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MBBS 2ND YEAR PATHOLOGY IMPORTANT

QUESTIONS
2nd Year MBBS, Study Guides / By Arka Chakrabarti / 22 minutes of reading

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Second professional is long and exams would feel tough as the syllabus DOWNLOAD
is MIGHTY, but everything would be good at the end. Also, do not forget
THE APP
to enjoy. The memories you would make in Second year are the things
you are going to cherish forever.
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live in Google Playstore.

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Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection can be very well applied to

Medical stream as the one who is fittest to cope up with such enormous
amount of inhumane pressures survive. It was not to scare you but to
make you alert for what’s coming.

Second year of MBBS is the year you spend in college when you have
settled well at the new place with the new people but not able to settle
with the course pressure as it just gets amplified as compared to the
previous year.

Mistakes to avoid in MBBS Second year :

First of all, Second professional is not honeymoon period. Its better you
understand this early.

1. Wrong selection of books: Don’t be hasty while buying the book.

Wait for a week or more, consult with other students and especially
seniors and try to select and follow Standard books only. Below in the
article you will find about the books to follow. Keep this in mind that
whichever book you buy and start reading and highlighting, you will
have to use the same in future too.
2. Not touching the books in initial months: Before the curriculum
changed and second year had 3 semesters, first semester was called
as ‘Honeymoon semester.’ Students usually didn’t dare touch books
for a whole semester and used to regret in later months. Though the
new curriculum has shortened the duration by 1 semester, student
are going to avoid studying and that’s probably not good.
3. PG Preperations: Many students start PG Preparation and get so
serious that they prioritize it above their MBBS Second year course. LATEST POSTS
Though its recommended to start PG preparation from this time only
but with maintaining balance with second year course being the first NEET PG/NEXT
priority. Previous Year Question
4. Clinical postings: I was one of those fools who was too irregular in
Papers
attending clinical postings. You can be a doctor anyway but attending
postings are of utmost importance if you want to be a Good Doctor. Maffucci Syndrome
You need to run behind seniors and actively participate in postings Biochemistry Previous
because teachers wont be going to teach you much actively
Year Question Papers
considering you as a novice.
(WBUHS)
5. For the nerds especially, don’t stay stuck inside the books. Do make
memories as the future is going to be more harsh and these are the Physiology Previous
memories you are going to cherish in the coming future. Year Question Papers

(WBUHS)
How to study Pathology?
Anatomy Previous Year
Pathology is the king of 2nd professional subjects. Not denying this fact,
Pathology is the base for your future. Whatever you want to pursue, Question Papers

knowledge of pathology is a must! Especially for studying medicine, (WBUHS)

knowledge of Pathology with Physiology is of utmost importance.
Dermatomyositis
Make notes from 2–3 books and make your own answers.
New MBBS Curriculum
Make your own flowcharts and draw as many as possible in your
theory exams. MBBS 2nd Year
Do solve previous year University papers to prepare well for your Pathology Important
professional exams. Questions
Most Important : Stay in touch with your Seniors & get important
Apoptosis vs Necrosis
topics marked in your textbook to be safe from Pre exam Hassle.
Follow standard books if you can. Rapaport Leubering
Take help of Video Lectures. There are a bunch of good ones Cycle
available now.
Do read first 7 chapters of Robbin’s Pathology.
Integrate with Pharmacology and Physiology.
Remember, if you want to be a good doctor and ace in Medicine in
Final year, you need to start studying pathology from the start of
semester and at least revise it one more time.

Credit : Medstribune

CELLULAR INJURY

Long Questions

1. Necrosis , types and examples, fate of necrosed area, difference

between apoptosis and necrosis
2. Define apoptosis, what are the cause of apoptosis. Write about the
biochemical features and mechanisms of apoptosis. Add a note on
deregulated apoptosis
3. Types of degeneration, pathology of organ affected by fatty changes,
add a note on fat stains

Short Questions

1. Write about cell injury and write briefly about hyperplasia with
suitable examples
2. Cellular swelling
3. Necrosis
4. Gangrenous necrosis
5. Fat necrosis
6. Tissue necrosis- Morphological patterns
7. Caseous necrosis
8. Definition and characteristic of types of necrosis
9. Free radical cell injury
10. Morphological changes in apoptosis
11. Mechanism of apoptosis
12. Classify pigments and write about lipofuscins
13. Hemosiderin deposits in the diseases
14. Difference between the dysplastic and metastatic calcification
15. Write about dystrophic and metastatic calcifications
16. Pathological calcification
17. Metastatic calcification
18. Define hyperplasia and give two examples
19. Define atrophy. Give two examples to physiological atrophy
20. Mention 4 nuclear changes in necrosis
21. Types of necrosis with examples
22. Enumerate four examples for metastatic calcification
23. Enlist two common stains used to demonstrate fat in tissues

