University Physics with Modern Physics

Fifteenth Edition

Chapter 27
Magnetic Field and
Magnetic Forces

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Learning Outcomes
In this chapter, you’ll learn…
• the properties of magnets, and how magnets interact with
each other.
• how to analyze magnetic forces on current-carrying
conductors and moving charged particles.
• how magnetic field lines are different from electric field
lines.
• some practical applications of magnetic fields in chemistry
and physics, including electric motors.
• how current loops behave when placed in a magnetic field.
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Introduction
• The most familiar examples of magnetism are permanent
magnets, which attract unmagnetized iron objects and can also
attract or repel other magnets.
• A compass needle aligning itself with the earth’s magnetism is
an example of this interaction.

• But the fundamental nature of

magnetism is the interaction of
moving electric charges.
• How can magnetic forces, which act
only on moving charges, explain the
behavior of a compass needle?

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Magnetic Poles
• If a bar-shaped permanent
magnet, or bar magnet, is
free to rotate, one end
points north; this end is
called a north pole or N
pole.
• The other end is a south
pole or S pole.
• Opposite poles attract each
other, and like poles repel
each other, as shown.
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Magnetism and Certain Metals
• An object that contains iron but is not itself magnetized
(that is, it shows no tendency to point north or south) is
attracted by either pole of a permanent magnet.
• This is the attraction that acts between a magnet and the
unmagnetized steel door of a refrigerator.

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Magnetic Field of the Earth
• The earth itself is a magnet.
• Its north geographic pole is close to a magnetic south pole,
which is why the north pole of a compass needle points north.
• The earth’s magnetic axis is not quite parallel to its geographic
axis (the axis of rotation), so a compass reading deviates
somewhat from geographic north.
• This deviation, which varies with location, is called magnetic
declination or magnetic variation.
• Also, the magnetic field is not horizontal at most points on the
earth’s surface; its angle up or down is called magnetic
inclination.

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Magnetic Monopoles
• Magnetic poles always come in pairs
• There is no experimental evidence for magnetic
monopoles.

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Electric Current and Magnets
• A compass near a wire with no current points north.
• However, if an electric current runs through the wire,
the compass needle deflects somewhat.

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The Magnetic Field
• A moving charge (or current) creates a magnetic field
in the surrounding space.
• The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving
charge (or current) that is present in the field.
• Like an electric field, a magnetic field is a vector
field—that is, a vector quantity associated with each
point in space.
• We will use the symbol B for magnetic field.
• At any position the direction of B is defined as the direction
in which the north pole of a compass needle tends to point.

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The Magnetic Force on a Moving
Charge (1 of 2)
• The magnitude of the magnetic force on a moving
particle is proportional to the component of the
particle’s velocity perpendicular to the field.
• If the particle is at rest, or moving parallel to the field,
it experiences zero magnetic force.

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Magnetic Force as a Vector Product
• The magnetic force is
best represented as a
vector product.

• Video Tutor Solution: Example 27.1

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The Magnetic Force on a Moving
Charge (2 of 2)

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Right-Hand Rule for Magnetic
Force (1 of 3)
• The right-hand rule gives the direction of the force on a
positive charge.
• The next slide shows three steps involved in applying the
right-hand rule:
1. Place the velocity and magnetic field vectors tail to tail.
2. Imagine turning v toward B in the v -B plane (through
the smaller angle).
3. The force acts along a line perpendicular to the v -B
plane. Curl the fingers of your right hand around this
line in The Same direction you rotated v Your thumb
Now points in The direction the force acts.
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Right-Hand Rule for Magnetic
Force (2 of 3)

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Right-Hand Rule for Magnetic
Force (3 of 3)
• If the charge is negative, the direction of the force is
opposite to that given by the right-hand rule.

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Equal Velocities But Opposite Signs
• Imagine two charges of the same magnitude but
opposite sign moving with the same velocity in the
same magnetic field.
• The magnetic forces on
the charges are equal in
magnitude but opposite
in direction.

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Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
• The electron beam in a cathode-ray tube, such as that
in an older television set, shoots out a narrow beam of
electrons.
• If there is no force to
deflect the beam, it strikes
the center of the screen.
• The magnetic force
deflects the beam, and
creates an image on the
screen.

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Magnetic Field Lines
• We can represent any
magnetic field by magnetic
field lines.
• We draw the lines so that
the line through any point is
tangent to the magnetic field
vector at that point.
• Field lines never intersect.

• Video Tutor Demonstration: Magnet and Electron Beam

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Magnetic Field Lines Are Not Lines of
Force
• It is important to remember that magnetic field lines
are not lines of magnetic force.
• The force on a charged particle is not along the
direction of a field line.

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Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-
Carrying Wire

• Video Tutor Demonstration: Current-Carrying Wire in a

Magnetic Field
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Magnetic Field Lines of Two
Permanent Magnets
• Like little compass needles, iron filings line up tangent
to magnetic field lines.
• Figure (b) is a drawing of field lines for the situation
shown in Figure (a).

