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Plastids and It's Types

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Plastids and It's Types

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S Gul
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Cell Structure and Function

LECTURE 13
CELL STRUCTURE
EHSAN ULLAH
Subject Specialist
• M.Phil
• Pharmacist
• Medical Technician
Plastid
➢Membrane bounded, mostly pigment containing bodies present in the
cell are called plastids. Plastids are the unique organelles found only in
plant cells.

➢There are three main types of plastids: a) Chloroplasts b) Chromoplasts


d) Leucoplast

a) Chloroplast

➢In photosynthetic plant cells, these are membrane bounded structures


containing a green pigment, chlorophyll.

➢Chlorophyll is an organic compound which helps the cell to absorb


sunlight and utilize it to manufacture food.
EHSAN ULLAH
➢Chloroplasts vary in their shape and size with a diameter of about 4-6 um.

➢Under electron microscope they appear to be heterogeneous structures


with small granules known as grana embedded in the matrix.

➢Chloroplast shows three main components, the envelope, stroma and the
thylakoid.

➢The envelope is formed by a doubled membrane, while stroma covers


most of the volume of the chloroplast.

➢Stroma is a fluid which surrounds the thylakoids. It contains protein,


some ribosomes and a small circular DNA. It is in this part of the
chloroplast where carbondioxide is fixed to manufacture sugars.
➢Thylakoids are the flattened vesicles which arrange themselves to
form grana.
➢A granum appears to be a pile of thylakoids stacked on each other
like coins. On average there are 50 or more thylakoid piled to form
one granum.
➢On the layers of the thylakoids, chlorophyll molecules are arranged
and that is why granum appears to be green.
➢Each granum is inter-connected with other by the non green part
called intergranum.
➢Chloroplasts are also self replicating organelle like mitochondria.
Plastids
• Plastids were discovered by Haeckel.
• Plastids are primarily concerned with food storage.
• Plastids are characteristic of plant cells. They are never present in animal cell and
in fungi.
• Precursor of plastid—Proplastid /Eoplast ;present in young and dividing cells
• In Proplastid the inner membrane have folds which later becomes thylakoids or
lamella.
• Plant epidermal cells generally lack chloroplast except Guard cells of stomata.
EHSAN ULLAH
Types of Plastids
• According to presence of pigments, plastids are of 3 types :
• Chloroplasts—These are green colored plastids. The green pigment is
chlorophyll.
• Chromoplasts—These are colored plastids other than green. The colored
pigments are generally carotenoids.
• Gerontoplasts—These are basically chloroplasts that go with the ageing
process.
Geronoplasts refer to the chloroplasts of the leaves that help to convert into
different other organelles when the leaf is no longer using photosynthesis
usually in an autumn month.
• Leucoplasts—These are colorless plastids.

All the four types of plastids are interconvertible.


• Leucoplasts are of three types:

1. Amyloplasts – Amyloplasts are greatest among all three and they store and
synthesize starch.
2. Proteinoplasts – Proteinoplasts help in storing the proteins that a plant needs
and can be typically found in seeds.
3. Elaioplasts -Elaioplast helps in storing fats and oils that are needed by the plant.
EHSAN ULLAH
Chloroplast
“Chloroplastis an organelles that contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that
captures sunlight and converts it into useful energy, thereby, releasing oxygen from
water”

• Discovered by Sach and term - Chloroplast proposed by Schimper.


• Largest cell organelle in the Cytoplasm of plant cell.
• Semi autonomous cell organelle.
• Chloroplast is a double unit membrane structure where each membrane is 50- 60 A
thick.
• Both outer and inner membrane are separated by a periplastidial space which is 160 to
300 A wide.
• The basal fluid of chloroplast is called Stroma.

• Inside the chloroplast coin like structures are present and called Thylakoid.

• The term thylakoid was proposed by Menke.

• Each thylakoid is surrounded by a single membrane.

• In chloroplast the thylakoids are arranged one upon each other and form a Piliar
of thylakoid which is known as Grana.

• A Grana are formed by thylakoids.

• In a chloroplast 10-100 Grana are present.


• Two granum are connected by a special thylakoid are known as Intergranal
Lamellae /Stroma lamellae / Fretz channel /Stroma thylakoid.

• In 1964, Park and Biggins isolated quantasomes from the thylakoid.

• It is unit of photosynthesis. Thylakoid Contains 200 – 250 Chlorophyll

• 230 chlorophyll → An Quantasome. In a thylakoid several quantasomes are


present.

• In the Stroma of chloroplast, a few circular DNA are present. These are known as
Chloroplastidial DNA (Cp - DNA)
• The plastidial system of a cell which is carrying genetic information is known as
PLASTIDOME.

• In the Stroma, the main enzyme is Ribulose 1 -5 bi phosphate Carboxylase


(RuBisCo)

• **Most abundant protein molecule of the earth.

• **Main enzyme of photosynthesis.

• In Stroma 70s Ribosomes are present

• Chemically the chloroplast is composed of

• 35 to 55 % Protein. 20 to 30 % Lipid. 9% Carbohydrates. 9%


Chlorophylls. 3 to 4 % Nucleic acids. 4 to 5 % Carotenoids
• Most common chlorophyll : Chl.a

• Chl.a → C55H7205N4Mg (-CH3).

• Chl.b → C55H70O6N4Mg (-CHO).

• Term Chlorophyl— Pelletier and Caventon.

• Structure of Chlorophyll---Willstater and Stahl.

• Ratio of Chl.a : Chl.b =3:1

• Grana term—Mayer
• Plastoribosomes— 7Os type
• Thylakiods also known as Baggy trousers.
Chromoplast
• These are colored plastids other than green.

• The colored pigments are generally carotenoids and Xanthophylls.


• Generally yellow or orange in color.
• Generally chromoplast are present in fruits and petals.
• When green fruit turns yellow the chloroplast is converted into chromoplast
• When green fruit turns yellow the chloroplast is converted into chromoplast
Leucoplast
• These are colorless plastids and mostly found in those plant parts which are not
exposed to light ( underground)
• Primary function: Food storage. Largest Plastid and Pigments are absent in
leucoplast. Three types :
• Amyloplast :these are filled with starch and are generally found in storage tubers,
Cotyledons, and endosperms.
• Largest Leucoplast e.g. Potato, Banana, Cereals
• Elioplast → these are filled with Oils or fats e.g. Castor seed, Groundnut
• Aleuroplast/Proteinoplast →these store proteins. e.g. Pulses, Maize
Function of Chloroplast
• The main function of chloroplast is photosynthesis. It is a two step process
involves following steps.

• LIGHT REACTION: The solar energy is trapped by the chlorophyll and converted
into ATP. This reaction occurs in Grana ( Photophosphorylation).

• DARK REACTION: The enzyme RuBisCo converts the CO2 into carbohydrates. The
dark reaction operates in the stroma.
0344-9472178

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