INFLAMMATION

Long Questions

1. Define Inflammation. Enumerate the cellular events in acute

inflammation.
2. Discuss in detail the mechanism of Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis.
Enlist the common defects in Leukocyte functions
3. Define inflammation, write in detail about the vascular and cellular
changes in inflammation
4. Chemical mediators of acute inflammation and their actions

Short Questions

1. Vascular Changes in acute inflammation

2. Leucocyte endothelium adhesion molecules
3. Chemotaxis
4. Chemical mediators of inflammatiom
5. Role of arachidonic metabolites in inflammation
6. Chemokines
7. Leukotrienes
8. Cytokines
9. Write about the outcomes of acute inflammation
10. Different types of giant cells with morphology and examples
11. Granulomatous inflammation
12. Granuloma
13. Leukemoid reaction
14. Two difference between exudate and transudate
15. Acute phase reactants
16. Name four cell derived mediators of inflammation
17. Four systemic effects of inflammation
18. Different types of giant cells
19. Two examples of acute phase proteins
20. Mast cells

TISSUE RENEWAL AND REPAIR

Long Questions

1. Define repair, process of repair, factors influencing repair

2. Wound healing second intention, difference between the first and
second intention, factor influencing it

Short Questions

1. Stem cells in tissue homeostasis

2. Factors influencing wound healing
3. Healing by second intention
4. Factors influencing wound healing
5. Systemic factors that influence wound healing
6. Types of wound healing
7. Role of vitamin C in wound healing
8. Keloid

HEMODYNAMIC DISORDER

Long Questions

1. Edema, etiopathogenesis of generalized edema, clinical significance

of cerebral and pulmonary edema
2. Define thrombosis, write in detail about the pathogenesis, causes,
morphology and fate of thrombus
3. Define shock, discuss in detail the pathogenesis of septic shock,
describe the morphology of kidneys and lungs affected by shock
4. Define, classify , pathogenicity & morphology of shock
5. Define and classify shock. Discuss in detail about septic shock

Short Questions

1. Edema pathogenesis
2. Cardiac edema
3. Thrombogenesis
4. Virchow’s triad
5. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
6. Difference between thrombus and blood clot
7. Embolism
8. Thromboembolism
9. Types of embolism, write on caissons disease
10. Fat embolism
11. Air embolism
12. Gangrene
13. Morphology of infarction
14. Amniotic fluid embolism
15. Gross and microscopic feature of infarct
16. Difference between the dry and wet gangrene
17. Gangrene – pathogenesis
18. Pathogenesis of shock
19. Septic shock
20. Define hyperemia and congestion
21. Heart failure cells
22. Anticoagulants
23. Lines of zahn
24. State four difference between dry and wet gangrene
25. Name the stages of shock
26. Gamma gandy bodies
27. Enlist four important sequelae for Thrombosis

GENETIC DISORDERS

Short Questions

1. Mention four X-linked recessive disorders

2. X linked diseases
3. Hypercholesterolemia
4. Niemann pick disease
5. Gaucher’s disease
6. Glycogen storage disorders
7. Sex chromatin
8. Down syndrome
9. Trisomy 21
10. Klinefelter’s syndrome
11. Turner’s syndrome
12. Give two examples of autosomal recessive disorders
13. Mention 4 X-linked recessive disorders
14. Gaucher’s cell
15. Special stain to diagnose Gaucher’s disease
16. Enumerate 4 types of chromosomal rearrangements
17. Clinical features of trisomy 21
18. Trisomy 18
19. Name two trisomy syndromes
20. FISH
21. Enumerate two common cytogenetic disorders involving Sex
Chromosomes

DISEASES OF IMMUNITY

Long Questions

1. Define auto, iso, allo , xenografts, factors influencing allograft

rejection, types and mechanism of allograft rejection
2. Classify primary immunodeficiency syndrome, details about AIDS

Short Questions

1. Classify amyloidosis, details about it

2. Type II hypersensitivity
3. Opportunistic lung infections in AIDS
4. Type I hypersensitivity
5. Type III hypersensitivity reaction
6. Mechanism of autoimmunity
7. LE phenomenon
8. Morphology of renal changes in SLE
9. Amyloidosis
10. Pathology of spleen in amyloidosis
11. NK cells
12. HLA
13. Anaphylactic reaction
14. Antibody mediated hypersensitivity
15. Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
16. Cell mediated hypersensitivity
17. Arthus reaction
18. Antinuclear antibodies
19. Transplant rejection
20. Graft versus host disease
21. AIDS
22. Amyloid stains
23. Primary amyloidosis
24. Sago spleen
25. Two neoplasm seen in AIDS
26. Mention 4 special stains for amyloid
27. Chronic granulomatous disease
28. Hyper IgM syndrome
29. Four opportunistic infections in HIV. Mention two sites of biopsy for
amyloidosis
30. Enumerate four common organs involved in Amyloidosis