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Magnetic Flux (1 of 2)
• To define the magnetic flux, we can divide any
surface into elements of area dA.
• The magnetic flux through the area element is defined
to be d  B = B⊥dA .

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Magnetic Flux (2 of 2)
• The total magnetic flux through the surface is the sum
of the contributions from the individual area elements:

• The magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero:

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Units of Magnetic Field and Magnetic
Flux
• The SI unit of magnetic field B is called the tesla (1 T),
in honor of Nikola Tesla:
N
1 tesla = 1 T = 1 m
A
• Another unit of B, the gauss (1 G = 10-4 T ) is also in
common use.
• The magnetic field of the earth is on the order of 10−4
T or 1 G.
• The SI unit of magnetic flux  B is called the weber
(1 Wb),in honor of Wilhelm Weber:
1 Wb = 1 T  m 2

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Motion of Charged Particles in a
Magnetic Field
• When a charged particle
moves in a magnetic field, it
is acted on by the magnetic
force.
• The force is always
perpendicular to the velocity,
so it cannot change the
speed of the particle.

• Video Tutor Solution: Example 27.3

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Helical Motion
• If the particle has velocity components parallel to and
perpendicular to the field, its path is a helix.
• The speed and kinetic energy of the particle remain
constant.

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The Van Allen Radiation Belts
• Near the poles, charged particles from these belts can
enter the atmosphere, producing the aurora borealis
(“northern lights”) and aurora australis (“southern
lights”).

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Bubble Chamber
• This shows a chamber filled with liquid hydrogen and with
a magnetic field directed into the plane of the photograph.
• The bubble tracks show that a high-energy gamma ray
(which does not leave a track) collided with an electron in a
hydrogen atom.
• The electron flew off to the right
at high speed.
• Some of the energy in the
collision was transformed into a
second electron and a positron.

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Velocity Selector
• A velocity selector uses
perpendicular electric and
magnetic fields to select
particles of a specific speed
from a beam.
• Only particles having speed
v = E/B pass through
undeflected.

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Thomson's E/M Experiment
• Thomson’s experiment measured the ratio e/m for the
electron.
• His apparatus is shown below.

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The Magnetic Force on a
Current-Carrying Conductor (1 of 3)
• The figure shows a straight
segment of a conducting wire,
with length l and cross-sectional
area A.
• The magnitude of the force on a
single charge is F = qv d B.
• If the number of charges per
unit volume is n, then the total
force on all the charges in this
segment is
F = ( nAl )( qv d B ) = ( nqv d A )( lB )

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The Magnetic Force on a
Current-Carrying Conductor (2 of 3)
• The force is always perpendicular to both the
conductor and the field, with the direction determined
by the same right-hand rule we used for a moving
positive charge.

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The Magnetic Force on a
Current-Carrying Conductor (3 of 3)
• The magnetic force on a
segment of a straight
wire can be represented
as a vector product.

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Force and Torque on a Current Loop
• The net force on a current loop in
a uniform magnetic field is zero.
• We can define a magnetic
moment  with magnitude
IA, and direction as shown.
• The net torque on the loop is given
by the vector product:

• Video Tutor Solution: Example 27.9

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Magnetic Dipole in a Nonuniform
Magnetic Field
• A current loop with magnetic moment pointing to the
left is in a magnetic field that decreases in magnitude
to the right.
• When these forces are summed to find the net force
on the loop, the radial components cancel so that the
net force is to the right, away from the magnet.

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How Magnets Work (1 of 2)
• (a) An unmagnetized
piece of iron. Only a few
representative atomic
moments are shown.
• (b) A magnetized piece of
iron (bar magnet). The net
magnetic moment of the
bar magnet points from its
south pole to its north pole.

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How Magnets Work (2 of 2)
• A bar magnet attracts an
unmagnetized iron nail in two steps:
1. The magnetic field of the bar
magnet gives rise to a net magnetic
moment in the nail.
2. Because the field of the bar magnet
is not uniform, this magnetic dipole
is attracted toward the magnet.
• The attraction is the same whether
the nail is closer to (a) the magnet’s
north pole or (b) the magnet’s south
pole.
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The Direct-Current Motor
• Below is a schematic diagram of a simple dc motor.
• The rotor is a wire loop that is free to rotate about an axis;
the rotor ends are attached to the two curved conductors
that form the commutator.
• Current flows into the red side of the rotor and out of the
blue side.
• Therefore the magnetic torque causes
the rotor to spin counterclockwise.

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The Hall Effect: Negative Charge
Carriers
• When a current is placed in a magnetic field, the Hall
emf reveals whether the charge carriers are negative
or positive.

• Video Tutor Solution: Example 27.12

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The Hall Effect: Positive Charge
Carriers
• When a current is placed in a magnetic field, the Hall
emf reveals whether the charge carriers are negative
or positive.

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