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Math Assignment (Grade 7)

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35 views

Math Assignment (Grade 7)

Uploaded by

Shabbir Ninja Attack
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Beaconhouse School System

Jauhar Campus

Grade 7

Topic: Lines and Angle Properties


What are Lines?
A line is a straight one-dimensional figure that extends in the opposite directions infinitely. A line
can be horizontal or vertical. It can be drawn from left to right or top to bottom.
What are Angles?
Angles are the shape that is formed when the endpoints of two rays meet at a single point. They
are measured in degrees (°) or radians. A complete rotation is equal to an angle of 360 degrees. It
is represented by the symbol ‘∠’.
Types of Lines and Angles
There are various types of lines and angles in geometry based on the measurements and different
scenarios. Let us learn here all those lines and angles along with their definitions.
Types of Lines
Lines are basically categorized as:
 Line segment
 Ray
Based on concepts or operations performed on lines, they are;
 Parallel Lines
 Perpendicular Lines
 Transversal
Line Segment
A line segment is a part of a line with two end-points. It is the shortest distance between two
points and has a fixed length.

Ray A ray is a part of a line, which has a starting point and extends infinitely in one direction.
Perpendicular Lines
When two lines form a right angle with each other, by meeting at a single point, are called
perpendicular lines. In the figure, you can see, lines AB and CD are perpendicular to each other.

Parallel Lines
Two lines are said to be parallel when they do not meet at any point in a plane or which do not
intersects each other. In the figure, lines PQ and RS are parallel to each other.

Transversal Line
When a line intersects two lines at distinct points, it is called a transversal. In the figure, a
transversal l is intersecting two lines at point P and Q.

Types of Angles
Angles are basically classified as:
 Acute Angle(<90°)
 Right Angle(=90°)
 Obtuse Angle(>90°)
 Straight Angle(=180°)
And based on the relation between two angles, conceptual wise, they are;
 Supplementary Angles
 Complementary Angles
 Adjacent Angles
 Vertically Opposite Angles
Acute Angle
If the inclination between the arms is less than a right angle, it is called an acute angle.
Obtuse Angle
If the inclination between the arms is more than a right angle, it is called an obtuse angle.
Right Angle
If the arms form an angle of 90 degrees between them, it is called a right angle.
Straight Angle
If the arms form an angle of 180 degrees between them, it is called a straight angle.
Complementary Angles
Two angles which sum up to 90 degrees are called complementary angles.

Supplementary Angles
Two angles which sum up to 180 degrees are called supplementary angles.
Adjacent Angles
Two angles which have a common side and a common vertex are called adjacent angles. In the
following figure, ∠α and ∠β are adjacent angles.

Vertically Opposite Angles


Two angles which are formed, opposite to each other, when two lines intersect at a common
point or vertex, are called vertically opposite angles. In the figure, given below;
∠POR = ∠SOQ and ∠POS = ∠ROQ
Parallel lines are the lines that do not intersect or meet each other at any point in a plane. They are
always parallel and are at equidistant from each other. Parallel lines are non-intersecting lines. We can
also say Parallel lines meet at infinity.
Also, when a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then pairs of angles are formed, such as:
 Corresponding angles
 Alternate interior angles
 Alternate exterior angles
 Vertically opposite angles
 Linear pair
If two lines are intersecting each other at a point, in a plane, they are called intersecting lines. If they
meet each other at 90 degrees, then they are called perpendicular lines.
Definition
Two lines are said to be parallel when they do not meet at any point in a plane. Lines which do not
have a common intersection point and never cross path with each other are parallel to each other. The
symbol for showing parallel lines is ‘||’.
Two lines which are parallel are represented as:
This means that line AB is parallel to CD.
The perpendicular distance between the two parallel lines is always constant.