NEOPLASIA

Long Questions

1. Classify neoplasia, difference between benign and malignant tumor,

mode of spread of malignant tumor
2. Metastasis, different pathway of spread , details about anyone
3. Write in detail about carcinogenesis physical, chemical and biological
and also molecular basis of carcinogenesis
4. Define neoplasia, discuss in detail the pathogenesis and
pathophysiology of radiation oncogenesis
5. Mention oncogenic viruses. Describe oncogenesis by HPV

Short Questions

1. Tumor markers
2. Teratoma
3. Growth factors
4. Chemical carcinogen
5. Hamartoma
6. Carcinoma in situ
7. Paraneoplastic syndrome
8. FNAC
9. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer
10. Difference between benign and malignant tumors
11. Metaplasia
12. Dysplasia
13. Tumor metastasis
14. Tumor suppressor genes
15. Oncogenic RNA virus
16. Grading and staging of tumor
17. Automatic tissue processor
18. Differentiation and anaplasia
19. Trans coelomic spread of neoplasm
20. Molecular basis of cancer
21. P53
22. Tumor antigens
23. EBV
24. Lab diagnosis of neoplasm
25. Exfoliative cytology
26. Liquid base cytology
27. Define metaplasia and give 2 examples
28. Warburg effect
29. Two tumor suppressor genes
30. Name four virus implicated in carcinogenesis

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Long Questions

1. Describe the pathogenesis, morphology and clinical features of TB

2. Define Gangrene , types, details about gas gangrene

Short Questions

1. Viral hemorrhagic fevers

2. Histological differences between TB leprosy and Lepromatous
leprosy
3. Morphology and evolution of tubercle
4. Morphology of primary TB
5. Primary complex
6. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis
7. Ghon’s complex
8. Primary Atypical pneumonia
9. Miliary TB
10. Lepromatous leprosy
11. Tertiary syphilis
12. Hydatid cyst
13. Mycetoma
14. Fungal granuloma
15. Rhinosporidosis
16. Tertiary syphilis
17. Hematocrit in dengue fever
18. Actinomycosis
19. Cysticercosis
20. Ghon’s foci
21. Gross appearance of mycetoma foot
22. Black water fever
23. Microscopic appearance of lepromatous leprosy
24. Types of leprosy

NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT

Short Questions

1. PEM
2. Kwashiorkor
3. Vitamin A deficiency
4. Rickets
5. Vit D deficiency
6. Obesity
7. Lead poisoning
8. Vitamin C deficiency
9. Give two examples for trace elements and their deficiency states
10. Mention two causes for Basophilic Stippling
11. Gross skeletal changes in rickets

INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Short Questions

1. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

2. Hemolytic diseases of newborn
3. Erythroblastosis fetalis
4. Hemolytic disease of Newborn
5. Cystic Firbrosis
6. Neuroblastoma
7. Nephroblastoma
8. Wilm’s tumor
9. Rh Factor
10. Kernicterus
11. Mention any 4 childhood malignancies

RBC AND BLEEDING DISORDERS

Long Questions

1. Classify hemolytic anemia, compare etiopathogenesis and lab

findings of Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia
2. Classify Hemolytic anemia, write in detail about the pathogenesis,
Blood picture and clinical features of Beta Thalassemia Major
3. How will you interpret bone marrow, bone marrow findings of
megaloblastic anemia
4. Classify anemia, details about iron deficiency anemia
5. Classify thrombocytopenia, etiopathogenesis, details about idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura
6. Define Thrombocytopenia? Classify causes of thrombocytopenia?
Discuss the various test in evaluating bleeding disorders?

Short Questions

1. Reticulocyte
2. Evidences of haemolytic anemia
3. PCV estimation and its significance
4. Hematocrit
5. G6PD deficiency anemia
6. Sickle cell disease
7. Pathogenesis of sickle cell disease
8. Peripheral blood smear and bone marrow changes in Vitamin B12
deficiency (Megaloblastic anemia ) (6)
9. Coomb’s test
10. Bone marrow changes in microcytic anemia
11. Microcytic hypochromic anemia
12. Etiology and morphology of bone marrow in Aplastic Anemia
13. Pancytopenia in peripheral smear
14. Aplastic anemia
15. Fanconi’s anemia
16. Polycythemia Vera
17. Prothrombin time
18. Bleeding time
19. Thrombocytopenia
20. Chronic ITP
21. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
22. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
23. Glanzmann’s disease
24. Coagulation disorders
25. Mention Important investigations necessary for diagnosis of
Hemophilia
26. hemophilia A
27. Von Willebrand’s disease
28. Christmas disease
29. DIC
30. Pathogenesis of DIC
31. DIC lab diagnosis
32. Transfusion reaction
33. Complications of blood transfusion
34. Sideroblastic anemia
35. Osmotic fragility test
36. Indication of bone marrow aspiration
37. Laboratory Investigations done for diagnosis of Autoimmune
Haemolytic Anaemia
38. What are red cell indices ?
39. MCV
40. Mention 4 applications of reticulocyte count
41. Heinz Bodies
42. Reticulocyte
43. Howell-jolly body
44. Tests for Sickling
45. Coomb’s test
46. Megaloblast
47. Mention two important marrow changes in B12 deficiency
48. Blood picture in Megaloblastic anemia
49. Give 4 causes for IDA
50. Mention two causes of pancytopenia
51. Prothrombin time
52. Mention the causes of Thrombocytopenia
53. Bernard Soulier syndrome
54. Hemophilia
55. What is cross matching?
56. What is Bombay Blood group?
57. Sea blue histiocytes
58. Mention 4 indications of Bone marrow aspiration
59. Cross matching
60. Blood components prepared in a blood bank

