Solutions

~Solutions-mixture of solute(less)+solvent(more)

Concentration term-

~Mass by mass % is defined as mass of one component/total mass of

component(m/m%)

Q-20g of NaOH mixed with 100g NaOH, find the m/m% of NaOH.

A- 20/100+20= 1/6 g=50/3%

~Volume by volume% volume of solute(ml) present per 100ml solution(V/V%)

Q-30ml of ethanol in 100ml of solution, find v/v%

A- 30ml ethanol, 70ml water

30/70=3/7ml= 300/7%

Q-30ml of ethanol in 45ml of water

A- 30/30+45=2/5ml=200/5%=40%

~weight by volume% weight of solute(g) present per 100ml solution(W/V%)

Q-5mol of glucose(C6H12O6) is dissolved in water to form 10L of solution, Calc W/V%

A- Mole=gram mass/molecular mass (finding given mass) =5x180=900

Volume=5000ml
W/V=900*100/5000=18%

Q- 2mole of calcium dissolved in water to form, 2L of sol, Calc W/V%

A- Weight= 40*2=80
Volume=2000
W/V%=8000/2000=4%
~Molarity(M)

 No. of mole of solute per L of solution.

 M=given mass*1000/molar mass*volume/mass(l)

Q- 5mole of Na molecule present in 10L of Sol, Find molarity of Sol.

A- M=n/v=5/10=0.5 mol/L

Q(Hw)- 23g of Na present in 500ml of solution, Find Molarity.

A- M=no. of mole/vol=1(23g NA=1mole)/0.5=2mol/L

Q(Hw)-98G of H2SO4 present in 5M of solution, find Volume.

A- Moles= 98/1*2+32+16*4=1
Vol= mole/M= 1/5 L

Q- 180g of glucose(C6H12O6) dissolved in 500ml of solution, Find Molarity.

A- M=moles/Vol= 1/0.5= 2mol/L

Q- 34g of ammonia (NH3) present in 2L of solution, Find Molarity.

A- M= mole/Vol= 2(1mole=17g)/2 = 2mol/L

Note: Semi-molar=M/2, Decimolar=M/10, Pentimolar=M/5

~Molality

 No of mole of solute per Kg of Solvent.

 m= given mass*1000/molar mass*w

Q-20g of calcium is dissolved in 500g of solvent, Find Molality

A- no. Mole /kg= 0.5mole/0.5kg=1mole/kg

Q-m of solvent=2mole/kg & mass of solvent is 4kg, Find no. of mole

A- m= moles/mass=> 2=mole/4=> x=8

~Mixture of molarity (resulting Molarity) = M1V1+M2V2 / V1+V2

Q- M1=2, V1=200ml, M2=5, V2=800ml, Find resulting Molarity.

A- 400+4000/1000=4.4mol/L

~Mole Fraction

 X(chai)
 Defined as mole of 1 component to the total mole of component
 Unit less
 XA+XB=1(Always)
 If 1 component given, then second is always H2O
In picture- n=No.of moles

Q- If a solution 30g of urea (NH2CONH2) in 45g of water, find mole fraction of urea.

A- No. of moles of Urea= 30/60=0.5

No. of moles of water= 45/18= 2.5
Mole fraction of Urea= 0.5/(0.5+2.5) = 0.5/3 = 0.16

Q(Hw)- an aqueous solution containing 28g of KOH, Calc Mole Fraction of KOH.

A- No. of moles of KOH= 28/56= 0.5

No. of moles of water= 72/18= 4
Mole fraction of KOH= 0.5/4.5= 1/9= 0.11

Q(Hw)- 98g of H2SO4, Find mole fraction of H2SO4.

A- No. of moles of H2SO4= 98/98=1

No. of moles of water= 2/18= 1/9
Mole fraction of H2SO4= 1/(10/9)= 0.9

Q(Hw)- an aqueous solution containing 28% W/W of KOH, Find molality.

A-

Q(Hw)- If a Solution containing 30g of urea in 45g of water, Calc Molality.

A-

Q- 10.6g of Na2CO3 dissolved in 500ml of water, calc Molarity of Na.

Q- Mole fraction of NaOH is 0.4, Find mass percentage of NaOH.

