Law and Policy Review (LPR)

Volume 3 Issue 1, Spring 2024

ISSN(P): 2076-5614, ISSN(E): 3007-4290
Homepage: https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/lpr

Article QR

Title: Development of International Law: A Comprehensive Analysis

Author (s): Muhammad Salman Shafiq
Affiliation (s): Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/lpr.31.06
History: Received: March 14, 2024, Revised: May 29, 2024, Accepted: June 15, 2024, Published:
June 28, 2024
Citation: Shafiq, M. S. (2024). Development of international law: A comprehensive
analysis. Law and Policy Review, 3(1), 119–139.
https://doi.org/10.32350/lpr.31.06
Copyright: © The Authors
Licensing: This article is open access and is distributed under the terms of
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Conflict of Author(s) declared no conflict of interest
Interest:

A publication of
School of Law and Policy
University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
 Development of International Law: A Comprehensive Analysis
Muhammad Salman Shafiq ∗
Guanghua Law School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Abstract
The characterization or evaluation of international law is not sufficiently
defined in the field of foreign affairs. These laws are not solely left for state
interpretation nor are they effectively engrained according to the consent of
states. Compulsory assessment and enforcement in international law has
increased its importance in broadening up its preview and reducing the
dependence on state endorsement. This study aims to thoroughly examine
the origins and advancements of international law. It explores the
fundamental concepts and sources of international law, including
international contracts, international establishments and challenges faced by
these organizations. This study discusses multinational issues like
international security, human rights and environment protection,
highlighting the interaction between sovereignty of states and increasing
demand for global leadership in these fields. The paper discusses the
obstacles and challenges encountered in the implementation of international
law. It is observed that effective and well-organized operations of legal
structure is dependent on universal compliance and accountability. In the
modern era, implementation of latest technologies, especially AI based
technologies, can be one of the best solutions to cater international issues in
timely manner. By probing its basics, historical framework and challenges,
this paper contributes to understanding the future trajectories of
international law.
Keywords: accountability, agreements, global organizations, treaties,
trade
Introduction
International law is a body of rules and standards that governs the
interactions and behaviors of sovereign states, as well as their relations with
individuals, groups, and international organizations. It establishes
guidelines for nations in a variety of domains, including trade, human rights,
environmental preservation, and diplomacy and warfare (Babikian, 2023).

∗
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
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Public and private international law are two primary subfields in

international law. Public international law addresses issues that affect the
international community as a whole, such as multilateral trade,
environmental protection, and human rights. In contrast, private
international law deals with conflicts involving private parties with
substantial ties to many countries, individuals or corporations (Hauck et al.,
2024).
The origins of international law include conventions, treaties,
declarations, agreements, standards, and other activities. Among these,
treaties are a primary source, which are legally binding agreements between
states. Although international bodies like the United Nations assist in
implementing some treaties, individual countries are ultimately responsible
for upholding international law (Klabbers, 2023).
Since there is no worldwide police force or authority to implement
international law, its enforcement can be challenging. The willingness and
agreement of participating nations play a major role in ensuring compliance
with international law. Nonetheless, transgressions of international law may
result in repercussions like economic sanctions, diplomatic pressure, or
legal action before international tribunals and courts (Anderson, 2009).
International law is essential for promoting international cooperation,
peace, and order. It offers a framework for handling international issues,
settling conflicts, defending human rights, and controlling trade. Despite
potential obstacles and constraints, t international law continues to develop
and adapt to the shifting dynamics of the global community (Abdullahi et
al., 2023).
Research Objectives
• To examine the goals and tenets of international law, as well as its role
in settling disputes between private parties in various legal systems.
• To investigate the role, jurisdiction, objectives, and mechanisms for
enforcing international law.
• To examine the aims of international organizations in preventing armed
conflicts, advancing social and economic welfare, and maintaining
global peace and security.