WBC DISORDERS

Long Questions

1. Classify leukemia, details about ALL

2. Classify Hodgkin’s disease and explain it
3. Classify lymphoma, details about Hodgkin’s lymphoma
4. Define and classify leukaemia. Describe the blood and bone marrow
findings in
5. Acute myeloid leukaemia
6. Classify leukemia , bone marrow and peripheral blood smear findings
of CML

Short Questions

1. Morphological disorder of leucocytes

2. Agranulocytosis
3. Eosinophilia
4. Classify acute leukemia
5. Classification of NHL
6. Cytochemistry of acute leukemia
7. Burkitt lymphoma
8. Lab diagnosis multiple myeloma
9. Lab investigation of plasma cell myeloma
10. Bence Jones proteins
11. Peripheral smear and Bone marrow findings in Multiple myeloma
12. Rye’s classification and its value
13. Hodgkins Lymphoma
14. Reed-Sternberg Giant Cells
15. Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma
16. Classify Hodgkin lymphoma
17. Classify AML
18. Chloroma
19. Myelodysplastic syndrome
20. Blood pictures on CML
21. Myelofibrosis
22. Primary myelofibrosis
23. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
24. Describe the peripheral smear and bone marrow appearance in
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia with suitable diagrams
25. Draw megaloblast, Maxicanhat cell, Pessary cell, Macropolycyte
26. Agranulocytosis
27. Two characteristic difference between myeloblasts and lymphoblasts
28. Russell bodies
29. Name four monoclonal gammopathies
30. Mention two pathogenic features of Hairy cell leukemia
31. 4 difference between Hodgkin’s and non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
32. Reed sternberg cell and its variants
33. Chloroma
34. Auer rods
35. Psuedopelger Huet anomaly
36. Philadelphia chromosome
37. Mutations in chronic myeloid leukemia
38. Tear drop cells

Clinical Case Scenario

1. 40 years male H/o chronic fatigue, weight loss since 6 months. O/E
pallor, marked splenomegaly+, laboratory report shows Hb 10 GM%,
TC 215000/CMM. Platelets 4 lacks/mm. Answer the following: a)
What is your diagnosis? b) What is common genetic abnormality? c)
Blood and Bone Marrow findings to confirm your diagnosis? d)
Prognosis of the condition?
2. A 70 year old women admitted with worsening anemia and
pathological fracture of the Humerus had an ESR of 120mm in 1
hour. Her peripheral smear showed increased rouleaux formation. X-
ray of skull showed multiple punched out osteolytic lesions. a) What
is the most probable diagnosis? Write briefly on the etiopathogenesis
of this disease. b) Describe the Bone Marrow Changes in this
disease. c) Enumerate the common laboratory investigations for this
disease. d. Enlist the complications of this disease.
3. 40 yrs female c/o loss of weight, huge splenomegaly with peripheral
blood white blood cell count of more than 1 lakh cells/cc a) What is
the probable diagnosis? b) What are the characteristic peripheral
smear findings? c) What is the course of the disease? d) What is the
chromosomal abnormality involved?
4. 60 yrs male presented with normocytic normochromic anaemia,
pathological fracture femur and proteinuria. X ray skull revealed
punched out lesions in the calvarium and peripheral smear studied
show rouleaux formation. a) What is your probable diagnosis. b)
Discuss in detail the molecular pathogenesis, morphology and
clinical features of above said disorder.
5. 23 yrs female presented with oral ulcers, malar rash photosensitivity
and non erosive arthritis involving both knees. Laboratory
investigations show persistent proteinuria and leucopenia. What is
your probable diagnosis.
6. 40 yr old male presented with h/o fever, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Patient had temperature of 103 degrees F. Weak rapid pulse,
hypotension, tachypnea, cold, clammy, cyanotic skin. Blood culture
gram negative bacterial infection positive. a) What is your diagnosis?
b) Explain the pathogenesis and morphology.

BLOOD VESSELS

Long Questions

1. Atheroma , risk factors for atherosclerosis , role of lipid and

endothelial injury , and its pathogenesis
2. Define atherosclerosis. Discuss in detail the risk factors,
pathogenesis, morphology and complications
3. A 12 year boy weighing 70 kgs, doesn’t play any outdoor games and
is always in front of his play station with lot of snacks besides him.
What is he having? What are the methods to assess it? b) What is
the etiopathogenesis? Enumerate the complications?

