PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

Number – arithmetic
Whole number – 0,1,2,3….
Natural numbers – 1,2,3,4,5…..
Integer – negative, positive and zero
Factors
 A factor of a number is a number that divides the given
number evenly or exactly, leaving no remainder.
 The number of factors of a given number are finite.(finite
, means countable)
E.g.:
Factors of 4 = 1, 4 ,2
Factor of 24 = 1, 24 , 2 ,12 , 3, 8
Factors of 12 = 1,12, 2,6,4,3

Multiples
A multiple is a result obtained by multiplying a number by an
integer (it shouldn't be a fraction).
E.g.:
4 = 4 ,8,12, 20, 40,…..
2 = 2,4,6,8,10,12,14…….
Prime numbers
E.g.: Factors of 3 = 1, 3
Factors of 7 = 1, 7
 The number other than 1 whose only factor is 1 and the
number itself are called prime numbers.
 There are 15 prime numbers from 1 to 50 and 25 from 1
to 100 .

Composite numbers
 The numbers which have more than two numbers as
factor are called composite numbers.
E.g.: factors of 12 = 1,12,3,4,2 and 6
Factors of 15 = 1,15,3 and 5

 One is neither prime nor composite number.

Odd numbers and Even numbers:

 The multiples of 2 is called even numbers.

 The rest of the numbers are called odd numbers.
 2 is the smallest prime number which is even and
every prime number is odd except 2.
Prime numbers = 2 ,3, 5, 7,13,17

Difference – subtract
 Product – multiplication
Sum – addition
Divide – division

EXERCISE 3.2
1.
a) the sum of any two odd numbers is an even number.
E.g.: 3 + 5 = 8, here answer 8 is an even number
b) the sum of any 2 even numbers are an even number.
E.g.: 4 + 2=6
2.
a. False
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
f. False
g. False
h. true
i. false
j. true

3. The prime numbers with same digits upto 100 are as

follows:
17 and 71
37 and 73
79 and 97
4. h.w
5. 7 is the greatest prime number in between 1 and 10.
6. h.w
a) 3 + 41 = 44
b)
7.
a) 3 - 1 = 2
b) 7 - 5 = 2
c) 13 - 11 = 2

8. a) 23
1 × 23 = 23
23 × 1 = 23
Therefore, 23 has only two factors 1 and 23. Hence, it is a
prime number.
(b) 51
1 × 51 = 51
3 × 17 = 51
Therefore, 51 has four factors 1, 3, 17 and 51. Hence, it is not
a prime number, it is a composite number.
(c) 37
1 × 37 = 37
37 × 1 = 37
Therefore, 37 has two factors 1 and 37. Hence, it is a prime
number.
(d) 26
1 × 26 = 26
2 × 13 = 26
Therefore, 26 has four factors 1, 2, 13 and 26. Hence, it is not
a prime number, it is a composite number.
9. Seven composite numbers between 89 and 97 both which
are prime numbers are 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95 and 96.
10.
a) 3 + 5 + 13 = 21
21 – 8 = 13
b) 3 + 5 + 23 = 31
31 - 8 = 23
c)
d)
11.
12.
a) A number which has only two factors is called a prime
number.
(b) A number which has more than two factors is called a
composite number.
(c) 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number.
(d) The smallest prime number is 2
(e) The smallest composite number is 4
(f) The smallest even number is 2.
DIVISIBILITY TEST:
1) Divisible by 10
If ones place has the number 0, then the number is
divisible by 10.
e.g.: check whether 20 is divisible by 10.
Answer: here 20’s ones place 0 , then the given number
is divisible by 10.

2) Divisible by 5
If ones place has the number 0 and 5, then the number is
divisible by 5.
e.g.: check whether 25 is divisible by 5.
Answer: here 25’s ones place 5 , then the given number
is divisible by 5.

3) Divisible by 2
If ones place has the number 2,4,6,8 and 0, then the
number is divisible by 10

4) Divisible by 3
If the sum of the digits of the given number is a multiple
of 3, then it is divisible by 3.
E.g.: 15
= 1+ 5 = 6, is 6 a multiple of 3?
If yes, 15 is divisible by 3
5) Divisible by 6
If a given number is divisible by 2 and 3, then its
divisible by 6
e.g.: 18
 18 is divisible by 2, because its one place has 8
 18 is divisible by 3, because sum of 1 and 8 is 9,
which is a multiple of 3.