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Research Methodology
The study will employ historical research to analyze the development of
international law, identify important turning moments, examine shifts in
legal theories, and enforcement tactics. The historical perspective will
clarify both the current objectives of international law and its development
over time.
Origins of International Law
International law has evolved over centuries, adapting to the changing
dynamics of the global community. Its development has been influenced by
centuries of conflict, diplomacy, and international affairs. Thousands of
years of historical politics and interactions have shaped the ideas and
procedures that form the foundation of the contemporary international law
(Bhat, 2023).
Ancient Civilizations and Early Legal Systems
Some salient features of ancient civilizations legal systems are as
follows:
Ancient Mesopotamia
The judicial system of Mesopotamia, the "cradle of civilization," was
very complex. The renowned Code of Hammurabi and the Code of Ur-
Nammu are two of the oldest known legal codes to come from this area.
These codes outlined regulations on several areas of life, such as criminal
offenses, family law, and property rights (Harris et al., 2023).
Ancient Egypt
Even though there aren't as many written records of ancient Egypt's
legal system as there are about Mesopotamia, the country had a structured
system nonetheless. The vizier was responsible for hearing the case's
specifics, while pharaoh acting as the ultimate judge. The laws of ancient
Egypt addressed issues like criminal offenses, family law, and property
distribution.
Ancient Greece
Instead of having a single legal system, ancient Greece was made up of
several city-states, each with its own set of laws and customs. A common
example of a city-state with a sophisticated legal system is Athens. Oral

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tradition and the rulings of juries in law court aided as the footing of the
Athens legal system.
Ancient Rome
The Roman Empire developed a highly influential legal system that
significantly impacted Western legal traditions. Roman law originated with
the compilation of the Twelve Tables of Roman Law around 450 BC and
emphasized on the value of written laws, court processes, and the principle
of justice.
Other Ancient Civilizations
Numerous other historical societies, including those in ancient China
and India, also had unique legal systems. These legal systems, which
frequently addressed issues like property rights, contracts, and social order,
were shaped by cultural, religious, and societal conventions.
Emergence of Treaties and Diplomatic Relations
An important facet of international law is the growth of diplomatic
connections and treaties. Written agreements regulated by international law
that exist between sovereign nations or between states and international
organizations are known as treaties. Through treaties, states can establish
legal duties, rights, and responsibilities amongst one another. Treaties
address a wide range of issues, such as human rights, trade, territory
boundaries, defense, peace, and environmental issues (Guo, 2023).
Formal contacts formed between governments through diplomatic
channels are referred to as diplomatic relations. To promote dialogue,
cooperation, and coordination between governments, diplomatic relations
entail the interchange of ambassadors, consular officers, and diplomatic
missions. International agreements, like the 1961 Vienna Convention on
Diplomatic Interactions, frequently regulate diplomatic interactions
(Damioli et al., 2023).
Diplomatic relationships and treaties are intimately related. Treaties are
often negotiated and signed by heads of state, governments, and foreign
affairs ministries through diplomatic channels. The application and
enforcement of treaties depend on diplomatic relations; however, the legal
relationships established by a treaty remain unaffected by the termination
of diplomatic relations between parties, unless there are specific

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circumstances in which diplomatic relations are required for the

implementation of the treaty (Berridge, 2022).
Features of International Law
Sovereignty and Non-Intervention
Sovereignty refers to a state's absolute power and independence within
its borders. It is the idea that governments should be allowed to run their
affairs free from outside intervention. Sovereignty encompasses the
authority to make decisions, impose laws, and manage resources within a
state's boundaries (Paris, 2020).
The idea of non-intervention holds that nations shouldn't meddle in one
another's domestic issues. States or coalitions of states are forbidden from
directly or indirectly meddling in another state's internal or exterior affairs
without that state's consent. The goal of this principle is to uphold states'
autonomy and independence as well as their peaceful ties with one another
(Heintze, 1998). the principle of non-intervention does not apply in many
instances especially in cases of humanitarian intervention, self-defense or
situations in which the UN Security Council has granted its assent
(Margaret, 2019).
Pacta Sunt Servanda: The Code of Treaty Obligations
According to this code, nations are legally obligated to uphold the terms
of any treaty they have willingly and freely entered into, and they must carry
out the obligations set forth in the agreement. This idea is regarded as the
cornerstone of harmonious relationships between states because it creates a
basis for trust and respect in international agreements and treaties. It's
crucial to remember that the pacta sunt servanda premise is not unqualified.
Treaty obligations may be broken under certain circumstances that are
permitted under international law. The occurrence of a fundamental shift in
circumstances (clausula rebus sic stantibus) or the presence of overriding
standards of international law (jus cogens) are two examples of these
exceptions (Pajaziti et al., 2024).
The Principle of State Responsibility
In international law, the principle of state responsibility refers to the
obligations and consequences that arise when a state violates its
international obligations. It proves that under international law,

