and Southern Asia
Economic Category: 1st among lower-middle-income countries
WIPO S&T Cluster Ranking: 4th place
Innovative Cities
Four Indian cities—Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, and Chennai—are recognized among the World’s Top 100
Science & Technology clusters. This shows that these cities are strong centers for innovation.
India’s rise in the GII is impressive, moving up from 81st place in 2015. This significant progress shows
India’s dedication to improving its innovation environment.
What is the GII?
The Global Innovation Index (GII) ranks countries by how well they can innovate. It was started in 2007 by
WIPO, INSEAD, and Cornell University and looks at 81 different factors. Switzerland has often been at the
top of the list because it invests a lot in research and development (R&D).
The GII is published every year and provides valuable information about different economies. It focuses on
key areas like education and skills (human capital), infrastructure (like roads and buildings), and how
advanced the market is.
The 2021 report noted that India is becoming an important place for innovation. The GII also helps countries
work together on innovation strategies, which can influence policies worldwide.
Global Leaders in Innovation
According to the GII 2024, the top five innovative countries are Switzerland, Sweden, the US, Singapore, and
the UK. China, Turkey, India, Vietnam, and the Philippines are noted as the fastest-growing countries in
innovation over the past ten years.
Shigeru Ishiba, Prime Minister of Japan
Shigeru Ishiba has been chosen as the new leader of Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), replacing
Fumio Kishida, who resigned due to corruption scandals and economic problems. The election was unusual,

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with nine candidates competing. Ishiba won in a close run-off against Sanae Takaichi, receiving 215 votes
to her 194 after no one won a majority in the first round. The LDP selects its leaders through internal voting,
not a public election. With general elections more than a year away, Ishiba might call for early elections to
strengthen his public support.
Party Dynamics
Ishiba’s leadership reflects an internal struggle within the LDP. He appeals to those who want reforms,
while Takaichi represents conservative views linked to former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. Ishiba’s support
for progressive ideas, such as allowing female emperors, highlights the differences in views within the
party, suggesting disagreements on future policies.
Public Appeal
Although Ishiba has faced political challenges in the past, his ability to connect with the public and his
willingness to criticize his own party have earned him new support from within the LDP. Experts believe the
party needs to adapt to changing public expectations, focusing on more transparent and honest
governance.
Defence and Foreign Policy
As a former Defence Minister, Ishiba wants to strengthen Japan’s military and improve oversight of US
military bases. He supports the idea of creating an “Asian NATO,” aiming for Japan to play a more active
role in global security, especially in response to rising regional threats.
Economic Challenges
Japan faces economic difficulties, including slow growth and inflation. Ishiba plans to move away from
aggressive monetary policies to fix stagnation and the weakening yen. However, his idea of raising capital
gains taxes has caused concerns in the stock market. He also wants to address Japan’s ageing population
and shrinking rural areas, proposing changes to labor and immigration policies.
Who is Shigeru Ishiba?
Shigeru Ishiba, born in 1959, is a well-known Japanese politician and former Defence Minister. He has held
various government positions, including Minister for Regional Revitalization. He was first elected to Japan’s
House of Representatives in 2000. Ishiba is known for his defense expertise and has pushed for military
reforms. Though he has run for LDP leadership multiple times, this is his first win. He is also popular on
social media, where he often communicates with the public.
New Invasive Flatworm Species Discovered in Southeastern USA
A new species of flatworm, called Amaga pseudobama, has been found in the southern United States,
especially in North Carolina, Florida, and Georgia. This adds to the list of invasive flatworm species in the
area.
Discovery and Identification
Scientists first noticed this flatworm in 2020, but they thought it was part of a different species, Obama
nungara, which is from South America. After closer study, they realized it was a new and different species.
This shows how important it is to correctly identify species.
Amaga pseudobama has been confirmed in several southern states. It was even found in samples taken as
early as 2015 in North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. This means it may already be present in other nearby
states and could have been spreading for the past decade. This flatworm is small and brown, only a few
centimetres long. Its slimy body helps it move easily.
Impact on Local Ecosystems
Flatworms like Amaga pseudobama feed on small animals such as worms, snails, and slugs. Because of
this, they can cause problems for local ecosystems by disrupting the natural balance and affecting native
species.

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Research Challenges
Scientists still don’t know much about how Amaga pseudobama interacts with its environment. Experts like
Matt Bertone from North Carolina State University say more research is needed to understand its behaviour,
how it affects other species, and how fast it reproduces. Everyday people have helped track the spread of
Amaga pseudobama by reporting sightings. These observations are important for spotting invasive species
early and understanding how they move across different states.
Studying invasive species like Amaga pseudobama is crucial for understanding their potential threats to
local wildlife and ecosystems. Ongoing research will help scientists figure out how these species fit into
their new environments and what can be done to manage them.
Kerala Tops Urban Governance Index in India
Kerala has earned the top spot in the Urban Governance Index (UGI) by the Praja Foundation, because of its
strengths in managing finances and planning at the local level. However, the study also points out areas
where Kerala can improve, especially in city administration.
What is the Urban Governance Index (UGI)?
The UGI is a study that looks at how well cities are governed in India. It took two years to complete and
checked various aspects of governance. Kerala scored 59.31 out of 100, beating Odisha, which scored
55.10. This index can attract investments and improve the sustainability of cities by keeping governance
efficient and up-to-date.
Kerala’s Financial Strength
Kerala performed very well in fiscal empowerment, which refers to how well the state manages its money.
Kerala scored 23.22 out of 30 in this category, doing better than Maharashtra, which scored 21.15. This
shows that Kerala has strong financial management at the local level.
Even though Kerala did well overall, it ranked 20th in terms of city administration empowerment. This
means Kerala still has room to improve how its cities are run. However, it stands out by allowing mayors to
write a yearly report on the performance of city commissioners.
Local Governance Practices
Kerala is one of only four states that require every city councillor to take part in at least one deliberative
committee. This shows Kerala’s commitment to keeping its local government active and engaged.
The report mentions that states like Kerala are adopting new technologies to improve how local
governments provide services and manage their cities. This is making things more efficient.
Challenges Kerala Faces
Despite its success, Kerala has some challenges. There are many vacant positions in local government jobs,
which can affect how well cities are managed. Also, many functions are handled by multiple agencies,
which reduces the power of city governments.
One common problem across many Indian states is the weak mayoral system, where mayors don’t have
enough power to make important decisions. This affects the quality of governance.
Another issue is the delay in holding municipal elections in some cities, which means they don’t have
elected local governments. Kerala, however, is seen as a model for holding these elections on time.
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