In the figure shown above, the line segments PQ and RS represent two parallel lines as they have no
common intersection point in the given plane. Infinite parallel lines can be drawn parallel to lines PQ
and RS in the given plane.
Pairs of Angles
Lines can either be parallel or intersecting. When two lines meet at a point in a plane, they are known
as intersecting lines. If a line intersects two or more lines at distinct points then it is known as
a transversal line.
In figure 2, line l intersects lines a and b at points P and Q respectively. The line l is the transversal
here.
∠1,∠2,∠7 and ∠8 are the exterior angles and ∠3,∠4,∠5 and ∠6 denote the interior angles.
The angle pairs formed due to intersection by a transversal are named as follows:
1. Corresponding Angles: ∠1 and ∠6; ∠4 and ∠8; ∠2 and ∠5; ∠3 and ∠7 are the corresponding pair of
angles.
2. Alternate Interior Angles: ∠4 and ∠5 ; ∠3 and ∠6 denote the pair of alternate interior angles.
3. Alternate Exterior Angles: ∠1 and ∠7; ∠2 and ∠8 are the alternate exterior angles.
4. Same side Interior Angles: ∠3 and ∠5; ∠4 and ∠6 denote the interior angles on the same side of the
transversal or co-interior or consecutive interior angles.

If the lines a and b are parallel to each other as shown, then the following axioms are given for angle
pairs of these lines.

Properties of Parallel Lines


As we have already learned, if two lines are parallel, they do not intersect, on a common plane. Now if
a transversal intersects two parallel lines, at two distinct points, then there are four angles formed at
each point. Hence, below are the properties of parallel lines with respect to transversals.
 Corresponding angles are equal.
 Vertical angles/ Vertically opposite angles are equal.
 Alternate interior angles are equal.
 Alternate exterior angles are equal.
 Pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
Parallel Lines :
Go through the following results for the parallel lines.
Corresponding Angle
If two lines which are parallel are intersected by a transversal then the pair of corresponding angles are
equal.
From Fig. 3: ∠1=∠6, ∠4=∠8, ∠2= ∠5 and ∠3= ∠7
ALTERNATE INTERIOR ANGLE:
If two lines which are parallel are intersected by a transversal then the pair of alternate interior angles
are equal.
From Fig. 3: ∠4=∠5 and ∠3=∠6
Proof: As, ∠4=∠2 and ∠1=∠3(Vertically Opposite Angles)
Also, ∠2=∠5 and ∠1=∠6 (Corresponding Angles)
⇒∠4=∠5 and ∠3=∠6
Parallel lines and supplementary angles:
If two lines which are parallel are intersected by a transversal then the pair of interior angles on the
same side of the transversal are supplementary.
∠3+ ∠5=180° and ∠4+∠6=180°
As ∠4=∠5 and ∠3=∠6 (Alternate interior angles)
∠3+ ∠4=180° and ∠5+∠6=180° (Linear pair axiom)
⇒∠3+ ∠5=180° and ∠4+∠6=180°
Applications of Parallel Lines in Real Life
One will be able to see lines which are parallel to each other in real life too if only one has the patience
and is observant enough to do so. For instance, take the railroads. The railway tracks are literally
parallel lines. The two lines or tracks are meant for the wheels of the train to travel along on. The
difference between the parallel lines imagined by mathematicians and the ones who actually make the
railway tracks is that mathematicians have the liberty to imagine the parallel lines over flat surfaces
and paper, while trains travel across all sorts of terrain, from hills, slopes and mountains to over
bridges.
According to mathematicians when two parallel lines are graphed, they must always be at the same
angle, which means they’ll have the same slope or steepness.
VIDEO LINKS: Following links will help you understand the topic more clearly.
https://youtu.be/c0RWBk6wonk?si=2k8g8AwJFW0uK_oj
https://youtu.be/00Mwp2W8jnU?si=Zr9Oesl8GoRDQaNQ
https://youtu.be/oE98p-0Vw0U?si=wwLtiPQVa2K7bPDQ

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE


Attempt the following quiz and asses your knowledge

- https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/661579c7728505562fc54253/angles-and-lines-
7th?source=search-result-page
- https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/66123b3ac6598316adf26b40/217-angle-relationships-
vocabulary-practice
Beaconhouse School System
Jauhar Campus
Grade 7
Beaconhouse School System
Jauhar Campus
Grade 7

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