Short Questions

1. Pathogenesis of essential hypertension

2. Atherosclerosis
3. Atheromatous plaque
4. Consequences of atherosclerotic disease
5. Aneurysm
6. Dissecting aneurysm
7. Buerger’s disease (TAO)
8. Kaposi sarcoma
9. Pathology of Cardiomyopathy
10. Monckeberg’s medial sclerosis
11. Atheromatous plaque
12. Takayasu arteritis
13. Raynaud phenomenon
14. Mention four common risk factors for Atherosclerosis
15. Benign tumors of blood vessels

HEART

Short Questions

1. MI (2)
2. Define Rheumatic fever, details about RHD
3. Infective endocarditis / bacterial endocarditis
4. Fallot’s tetrology
5. Morphology of infarct
6. Enzymes in MI
7. Lab investigations of Acute myocardial infarction
8. Complications of myocardial infarction
9. Hypertensive heart disease
10. Rheumatic cardiac lesion
11. Cardiac lesions in RHD
12. Rheumatic fever
13. Aschoff’s bodies
14. Infective endocarditis
15. Vegetations of heart
16. Cardiomyopathy
17. Oslers node
18. Libman-sacks endocarditis
19. Enlist four causes of acute myocarditis
20. Mention the 3 types of cardiomyopathy
21. Types of acute pericarditis
22. Morphology of cardiac myxoma

LUNG

Long Questions

1. Define and classify emphysema, details about panacinar

emphysema
2. Bronchial asthma
3. Lobar pneumonia
4. Classify bronchogenic carcinoma, details about small cell carcinoma

Short Questions

1. ARDS
2. Emphysema
3. Pathogenesis of bronchial asthma
4. Bronchiectasis
5. Pathology of bronchial asthma
6. Pneumoconiosis
7. Silicosis
8. Asbestosis
9. Sarcoidosis
10. Good Pasteur’s syndrome
11. Primary Atypical pneumonia
12. Lobar pneumonia
13. Viral pneumonia
14. Etiopathology of CA lung
15. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma
16. Oat cell carcinoma
17. Small cell carcinoma lung
18. Carcinoid tumors of lung
19. Carcinoid syndrome
20. Mesothelioma
21. Cor pulmonale
22. Mention the four types of Emphysema
23. Pan-acinar emphysema
24. Reid index
25. Byssinosis
26. Ferruginous bodies
27. Asteroid bodies.
28. Causes of hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
29. Stages of lobar pneumonia
30. Bronchopneumonia

HEAD AND NECK

Short Questions

1. Classify tumors of salivary glands , details about salivary adenomas

2. Pre cancerous lesions
3. Ameloblastoma
4. Thyroglossal cyst
5. Paraganglioma
6. Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland
7. Warthin tumor
8. Mixed salivary gland tumors
9. List four etiological factors associated with squamous cell carcinoma
of oral cavity
10. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
11. 2 malignant tumors of salivary gland
12. Mention four common tumors of salivary gland

GIT

Long Questions

1. Define peptic ulcer, details about chronic gastric ulcer

2. Ulcerative lesions of small and large intestine
3. IBD, crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

Short Questions

1. Congenital megacolon
2. Pathology, morphology and clinical features of Hirschsprung’s
disease
3. Barret’s esophagus
4. H.pylori gastritis
5. Etiopathology of duodenal ulcer
6. Peptic ulcer disease
7. Morphology of chronic gastric ulcer
8. Zollinger Ellison syndrome
9. Etiology of gastric cancer
10. Coeliac sprue
11. Gross and microscopic appearance of amoebic dysentery colon
12. IBD
13. Crohns disease / regional ileitis
14. Ulcerative colitis
15. Neoplastic polyps of large intestine
16. Morphology of two types of Hiatus hernia
17. Chronic gastritis
18. Helicobacter pylori
19. Sites of peptic ulcer disease
20. Menetrie’s disease
21. Linitis plastica
22. Gross difference between benign and malignant ulcers of stomach
23. Mention two microscopic intestinal changes in malabsorption
syndrome
24. Typhoid ulcer
25. Morphologic hall mark of Whipple disease
26. Two difference between chron’s disease and ulcerative colitis
27. Peutz-Jaghers syndrome
28. Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome
29. Mutations in colonic carcinoma
30. Microscopic picture of acute appendicitis

LIVER AND PANCREAS

Long Questions

1. Classify cirrhosis details about portal cirrhosis

2. Classify cirrhosis of liver, details about alcoholic cirrhosis / any one of
the most common type
3. Discuss the etiopathogenesis of viral hepatitis and in detail about
serological evaluation
4. Tumours of liver – Classification, Etiopathogenesis, prognosis

