Experiment Title: Study of Magnetic Fields of a Coil and a Straight Wire

Objective:

To observe and compare the magnetic fields produced by a current-carrying straight wire and a
solenoid (coil).

What is Magnetic Field?The region surrounding the magnet in which the force of the magnet can
be felt is called the extent of the magnetic field. Its SI unit is Tesla and it is named after the
American Scientist Nikola Tesla. Gauss is the smaller unit of the magnetic field.

Materials:

1. Copper wire (for straight wire and solenoid)

2. A power supply (battery)
3. Ammeter
4. Compass
5. Iron filings (optional)
6. Cardboard or plastic sheet (for support)
7. Switch (for safety)

Procedure:

1. Setting Up the Straight Wire:

o Take a straight piece of copper wire and connect it to a battery through an
ammeter.
o Ensure to include a switch in the circuit for safety.
2. Observing the Magnetic Field:
o Close the switch to allow current to flow through the wire.
o Place the compass near the wire at different distances (e.g., 5 cm, 10 cm).
o Observe the direction of the compass needle, noting that it will align itself
perpendicular to the wire.
o Optionally, sprinkle iron filings around the wire to visualize the magnetic field
lines. Tap the surface gently to see the patterns formed.
3. Setting Up the Solenoid:
o Wind several turns of the copper wire around a cylindrical object to create a
solenoid.
o Connect the ends of the solenoid to the same power supply through the ammeter.
4. Observing the Magnetic Field of the Solenoid:
o Again, close the switch to allow current to flow through the solenoid.
o Use the compass to observe the magnetic field inside and outside the solenoid.
Inside, the magnetic field should be relatively uniform, while outside, it will be
weaker.
 oOptionally, you can sprinkle iron filings on a piece of paper placed over the
solenoid to visualize the magnetic field lines.
5. Data Collection:
o Record the direction of the compass needle in relation to the straight wire and the
solenoid.
o Compare the density of the magnetic field lines as observed with iron filings.

Conclusion:

Discuss the differences in the magnetic field patterns produced by the straight wire and the
solenoid. Highlight that:

 The magnetic field around the straight wire forms concentric circles.
 The magnetic field inside the solenoid is uniform and stronger compared to the field
outside.

Safety Precautions:

 Keep the current at a safe level to prevent overheating.

 Ensure proper handling of the power supply and connections.
Football, or "soccer" in some regions, is a sport played and loved by millions worldwide. Played
between two teams of eleven players, the objective is to score by getting the ball into the
opponent’s goal without using hands or arms, except for the goalkeeper. This simplicity in rules
has made football accessible to people from all walks of life and across every corner of the
globe.

The sport’s appeal goes beyond the field. It unites people, sparks passionate rivalries, and has
become a significant cultural and economic force. Iconic tournaments like the FIFA World Cup
and popular leagues such as the English Premier League and La Liga capture the hearts of fans
around the world. Football’s influence on society, from its ability to foster national pride to its
role in local communities, makes it more than just a game—it’s a universal language that

connects people everywhere.

Football is played on a rectangular field with two teams of eleven players. The objective is to
score by sending the ball into the opponent’s goal. Players use their feet, chest, head, and legs to
control the ball but cannot use their hands or arms, with the exception of goalkeepers, who may
handle the ball within their designated penalty area.

The game begins with a kickoff from the center circle, and players pass, dribble, and shoot to
advance the ball and create scoring opportunities. Each team has specialized roles: forwards
focus on scoring, midfielders help connect defense and attack, defenders aim to protect their
goal, and the goalkeeper serves as the last line of defense.

A standard match consists of two 45-minute halves, separated by a 15-minute halftime break. If
the score is tied at the end of 90 minutes, extra time or a penalty shootout may be used to
determine a winner, depending on competition rules.

Strategies vary, with teams balancing offensive and defensive approaches to outplay their
opponents. Referees ensure fair play by enforcing rules, giving free kicks or penalties for fouls,
and issuing yellow or red cards for serious offenses. Football’s dynamic pace and strategic depth
make it an exciting and globally beloved sport.
Football is governed by a set of standardized rules known as the Laws of the Game, created by
the International Football Association Board (IFAB). These rules cover everything from field
dimensions to player conduct:

