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251 - MATH 120 - Problem Set 3

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6 views9 pages

251 - MATH 120 - Problem Set 3

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amspamemail69
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATH-UA 120 Discrete Mathematics:

Problem Set 3
Wendy Darling
Due Monday, October 7th, 2024

Assignment Instructions
• These are to be written up in LATEX and turned in on Gradescope.
• Click here to duplicate this .tex file in Overleaf .
• Write your solutions inside the solution environment.
• You are always encouraged to talk problems through with your peers and your instructor, but your
write up should be done independently.

• Problems are graded on correctness and fluency.


• Unless stated otherwise, all calculations require justification.
• Some tutorials on how to use LATEX can be found here. If you have any questions about LATEX
commands you can always ask your instructor for advice.

Statement on generative AI
In this and other mathematics courses, you are expected to construct clear and concise mathematical argu-
ments based on statements proven in our text and class notes. Large language models such as ChatGPT
are unable to produce this kind of solution. They also frequently generate circular logic and outright false
results.
You may use AI to summarise content, generate study plans, create problems, or do other study-related
activities. You may not ask a chatbot to solve your quiz or homework problems, or do any assessment-related
activities.
You may use AI tools to edit your grammar and punctuation, but remember that mathematical English
is not the same as academic English in other disciplines.

1
Problem 1
a) Consider the following subsets of N.

A = The set of all even numbers.


B = The set of all prime numbers.
C = The set of all perfect squares.
D = The set of all multiples of 10.

Using only the symbols


3, A, B, C, D, N, ∈, ⊆, =, ̸=, ∩, ∪, ×, −, ∅, (, )
rewrite the following statements in set notation.
i. None of the perfect squares are prime numbers.
ii. The number 3 is a prime number that is not even.
iii. If you take all of the prime numbers, all of the even numbers, all of the perfect squares and all of the
multiples of 10, you still won’t have all of the natural numbers.
b) Consider the following subsets of the set of all students at a university.

F = The set of all freshmen.


S = The set of all seniors.
M = The set of all maths majors.
C = The set of all CS majors.

i. Using only the symbols


F, S, M, C, | | , ∩, ∪, −, >
translate the following statement written in English into a statement written in the language of set
theory: “There are more freshmen that aren’t maths majors that there are senior CS majors.”
ii. Translate the following statement written in the language of set theory into a statement in English:
(F ∩ M ) ⊆ C.

2
Problem 2
Describe explicitly in English the following sets, then find their cardinality.

a) x ∈ 2Z | 5 ∈ x

b) x ∈ 2Z | x ⊆ {1, 2, 3}

c) x ∈ 2Z | x ⊂ {1, 2, {3, 4}}

d) x ∈ 2Z | x ∈ {1, 2, {3, 4}}

e) x ∈ 2Z | y ∈ x =⇒ y = 0

3
Problem 3
For each of the following statements, describe it in English and say if is true or false (without proof). Then
write its negation using quantifiers and describe this negation in English.
For example: The statement ∀x ∈ Z, x < 0 means every integer is negative, and it is false. Its negation is
∃x ∈ Z, x ≥ 0, which means that there exists a nonnegative integer.

a) ∀x ∈ Z, ∃y ∈ Z, x2 + y = 4
b) ∃y ∈ Z, ∀x ∈ Z, x2 + y = 4
c) ∀n ∈ Z, ∃k ∈ Z, ∃d ∈ Z, k + n = 2d
d) ∃n ∈ Z, ∀k ∈ Z, ∃d ∈ Z, k + n = 2d

4
Problem 4
Proposition 12.4 of the textbook says that for any finite sets X and Y , we have

|X| + |Y | = |X ∪ Y | + |X ∩ Y | .

Use this proposition to show that for any three finite sets A, B and C that

|A ∪ B ∪ C| = |A| + |B| + |C| − |A ∩ B| − |A ∩ C| − |B ∩ C| + |A ∩ B ∩ C| .

5
Problem 5
In a survey of soda preference between three brands A, B and C, it found that 60 people like A, 55 people
like B, 40 people like C, 20 people like both A and B, 35 people like both B and C, 15 people like both
A and C, and 10 people like all three sodas. Assuming that everyone likes at least one of the three soda
brands, find the following:
a) The number of people who participated in the survey.

b) The number of people who like soda B only.


c) The number of people who like sodas A and C, but not soda B.
d) The number of people who do not like soda B.

6
Problem 6
Prove that for any sets A and B, A △ (A ∩ B) = A − B.

7
Problem 7
Let n be a positive integer. Give a combinatorial proof of the identity

3n − 1 = 2 · 30 + 2 · 31 + 2 · 32 + · · · + 2 · 3n−1 .

You may not manipulate the question algebraically. Only a combinatorial proof will be accepted.

8
Problem 8
Let n be a positive integer. Give a combinatorial proof of the identity

n3 = n (n − 1) (n − 2) + 3n (n − 1) + n.

You may not manipulate the question algebraically. Only a combinatorial proof will be accepted.

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