Short Questions

1. Cirrhosis of liver
2. Etioclassification of liver cirrhosis
3. Investigation of viral hepatitis
4. Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis
5. Hepatitis B
6. Chronic active viral hepatitis
7. Chronic persistent hepatitis
8. Chronic acute hepatitis
9. Morphology of alcoholic liver disease
10. Lennec’s cirrhosis – morphology
11. Hemochromatosis
12. Biliary cirrhosis
13. Hepatocellular carcinoma
14. Etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma
15. Gall stones
16. Cholelithiasis
17. Cholangiocarcinoma
18. Aetiology and Pathology of Acute Pancreatitis
19. Chronic calcific pancreatitis
20. Fatty changes in liver
21. Chronic pancreatitis
22. Ground glass hepatocytes
23. Morphology of amoebic liver abscess
24. Morphology of alcoholic liver disease
25. Mallory bodies
26. Name four causes of fatty liver
27. Hemochromatosis
28. Wilson’s disease
29. Mention 2 conditions of hereditary unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
30. CVC liver
31. Etiological factors of hepatocellular carcinoma
32. Risk factors of gall stones
33. Four pathological effects of gall stones
34. Etiological factors of acute pancreatitis

KIDNEY

Long Questions

1. Classify acute glomerular nephritis, details about acute post

streptococcal glomerulo nephritis
2. Nephritic syndrome
3. Define nephritic syndrome. Enlist the causes of nephritic syndrome.
Discuss in detail the pathogenesis and morphology in MPGN
(Membrano Proliferative Glomerulo Nephritis)
4. Chronic pyelonephritis

Short Questions

1. Immune complex nephritis

2. Urinary findings of acute glomerulonephritis
3. Rapid Progressive glomerulonephritis
4. Crescentic glomerulonephritis
5. Nephrotic syndrome
6. Minimal change nephropathy
7. Contracted granular kidney
8. Lupus nephritis
9. Acute tubular necrosis
10. Acute pyelonephritis
11. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
12. Nephrosclerosis
13. Cystic lesions in kidney
14. Polycystic kidney disease
15. Renal stones
16. Hypernephroma
17. Pathology of carcinoma kidney
18. Renal cell carcinoma
19. Clear cell carcinoma – kidney
20. Urinary casts
21. Transitional cell carcinoma bladder
22. Henoch Schonlein purpura
23. Mention two difference between nephrotic syndrome and nephritic
syndrome
24. Mention the serological finding in post infectious glomerulonephritis
25. Wire loop lesion
26. Four causes of nephrotic syndrome
27. Two causes of granular contracted kidneys
28. Causes of acute tubular necrosis
29. Complications of acute pyelonephritis
30. Mention four microscopic features of chronic pyelonephritis
31. Cystic renal dysplasia
32. Enumerate the four main types of renal calculi
33. Enumerate four different types of renal stones
34. Mention Two sides of oncocytomas
35. Grading of urothelial malignancy

MALE GENITAL SYSTEM

Short Questions

1. Bowens disease of skin

2. Cryptorchidism
3. Seminoma
4. Yolk sac tumor
5. Teratoma
6. Gross and microscopic picture of seminoma testis’
7. BPH
8. Grading and staging of prostatic adenocarcinoma
9. Condyloma acuminata
10. Cryptorchidism
11. Spermatocytic seminoma
12. Difference between classic and spermatocytic seminomas
13. Alpha feto protein
14. Pathology of Seminoma Testis

FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM

Long Questions

1. Cervical cancer
2. Classify ovarian neoplasms. Discuss in detail about surface epithelial
tumours
3. Classify ovarian neoplasm. Discuss in detail the molecular
pathogenesis and morphology of serous tumours.
4. Mucinous cystadenoma of ovary
5. Classify ovarian tumor, details about germ cell ovarian tumor

Short Questions

1. CIN
2. Cervical carcinoma etiopathology
3. Etiology of carcinoma cervix
4. Endometriosis
5. Malignant tumours of endometrium. Write a note about malignant
mixed mullerian tumour
6. Uterus leiomyomas
7. Surface epithelial tumours of ovary
8. Brenner tumour
9. Benign cystic teratoma ovary
10. Dysgerminoma
11. Granulosa cell tumor ovary
12. Krukenberg tumour
13. Hydatiform mole / vesicular mole
14. CIN
15. Four sites of endometriosis
16. Adenomyosis
17. Endometriosis
18. Leiomyoma – Microscopic features
19. Name the germ cell tumours of the ovary
20. Gross appearance of mature cystic teratoma
21. Dermoid cyst of ovary
22. Mention 4 germ cell tumours
23. Enumerate germ cell tumours of ovary
24. Mention 2 histological features of Dysgerminoma
25. Schiller Dual bodies
26. Call Exner bodies
27. Classification of gestational trophoblastic disease
28. Mention sites of choriocarcinoma
29. Struma ovarii