A- XA=0.4
XB=1-0.4=0.6
Mole= MF x Molecular mass=> 0.4*40/6*18=>80/54
Q- Find the mole fraction of 10g Ca.

A- Ca=10g, H2O=90g
Moles of Ca = ¼ = 0.25
Mole of H2O= 90/18= 5
Mole Fraction Ca= 0.25/5.25 = 0.05/1.05 = 1/21

Relation between W/V & Molality

 Molality= W/V% x 10 / molar mass

Q- 10% W/V of H2SO4 present in a Solution, Find the molal of solution.

A- m=10*10/98= 1.02mol/kg

Relation between W/W & Molarity

 Molarity= W/W% x 10 x d/ molar mass

 Density= mass/vol

Q- 20% 21 of H3PO4 solution, Density= 1.2 g/ml. Find Molarity.

A- M= 20*10 *1.2/ 97 = 2.5mol/L

Relation between Mole fraction and molality

 X1/X2 = molality x molecular weight of solvent/ 1000

Q- mole fraction of NaOH is 0.6 and it is present in 500 g of solvent. Find molality.

A- 0.6/0.4= m x ½
m= 1.5*2=3

Relation between molarity and molality

 Molality= molarity x 1000/ d x 1000 – molarity x molecular weight of solute

Q- Density of 3M solution of NaCl is 1.25g/ml. calc molality of sol.

A- m= 3000/1250- 3*58.5

Q- Calculate molarity of solution of ethanol(C2h5OH) in water. X=0.40.

Q-If the density of Methanol is 0.793kg/L, what is its volume needed to make 2.5L of
its 0.25M Solution

Solubility

 the ability to be dissolved specially in water

 max amount of solute that can get dissolved in given amount of solvent.
 Depends on Temperature, Pleasure and nature of solute & solvent.

~Solubility of solid in a liquid

 Every solid does not dissolve in a liquid. While NaCl n sugar dissolve readily in
water whereas Naphthalene n anthocyanin do not
 Like dissolve like: Polar(charge compounds) dissolve in polar n same for non-
polar. A solution dissolved in a solvent if intermolecular force are similar,
  Unsaturated Solution- more solute can be dissolved in solution
 Saturated Solution- no more solute can be dissolved at same temperature &
pressure (this is the equilibrium state of the solution)
 Super-Saturated Solution- No more solute can be dissolved but in case u try to
dissolve more solute, it will settle down n not get dissolved.

~Effect of temperature (Le chateliar principle)

~Effect of pressure

 Pleasure does not have any significant effect on solubility of solid in liquid
because they r highly incompressible and practically remain unaffected.

Solubility of gas in liquid

 Greatly affected by temperature n pressure

 Solubility of gas increases with increase in pressure
 Solubility of gas increases with increase in temperature
 W in diagram is=

Henry’s law-

 at constant temperature, the solubility of gas in a liquid is directly proportional

to partial pressure of a gas present above the surface of liquid.
 If we use a mol fraction of a gas in the solution as we measure of its solubility.
 It is said that mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas over the solution.
 (imp) the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase pressure is proportional to
the mole fraction
 P=K*mole fraction (k=henry’s constant)

Note- graph: proportional- straight, inversely- curved/parabola

Note- 1ATM=760mmhg

Q- Partial Pleasure of N2 gas is 2atm and the mole fraction of N2 gas is 2. Find the
value of henrys constant.

A- P.P= K*X
2=K*2=> K=1
Q- The partial pressure of N2 gas is 98mmhg and mole fraction of solution is 55.5. Find
K.

A- 1atm=98/760

Vapour Pressure-

 Pressure exerted by vapour in the condition of equilibrium at the surface of

liquid in a closed container.
 In case of water, is known as aqueous tension
 It is a constant and for a given liquid, its numerical value change according to
temperature
 Vapour pressure of given liquid is independent from amount of liquid and
size/shape of vessel(depends only on temperature)
 Factors affecting V.P:
o Nature of liquid- liquid having strong intermolecular(I.M) force of attraction
have less tendency to vaporise.(bigger the molecule, less the I.M force)
 V.P is inversely proportional to force of attraction between
molecules.
 In case of hydrogen bonding, V.P will be minimum