6) Divisible by 4
 If a 3 digit or more digits number is said to be
divisible by 4, if its one and tens place number (from
right last and second last number) are divisible by 4
e.g.: 2412
 12 , 4 multiple ?
 For 2- and 1-digit number, to check the divisibility
we should divide the number with 4.

7) Divisible by 8
 If a 4 digit or more digits number is said to be
divisible by 8, if its one, tens and hundreds place
number (last three numbers) are divisible by 8.
 For 3-, 2- and 1-digit number, to check the
divisibility we should divide the number with 8.
e.g.:
23512
= 512 / 8 = 64
8) Divisible by 9
If the sum of the digits of the given number is a divisible
by 9, then the number itself divisible by 9.
e.g.: 4608
4+6+0+8= 18, here the sum is divisible by 9, therefore
the number is divisible by 9

9) Divisible by 11
Step 1: find the sum of numbers in odd places (from the
right)
Step 2: find the sum of numbers in even places (from the
right)
Step 3: find the difference between step 1 answer and
step 2 answer.

It the difference it is either 0 and multiple of 11, then the

number is divisible by 11.

e.g.: 61809
6 + 8 + 9 =23
1+0=1
23 – 1 = 22, here 22 is divisible by 11, therefore the
number 61809 is divisible by 11.

QUESTIONS:
1. Is 2848 divisible by 11?
2. Check whether the number 2024 is divisible by 4.
 3. Using divisibility tests, determine which of the
following are divisible by 6:
a) 3245 b) 1388 c)8032

4. Using divisibility tests, determine which of the

following are divisible by 4 and 8:
a) 572 b) 12159 c)31795072

5. Using divisibility tests, determine which of the

following are divisible by 11:
(i) 61809
(ii) 70169803
(iii) 3178965

6. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 9?

(a) 1284
(b) 3510
(c) 4328
(d) 7301
Common factor:
Find the common factor of 16 and 8
16 = 1,2,8,4,16
8 = 1,2,8,4
Common factor of 16 and 8 = 1,2,8 and 4
Common multiple
Find the common multiple of 5 and 10.
5 = 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60….
10 = 10,20,30,40,50,60….
Common multiple of 5 and 10 = 10,20,30,40,50,60…..
Co-prime number = Co prime numbers are those numbers that
have only one common factor which is 1. That means a pair of
numbers are said to be co-prime when they have their highest
common factor as 1. Most of the co-prime numbers are prime
numbers.
e.g.: find factors of 5 and 3
5 = 1,5
3 = 3,1
Common factor = 1
Here 5 and 3 are example of a co-prime numbers.
Prime factorisation
When a number is expressed as a product of its factor, we say
that the number has been prime factorised.
40 = 2*2*2*5
HCF (highest Common factor)
 The highest common factor of 2 or more given
numbers is the highest of their common factor.
 Also know as Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
Find HCF of 20,28 and 36
Step 1: prime factorise given number (20 , 28 and 36)

LCM (lowest common multiple)

6.
Factors of 5 are 1, 5
Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Their common factor = 1
Since their common factor is 1. The given two numbers are
co-prime and are also divisible by their product (5*12) 60.
7.
Since the number is divisible by 12. Hence, it also divisible by
its factors i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Therefore 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 are the numbers other than 12 by
which this number is also divisible
1)
2) 1 and the number itself are not included in the prime
factorisation of a composite number.
3) Greatest four-digit number – 9999
prime factors of 9999 = 3* 3*11 *11
4) Smallest 5-digit number – 10,000
Prime factor of 10,000 – 2*
5)

7*13*19
19-13 =6
19-13 = 6
6)2 × 3 × 4 = 24 which is divisible by 6
5 × 6 × 7 = 210 which is divisible by 6
7) (i) 5 + 3 = 8 which is divisible by 4
(ii) 7 + 9 = 16 which is divisible by 4
(iii) 13 + 15 = 28 which is divisible by 4
8)
9)
10) 210 = 2* 3* 5*7
 Least Common Multiple (LCM)

LCM of 2 or more given numbers is the lowest of their

common multiple.
Eg: LCM of 12 and 18
2 12,18
3 6,9
2 2,3
3 1,3
1,1

LCM OF 12 AND 18 = 2 * 3* 2 * 3
= 6 * 2 * 3 = 12 * 3 = 36 //

1) Find the LCM of 20 and 10

2 20 ,10
5 10,5
2 2,1
1,1

Lcm of 20 and 10 = 2* 5*2 =10 *2 = 20

2) Find the lcm of 20,25 and 30 .