BREAST

Long Questions

1. Breast cancer
2. Classify CA breast, details about pagets disease of breast

Short Questions

1. Fibrocystic disease of breast

2. Gynecomastia
3. Etiology of CA breast
4. Risk factors and types of carcinoma breast
5. Paget disease of breast
6. Prognosis and predictive factors of breast cancer
7. Mention the stromal tumors of breast
8. Cystosarcoma phyllodes
9. Phyllodes tumor breast
10. Fibroadenoma of breastPagets disease of breast
11. Gynecomastia
12. Comedo carcinoma breast
13. Microscopic features of phyllodes tumour

ENDOCRINE

Long Questions

1. Classify thyroid neoplasms. Discuss in detail about pathogenesis of

malignant thyroid neoplasms. Add a note on morphology of papillary
carcinoma of thyroid.
2. Describe etiopathogenesis of diabetes. What are the complications

Short Questions

1. Adamantinoma jaw
2. Cretinism
3. Thyroiditis
4. Immune thyroiditis
5. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
6. Grave’s disease
7. Multi nodular goiter
8. Nodular goiter
9. Papillary carcinoma thyroid
10. Medullary carcinoma thyroid
11. Hyperparathyroidism
12. Write the pathogenesis and complications of DM
13. Lab diagnosis DM
14. Pancreatic changes in DM
15. IDDM
16. Renal changes in DM
17. Diabetic nephropathy
18. Morphology of kidney in Diabetic nephropathy
19. Cushing syndrome
20. Pheochromocytoma
21. MEN syndrome
22. Classify thyroiditis
23. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
24. Hurthle cell
25. Colloid goiter
26. Morphologic features of papillary carcinoma thyroid
27. Psammoma bodies]
28. Enlist 4 microscopic features in papillary carcinoma of thyroid
29. Microscopy of papillary carcinoma thyroid
30. Write briefly on types of hyperparathyroidism
31. Diabetic Macrovascular disease
32. Enumerate four complications of diabetes mellitus
33. Microalbuminuria
34. Mention 4 features of Addison’s disease
35. Pheochromocytoma

SKIN

Long Questions

1. Exfoliative cytology
2. Precancerous lesion skin
3. Intradermal naevus
4. Malignant melanoma
5. Basal cell carcinoma
6. Microscopic features of basal cell carcinoma
7. Blue nevus
8. Mention four pre malignant lesions
9. Grading of squamous carcinoma
10. Enlist two characteristic features of mycosis fungoides
11. Enumerate two common Premalignant Lesions of Malignant
Melanoma

BONE SOFT TISSUES

Long Questions

1. Define repair, repair of fracture of bone, factor influencing healing

2. Classify tumor bone, details about osteogenic tumor
3. Osteosclerosis
4. Classify Tumors of Bone. Discuss in detail the Etiopathogenesis and
Pathology of
5. Osteogenic Sarcoma. Add a note on the Radiological Findings in
Osteosarcoma

Short Questions

1. Paget disease of bone

2. Healing of simple bone fractures
3. Chronic osteomyelitis
4. Osteomyelitis
5. Pyogenic osteomyelitis
6. TB osteomyelitis
7. Osteogenic sarcoma pathology
8. Chondroblastoma
9. Cartilage forming bone tumours
10. Osteochondroma
11. Osteoclastoma
12. Giant cell tumor bone
13. Ewing’s sarcoma
14. Aneurysmal bone cyst
15. Pannus
16. GOUT
17. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
18. Mitochondrial inheritance

Short Questions

1. Mention 2 major causes of osteonecrosis

2. Pott’s spine
3. Radiologic appearance of osteosarcoma
4. Osteogenic sarcoma
5. Chondroblastoma
6. Cartilage forming bone tumours
7. Histological features of giant cell tumors of bone
8. Gout
9. Tophi
10. Liposarcoma
11. Rhabdomyosarcoma
12. Acoustic schwannoma
13. Neurofibromatosis gene

CNS

Long Questions

1. Classify tumor CNS, details about gliomas

Short Questions

1. Examination of CSF
2. TB meningitis
3. CSF in TB meningitis / pyogenic meningitis
4. Prion disease
5. Brain tumors classification
6. Astrocytoma
7. Pilocytic astrocytoma
8. Glioblastoma
9. Glioblastoma multiforme
10. Medulloblastoma
11. Meningioma
12. Morphology of meningiomas
13. Retinoblastoma
14. CSF in tuberculous meningitis
15. Berry’s aneurisms
16. CSF changes in pyogenic meningitis
17. Tuberculosis meningitis
18. Negri bodies
19. Prions
20. Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
21. Mention four tumors of CNS
22. Pilocytic astrocytoma
23. Glioblastoma multiforme
24. Features of diabetic retinopathy
25. Flexner Wintersteiner rosettes and fleurettes