1. Field Dimensions: The field is rectangular, typically between 90-120 meters long and
45-90 meters wide, with marked areas including the center circle, goal boxes, penalty
boxes, and corner arcs.
2. Starting and Restarting Play: Play begins with a kickoff from the center circle, and
restarts the same way after each goal. Kickoffs are also used to begin the second half and
extra time, if applicable.
3. Scoring: A goal is scored when the entire ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts
and under the crossbar. The team with the most goals at the end of regulation time wins.
4. Offside: A player is offside if they receive the ball closer to the opponent’s goal than
both the ball and the second-last opponent, unless they are in their own half or directly
receive the ball from a throw-in, corner, or goal kick.
5. Fouls and Misconduct: Fouls, such as tripping or pushing, result in free kicks for the
opposing team. Serious offenses may lead to yellow cards (warnings) or red cards
(ejections). Accumulating two yellow cards in one match also results in ejection.
6. Free Kicks and Penalties: A foul within the defending team's penalty area results in a
penalty kick, taken from the penalty spot. For fouls outside the penalty area, either direct
or indirect free kicks are awarded based on the severity of the foul.
7. Throw-ins, Goal Kicks, and Corner Kicks: When the ball crosses the sideline, it is
returned to play via a throw-in by the opposing team. If it crosses the goal line (outside
the goal) last touched by a defender, the offense takes a corner kick; if last touched by an
attacker, it results in a goal kick for the defense.
8. Duration: A standard match lasts 90 minutes, divided into two 45-minute halves, with
stoppage time added for injuries or delays. If tied in some competitions, extra time or
penalty shootouts may follow.

These core rules ensure consistency and fairness, making football accessible and enjoyable
worldwide.

4o

Football requires specific equipment to ensure players' safety, fair play, and the smooth conduct
of the game. Here’s a rundown of the essential equipment used:

1. Football (Soccer Ball): The ball must be spherical, made of leather or other approved
materials, and have a circumference of 68–70 cm. Standard size for professional matches
is size 5.
2. Goalposts and Nets: The goals are placed at the center of each goal line, with a net
attached to trap the ball when a goal is scored. Each goal is 7.32 meters (24 feet) wide
and 2.44 meters (8 feet) high.
3. Uniform (Jersey, Shorts, and Socks): Each team wears matching jerseys, shorts, and
socks in distinct colors to differentiate them from the opposing team and the referee.
Goalkeepers wear unique colors to set them apart from all other players.
 4. Shin Guards: Shin guards are mandatory to protect players’ shins from injuries due to
kicks or tackles. They are typically worn under long socks for added support.
5. Cleats (Football Boots): Football boots have studs or cleats on the soles to provide
traction on grass or artificial turf, helping players maintain stability while running,
dribbling, and changing direction.
6. Goalkeeper Gloves: Worn by goalkeepers, gloves improve grip on the ball and provide
cushioning to reduce impact when catching or blocking shots.
7. Corner Flags: Positioned at each corner of the field, these flags mark the boundary lines
and guide players for corner kicks.
8. Whistle: Used by the referee to start, stop, and control the flow of the game, signaling
fouls, free kicks, and the end of play.

These equipment pieces are essential to ensure player safety, maintain the structure of the game,
and uphold professional standards in football.

In football, a goal is scored when the entire ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts and
below the crossbar, without any rule violations by the attacking team. Goals are the primary way
teams earn points, with the team scoring the most goals by the end of the match declared the
winner. Here’s a breakdown of key aspects related to goals:

1. Goal Structure: A standard goal is 7.32 meters (24 feet) wide and 2.44 meters (8 feet)
high, set at the center of each end of the field. Nets are attached to trap the ball once it
crosses the goal line, visually confirming a goal.
2. Scoring Rules: A goal can be scored from a variety of actions, including shots, headers,
and even deflections off the opponent, provided the entire ball crosses the goal line.
Goals can be scored from regular play, set pieces (like free kicks and corners), or penalty
kicks.
3. Offside Rule: To avoid “goal-hanging” or unfair advantage, a player must be in an
onside position to receive the ball when it is passed forward. If they are closer to the
opponent’s goal than the ball and the second-last defender when the pass is made, the
goal will be disallowed.
4. Own Goals: Sometimes, players accidentally send the ball into their own team’s goal,
which is counted as an “own goal” and awarded to the opposing team.
5. Goal Value: Each goal counts as a single point, regardless of how or when it’s scored.
Unlike some sports with varying point values, every goal in football holds equal value,
emphasizing the importance of every scoring opportunity.
6. Goalkeeper’s Role: The goalkeeper is the only player allowed to use hands and arms to
stop the ball, but only within their penalty area. Their main responsibility is to prevent the
opposing team from scoring.

Goals are what drive the excitement of football, and every successful strike, save, or near miss
adds to the drama and unpredictability that make the game so captivating.