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governments are responsible for their deeds and inactions (Anjarwati et al.,
2023).
A state is held accountable to other states for transgressing international
law, such as conquering any other state's territory or breaching a treaty. The
state must bear direct responsibility for the violation for it to be considered
culpable for the breach (Nalule, 2023).
The law of state responsibility determines when an obligation has been
breached and outline the legal repercussions of such breaches. These
regulations deal with questions of accountability and potential legal
remedies if primary or substantive international law standards are violated.
They offer a structure for making states answerable for their deeds and
pursuing compensation for damages incurred (Henkin, 1995).
It is crucial to remember that state accountability differs from personal
criminal liability. While individual criminal responsibility deals with an
individual's accountability for international crimes, state responsibility
centers on the obligation of states as legal organizations (Sunga, 2021).
Sources of International Law
Customary International Law
Customary international law is created by governments acting
consistently & repeatedly over time, as opposed to being dependent on
written agreements like treaties. A variety of sources, such as official reports
of military operations, military manuals, national laws, case law, diplomatic
communication, and the practices of international organizations, can be
used to observe state practice.
There are two prerequisites for a norm to become customary
international law:
State Practice
States must have a common, dependable practice that shows a sizable
number of them have adhered to and depended upon the relevant regulation.
Opinio Juris
States must believe that they are required by law to abide by the
regulation, demonstrating that they see the practice as a legal necessity.

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States are obligated under customary international law to abide by its

regulations. Courts and tribunals both domestically and internationally may
use it and apply it. When treaty law is deficient or absent, customary
international law fills the void and offers guidelines for different facets of
international relations.
Treaties and Conventions
Treaties
Treaties are legally enforceable contracts among multiple governments
that establish rights and obligations. They are typically concluded through
official diplomatic negotiations. Multilateral treaties involve multiple
states, whereas bilateral accords only involve two. These are recognized as
the primary sources and bind governments that have signed or acceded to
them. International agreements, protocols, pacts, conventions, covenants,
and letter exchanges are some other terms for treaties (Klabbers, 2023).
Conventions
Treaties or agreements between nations are known as conventions in the
domain of international law. It is common to use the term "convention"
synonymously with several different terms like compact or contract
between states, and international treaty. Conventions can be bilateral or
multinational, broad or specific. They could cover a range of topics,
including trade, environmental preservation, human rights, and certain
aspects of international law. Conventions usually include built-in
compliance measurement methods, such as inspection procedures (Boyle et
al., 2021).
Conventions and treaties are both crucial instruments for controlling and
directing international affairs. They set forth the responsibilities and
privileges of countries and offer a framework for universal collaboration
(Vig, 2023).
Judicial Decisions and Case Law
International law heavily relies on court rulings and case law.
Judicial Decisions
The verdicts, recommendations, and judgments rendered by tribunals
and international and domestic courts are referred to as judicial decisions.
These rulings, which are the results of court cases, interpret and apply
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international law to particular situations. Several judicial authorities,