Q- Compare V.P

1- H2O & C2H5OH

A- a<b
2- CH3OH(methanol) & (Glycol) & (Glycerol)
A- a<b<c

Type of solution on the basis of V.P

 Volatile-
o Substance with can get vaporised
o P not equal to 0
o Eg- H2O
 Non-volatile
o Substance with can not get vaporised
o P=0
o Eg- urea, glucose

Temperature

 More the temp, more the kinetic energy of molecule. So, their tendency to make
vapour increases
 Vp to temp relation formula
  Graph-

Vapour of solution

 Liquid-liquid solution-

Total pressure of solution-

 Q-

Q-

Containing 2 volatile liquid is given by p= 5-3 XB

Mole fraction of solute and solvent in vapour phase


 Accorfing toh daltons law: PP= mole fraction * total preasure

o
o
Q-

A-

Q-
Case 2-
Q- 30gm of urea is desolved in 45gm of water at const temp, if vapour preasure of
pure water at tempp t is 300ml of mmhg. Calc XA and XB, molality, VP of sol, lowering
VP, RLVP

A-
Q-
Colligative property(Democratic property)

 A property of solution that depends on no of moles in solute and not of its

nature.
 Condition:
o Solute should be not be volatile
o Sol should be Dilute

Types of colligative Property:

 Relative lowering of Vapour pressure.

 Elevation in boiling point
 Depression in freeing point
 Osmotic pressure.

Note: All colligative property are inter-related with each other. ie: known one
another , can be calculated.

 All colligative property deprends on molarity.

2. E in BP

 BP- the temp at which VP of liquid become equal to external VP.

 VP is inversely proportional to BP
If Kb is not given then:
The valour preasure of liquid increase with increase in temp it bloils at the temp at
whichthe vapour preasure is equal to the atmospheric pressure

The boiling point of solution is always higher than that of boiling point of pure solvent
in which the sol is prepared as shown in graph.

Similar to lowering of vapour pressure, the elevation of boiling point also depend on
nature of solute.

Q-
18gm of glucose is dissolved in 100 g of water, calc difference between BP

Given

A-

Q-18gm of glucose is dissolved in 1kg of water in a saucepan. And what temp will

water boil at 1.013 bar.

A- Molality of glucose
Given,
Amount of glucose=18 g

So,
Moles of glucose=18 g180 g mol−1=0.1mol

Amount of solvent =1 kg

Molality of glucose solution=number of moles of solute amount of solute=0.11

kg

⇒Molality of glucose solution=0.1 mol kg−1

Temperature at which water will boil

We know, change in boiling point ΔTb is given by,
ΔTb=Kb×m
=0.52 K kg mol−1×0.1 mol kg−1=0.052 K

Since water boils at 373.15 K at 1.013 bar pressure, therefore, the boiling point
of solution will be 373.15+0.05=373.2 K.

Depression in Freezing point

 Temp at which vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to VP of solid.








 

 Lowering of VP of a sol cause a lowering of fp compared to that

 We know that FP of a substance that solid phase in the dynamic equilibrium in
liquid state.
 Freezing Point- FP of any substance is defined as the temp at which VP of
substance in its liquid phase is equals to the VP of solid phase.

Q- 30g of urea is dissolved in 100g of water, calc Delta TF and TF

Q- 45gm of ethylin glycole(c2h6o2), 600gm water, calc freezing point depression(del

TF) and solution(TF)
A-

Osmotic pressure

 High concentration to low concentration


Reverse osmosis

 RO defines as extra preassure developed over the solution of high concentration

is greater that osmotic preasure than movement of solvent particles take place
in reverse direction.
 Applications of RO
o Purification of drinking water
o De-saltation
o Industry purification
 Type of solution on basis of osmotic pressure
o Isotonic solution-having same osmotic pressure.(pie1=pie2)
o Hypertonic solution-having more osmotic pressure
o Hypotonic- having less osmotic pressure

Q-calc osmotic preasure of decimoral urea solution at 27degree celcius

Q- calc osmotic preasure of 30% w/w solution of glucose sol at 25decree cecius
A-

Q-

Abnormal colligative properties

 When a solute source phenomena of association or dissociation, then no of

solute particles either decrease or increase than abnormal colligative property.
 Dissociation- no of solute particles increase.
Ideal or non ideal solution

 Ideal solution
Non ideal solutions are which does not follow raults law at all const temp