Clinical Scenario

1. 40 year female presents with post coital bleeding and foul smelling
discharge per vagina. She lost 15% wt in 2 months, with loss of
appetite. a) What is your diagnosis ? b) What etiopathogenesis of
this condition? c) What are the morphological features?
2. A 60 year old postmenopausal anorexic, cachectic woman has an
ulcerated and friable cervix that bleeds on touch. These features
were accompanied by foul smelling vaginal discharge. a) What is
your diagnosis? b) Discuss in detail the aetiopathogenesis and
morphological features of your diagnosis. c) Enlist the investigations
that will enable diagnosis
3. 20 years female H/o pain, swelling, tenderness over lower and of
right femur since 3 months. Suddenly developed breathlessness
during her treatment and died, clinical autopsy conducted. Answer
the following: a) What is your diagnosis? b) Mention two
investigations to arrive at diagnosis? c) Aetio pathogenesis of the
lesion? d) Gross and Microscopic picture of the lesion? e) Mention
two autopsy confirmed lesions leading to death?
4. A 35 years, old man was admitted with history of painless cervical
and axillary lymphadenopathy. He had history of loss of weight, fever
and night sweating and was found to have cutaneous anergy. No
hepatosplenomegaly. a) What is your most probable diagnosis? b)
Give the classification of the condition. c) Describe the morphology of
any two types.
5. A 50 years old man collapses suddenly while climbing the stairs with
severe chest pain and profuse sweating. a) What is your clinical
diagnosis? b) Discuss the aetiopathogenesis of the condition. c)
What are the complications that may follow the condition?
6. A 12 year old boy presented with fever, oliguria and high coloured
urine. He had sore throat three weeks back. i) What is your probable
diagnosis? ii) Describe the etiopathogenesis of the condition iii) What
are the relevant investigations?
7. A 50 year old man with complains of severe chest pain and sweating.
a) What is the most possible diagnosis for this patient? b) Enlist the
risk factors and discuss in detail the etiopathogenesis and
complications of this disease. c) Enlist the biochemical tests and their
role in diagnosis of this disease.
8. Thirteen year old female child had massive edema with puffiness of
face with decreased urine output. a. What is the most probable
diagnosis ? b. What can be the most probable renal pathology in this
child ? c. Write in detail about minimal change disease.
9. 44 year old nulliparous women presented with hard, fixed non tender
mass of about 6x4x4 cm in the upper outer quadrant of right breast
with axillary lymphadenopathy. a) What is your probably diagnosis. b)
Discuss in detail the prognostic & predictive factors of your diagnosis.
10. 8 Yr Old boy with old scar of scabies skin lesion, with history of
Haematuria, Oliguria and Puffiness of face. a) What is your probable
diagnosis. b) Etiopathogeneisis and laboratory investigations.
11. 50 Yr old Male with painless firm Testicular swelling, with loss of
testicular sensation. a) What is your probable Diagnosis. b) Discuss
classification and Etiopathogenesis.
12. 47 yrs old male presented with acute onset of dyspnea, profuse
sweating and chest pain radiating to the left shoulder. Lab
investigation revealed elevated troponin – T. What is your diagnosis,
pathogenesis and morphology of the condition?
13. A sixty year old male presented with anaemia, loss of weight,
persistent abdominal pain, abdominal distension and vomiting. Upper
GI endoscopy and biopsy done. a) What is the probable diagnosis?
b) Discuss the etiopathogenesis and morphology of the disease.
14. 65/M presented with bleeding PR. Colonoscopy revealed a hard
mass in rectosigmoid. What is your diagnosis?
15. 50 years / Male admitted in emergency care with chest pain, profuse
sweating and Rapid pulse. What is your diagnosis? Describe the
Etiopathogenesis, Morphology and Complications of the above
mentioned disease.
16. A 3yrs old child was hospitalized for the complaints of fever and
passing smoky urine. The child had recovered from sore throat a
week ago. What is your diagnosis? Describe the etiopathogenesis,
morphology and laboratory findings of this condition.
17. 75 year male presented with dyspnea and sweating of sudden onset.
He is a known hypertensive and diabetic for 15 years. On
examination he has weak pulse. What is the diagnosis? Write about
pathogenesis of the above disorder. Write in detail about the
morphological changes that occur.
18. 55 year old post menopausal women presented with hard lump 6 x 6
cm in upper outer quadrant of left breast. FNA – revealed cluster of
pleomorphic cells. a) What is your clinical diagnosis? Discuss the
etiopathogenesis, molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis of the
disease. Discuss about prognostic and predictive factors of the
disease.
19. A 50 year old male presents with cough, dyspnoea, and intermittent
haemoptysis for two months along with loss of weight and appetite.
He is a chronic smoker for the past 3 decades. CT chest revealed
mass lesion in the right lobe of lung. a) What is your probable
diagnosis? b) Discuss in detail the classification, morphological
features and the Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with it.

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About The Author

Arka Chakrabarti
CEO and Founder of Medical Junction. I'm a MBBS
doctor from West Bengal. I love to write medical articles
and study guides for the ongoing UG students. Please
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2 COMMENTS  

Bsuresh
 1 year ago

Please send chapterwise important questions for pharmocology and microbiology

like pathology which you provided.

4 Reply

B Suresh
 1 year ago

Please send same for Pharmocology and microbiology questions

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