including national courts, regional courts, and the International Court of
Justice (ICJ), may issue them. Universal legal norms and concepts are made
clearer and more understandable by judicial decisions. It's crucial to
remember, nevertheless, that court rulings in international law are typically
seen as proof of global practice rather than legally binding precedents
(Kaikobad, 2021).
Case law
Case law is the corpus of law derived from court rulings. The body of
rulings and opinions from both domestic and foreign courts on issues about
international law is known as case law in international law. Case law offers
direction on how to interpret treaty clauses and international legal concepts.
It is crucial to remember that case law in international law is seen as a
supplemental method of establishing legal norms with other countries
(Klabbers, 2020).
Universal Principles of Law
The teachings of highly competent legal experts, as well as national and
international legal systems, can be used to establish general principles of
law. When specific norms or precedents are absent in a particular field of
international law, they act as a fill-in mechanism (Fonotova et al., 2023).
The concepts of good faith, equity, estoppel, res judicata, and the
impartiality of judges are a few examples of general legal principles. These
tenets support the coherence and consistency of international legal thought
by offering direction for interpreting and applying canons of international
law.
International Organizations and Institutions
United Nations (UN)
The United Nations (UN), which has 193-member states, is a global
forum for collaboration and communication and is essential to the
establishment, formulation, and application of international law. The UN
was founded in 1945 having objectives of upholding global harmony and
safety, fostering amicable relations between states, advancing
socioeconomic progress, improved living conditions, and human rights.

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The UN's Charter, which outlines essential concepts such as the

advancement of human rights, the proscription of the use of force, and the
notions of sovereign equality of nations, is one of the main contributions of
the UN to international law. The Charter is a fundamental component of
international law, directing state conduct and acting as a source of reference
in discussions of international law (Orakhelashvili, 2022).
The chief court of the UN, the International Court of Justice (ICJ),
renders advisory opinions on legal matters presented to it by the UNGA, the
UNSC, or other UN bodies and specialized organizations in addition to
resolving disputes between states. Legal principles are clarified and
international jurisprudence is developed as a result of the ICJ's rulings and
judgments (Amr, 2021).
In a nutshell, the UN plays a significant and varied role in international
law, establishing legal standards, resolving disputes, and fostering
international collaboration and adherence to the law. The United Nations,
using its diverse organizations and agencies, persistently molds the legal
terrain, advocating for an international order founded on norms.
International Law and Role of Treaties
Vienna Convention and Law of Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) is a contract that
regulates the formation, determination, and suspension of treaties between
governments (Slocum et al., 2021). Here are a few important VCLT points:
On May 23, 1969, the VCLT was made available for signature after
being approved by the UN International Law Commission in 1969. On 27th
of January, 1980, it came into effect following its ratification by 35 states.
As of January 2018, it was approved by 116 sovereign states. The United
Nations has several goals, including maintaining international peace and
security, fostering good relations between states, and fostering
collaboration. It is believed that the VCLT reflects customary international
law in a number of its sections, particularly those about treaty design and
interpretation. These customary laws may bind even states that have not
ratified the VCLT. No particular dispute resolution procedure is established
by the VCLT. Nonetheless, it acts as a mediator in cases involving
disagreements about how treaties should be interpreted and implemented.

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Bilateral and Multilateral Treaties

Bilateral Treaties
Agreements between two parties, which may be two governments, two
international organizations, one state and one international organization, or
even two individuals, are referred to as bilateral treaties. Exclusive rights
and obligations are established between the two parties via bilateral treaties.
These treaties deal with a variety of issues, including border accords, trade,
extradition, and investment. Trade agreements or extradition treaties
between two countries are two examples of bilateral treaties (Golia & Anne,
2022).
Multilateral Treaties
Multilateral treaties involve three or more parties and are typically
negotiated and concluded within the framework of conferences or
international organizations. To foster collaboration and address global
concerns, multilateral treaties seek to create rights and obligations among a
bigger range of governments. They address several topics, such as trade,
disarmament, environmental preservation, and human rights (Orangias,
2022).
Multilateral treaties can draw new parties over time, whereas bilateral
treaties solely engage the parties that have signed the pact. When new
parties join or succeed in a bilateral pact, it might become multilateral.
Treaties, whether bilateral or multilateral, are crucial for defining
international relations, creating legal frameworks, and tackling global
issues. They aid in the growth and advancement of international law.
Treaty Interpretation and Reservation
The process of ascertaining the significance and extent of a treaty's
terms is known as treaty interpretation. It is essential to make sure that states
understand and apply agreements consistently (Mayer, 2020). The VCLT's
Articles 31 to 33 provide rules for construing treaties.
A-31
The fundamental concept of treaty interpretation is discussed in this
article, arguing that one should read a treaty in good faith by considering
the goals, circumstances, and ordinary interpretations of the words.