 5 20,25,30
2 4,5,6
2 2,5,3
5 1,5,3
3 1,1,3
1,1,1

LCM of 20,25 and 30 = 5*2*2*5*3

= 20 *5 =100 *3 = 300//
EXERCISE 3.7 :
1.Renu purchases two bags of fertiliser of weights 75 kg and
69 kg. Find the maximum value of weight, which can measure
the weight of the fertiliser exact number of times.
Ans: HCF = maximum
HCF of 75kg and 69 kg
2. Three boys step off together from the same spot. Their steps
measure 63 cm, 70 cm and 77 cm, respectively. What is the
minimum distance each should cover so that all can cover the
distance in complete steps?
Ans: LCM = 63,70 and 77
3. The length, breadth and height of a room are 825 cm, 675
cm and 450 cm, respectively. Find the longest tape that can
measure the room’s three dimensions exactly.
Ans: HCF = 825,675 and 450
4. Determine the smallest 3-digit number, which is exactly
divisible by 6, 8 and 12.
Ans: LCM = 6,8 and 12
24*3 =
24* 4=
24*5= 120
5. Determine the greatest 3-digit number exactly divisible by
8, 10 and 12.
Ans: LCM = 8,10 and 12
120 * 10 =1200
120* 9 = 1080
120* 8 =960
6.The traffic lights at three different road crossings change
after every 48 seconds, 72 seconds and 108 seconds,
respectively. If they change simultaneously at 7 a.m., at what
time will they change simultaneously again?
Ans: LCM=48,72 and 108

7. Three tankers contain 403 litres, 434 litres and 465

litres of diesel, respectively. Find the maximum
capacity of a container that can measure the diesel of
the three containers an exact number of times.
Ans:
403=13×31
434 = 2 × 7 × 31
465 = 3 × 5 × 31
 HCF = 31
8. Find the least number, which when divided by 6, 15 and
18, leave the remainder 5 in each case.
Ans: LCM =
3 6,15,18
2 2,5 ,6
3 1,5,3
5 1,5,1
1,1,1
LCM Of 6,15 AND 18= 3*2*3*5 =90
90 + 5 = 95
10) Find the smallest 4-digit number, which is divisible
by 18, 24 and 32.
Ans:
EXTRA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the smallest number which when divided by
24, 36 and 54 gives a remainder of 5 each time?

2. What is the smallest number that both 33 and 39

divide leaving remainder of 5?

3. Find the least number that is divisible by all the

numbers between 1 and 10 (both inclusive).

ANS: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 --- LCM

LCM OF (4,6,8,9,10) = 2 *2* 2*3*3*5*7
 = 2520//
4. In a morning walk three persons step off together.
Their steps measure 80cm, 85cm and 90cm
respectively. What is the minimum distance each
should walk so that he can cover the distance in
complete steps?
5. What is the largest number that divides 626, 3127
and 15628 and leaves remainders of 1, 2 and 3
respectively?
A: 626 – 1 =625
3127 – 2 = 3125
15628 – 3 = 15625
HCF of 625,3125,15625=
 4.BASIC GEOMETRICAL IDEAS

 POINTS - It determines a location and is usually

determined by a capital letter.
E.g.: .A , .B , .C
 Line segment -The shortest distance between two
points is called a line segment.
E.g.: AB, BA , NM

 Line - By extending a line segment indefinitely on

both sides, a line is obtained.
E.g.: OA
´

 Intersecting line - If two different lines meet or cross

at a point, they are called intersecting lines.
 Parallel lines - Parallel lines are lines which are always
the same distance apart and never intersect anywhere
in a plane.
e.g.: rail lines
 Rays - A ray is a line which starts from a particular
point and goes infinitely towards a particular direction.
e.g.: ⃗
AP

Exercise 4.1