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A-32
This article says that signatories to a treaty must make a serious attempt
to carry out their responsibilities under it. One of the main principles of
international law is highlighted in this clause: the importance of honesty,
integrity, and mutual respect in treaty engagements.
A-33
This article ensures that countries are not required to adopt treaties
without their prior approval and protects the autonomy of states.
Reservation to Treaties
According to Muneer et al. (2023) reservations are unidirectional
declarations made by governments during the adoption, admission, or
signature phases of treaties. States may alter or exclude a treaty's legal
provisions from applying to their state by using reservations. The
reservation's legality and effects are governed by the VCLT.
A-19
This article states that a reservation can only be acknowledged if it does
not disrupt the provisions of the treaty or interfere with its objectives.
A-20
According to this article, a reservation that conflicts with a treaty's goals
and objectives is deemed unlawful and is not admissible.
A-21
The initial idea of assent is established in this clause as a foundation for
the legality and efficacy of treaties under international law.
It is notable that the impact of reservations could be different, based on
the particular accord and the clauses included in it. To guarantee the legality
of their reservations, states must carefully assess how well their intentions
align with the goals and objectives of the treaty.
Enforcement of International Law and its Challenges
The results highlight several problems that international law enforcement
has. Though the snippets only provide a brief overview, these are some
common challenges in the application of international law:

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Lack of International Law Enforcement Officers

There isn't a permanent organization of international law enforcement
officers, in contrast to local law enforcement agencies. The enforcement of
international law is made more difficult by the lack of a direct international
counterpart to domestic law enforcement organizations (Barak et al., 2020).
Legitimacy of Institutions
The UN Security Council and other organizations in charge of
upholding this law may come under fire for their legitimacy. Some may
contest the effectiveness of international sanctions, casting doubt on the
authority of the organizations in charge of enforcing them (Remler, 2020).
Difficulty in Handling Complex Situation
Whether domestically or internationally, situations requiring law
enforcement assistance can be difficult to handle. For instance, if riots break
out, it can be challenging to put an end to them or find a speedy solution.
Similar difficulties could occur in a global setting.
Compliance and Enforcement
Ensuring adherence to international law and upholding its terms can
pose significant challenges. International dispute resolution procedures
sometimes depend on states consenting to the adjudicatory organizations'
jurisdiction. It can be difficult to enforce rulings and judgments, especially
when states refuse to comply (Taulbee & Von Glahn, 2022).
Power Dynamics
The implementation of international law may face difficulties due to
power relations among governments. Unbalances in the application of
international law may result from states with more power or resources being
able to thwart or resist enforcement actions.
Legal and Cultural Diversity
Each state's legal framework, treaties, conventions, customs, and
guiding principles all have an impact on international law. Due to this
diversity, different countries may have different rules that apply to them,
which would complicate the implementation of international law (Lubis,
2023).

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Future Prospects of International Law

There is currently ongoing discussion and debate about the future of
international law. Although there aren't many snippets, there are some
interesting hints about possible future improvements. Here are some things
to think about:
Challenges from Authoritarianism
In a world growing more authoritarian, there may be obstacles to
international law in the future. In such a setting, there may be challenges for
the liberal cosmopolitan project of global government via international law
and multilateral institutions.
Multilateral Solutions and Human Rights
It depends on the progress of human rights and the search for
multilateral solutions. The effectiveness and applicability of international
law in contentious areas such as state responsibility for crimes and human
rights may dictate the direction in the future.
Identification of New Legal Persons
The recognition of novel legal persons, like artificial intelligence, may
be the subject of debate and investigation. The dynamic nature of
technology and its influence on society may necessitate the adaptation of
legal systems.
Expansion into New Areas
Due to bilateral state relations shifting, technology progressing, and
climate change, it is anticipated that international law will extend into new
areas of shared concern.
Strengthening International Institutions and Mechanisms
In order to ensure the efficient implementation and enforcement of
international law, it is necessary to reinforce international structures and
processes. The tiny excerpts clarify some of the relevance of this specific
topic. These are some points to consider:
Democratic Governance
To make international organizations stronger, democratic decision-
making procedures that consider the interests of emerging and major nations

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alike must be ensured. This may be achieved through the institution's

methods of consultation and by allocating authority or duty among its
participants.
Application and Enforcement
Strict protocols are required to guarantee the execution and enforcement
of international law. Respectable facilities are necessary for both the
interpretation and enforcement of these laws as well as the peaceful
resolution of disputes.
International Law for Public Welfare
Creating international organizations and procedures can contribute to
the establishment of a global legal system that regulates behavior for the
good of all. Regulation applies to states, members of civil society, local and
international organizations, and market dynamics.
Integrity and Confidence in International Law
Empowering international organizations can help to foster respect and
confidence in international law. This can encourage fair and effective
approaches to global problems rather than relying on power dynamics that
could unjustly burden weaker countries.
The development of international institutions and systems has the
potential to be greatly aided by international organizations, such as the
United Nations. Changes to the General Assembly, Security Council,
funding, and relations with non-governmental organizations can all boost
their effectiveness.
Promoting Universal Compliance and Accountability
Upholding and guaranteeing efficient operations of the international
legal structure depends on promoting universal compliance and
accountability in international law. The excerpts shed light on the
significance of this element. Here are some things to think about:
Maintaining Accountability
When international law is broken, international organizations,
especially the UN Security Council, have a unique duty to make sure that
those responsible are held accountable. For the UN justice system to

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continue to function effectively, rulings, resolutions, and court decrees must

be upheld.
Fighting Impunity
To effectively battle impunity, accountability and justice systems must
be strengthened. Not only does impunity weaken the chances for human
rights, peace, and prosperity, but it also gives offenders more confidence
and silences victims.
International Criminal Responsibility
In the process of holding people accountable for transnational crimes,
judges, prosecutors, and international courts are essential players. The
conviction of those accountable for grave transgressions of international
law shows how many nations are attempting to provide responsibility.
Domestic and International Efforts
It is imperative that the international community firmly endorses
domestic accountability initiatives. When national authorities fail to carry
out their duties, international and hybrid criminal tribunals, as well as
foreign tribunals based on the idea of universal jurisdiction, have been
crucial in bridging the accountability gap.
Right to Truth, Justice, and Effective Remedies
Acknowledging and upholding the rights to truth, justice, and effective
redress as well as reparations is necessary to establishing accountability. For
revolutionary processes to be successful, these rights are essential.
Strengthening Procedures
Constant efforts are made to enhance implementation, compliance, and
oversight to strengthen accountability and justice procedures. This entails
addressing issues with the legal and policy framework, participating in
policy discussions, and bolstering the mechanisms that are already in place.
Embracing New Challenges and Technologies
To keep up with the changing global environment, international law
must embrace new challenges and technology. The snippets give some
insights into this topic even though they don't include much information.
Here are some things to think about:

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Cybercrime and Emerging Technologies

There are issues with new technologies about cybercrime and how they
affect human rights, among other things. To safeguard people and
governments in the digital sphere, international law must be modified to
meet these new challenges.
Adoption of New Technology
Use of advanced technologies have serious concerns on whether
emerging military technologies, like artificial intelligence (AI) operated
drones and self-propelled weapons, will comply with international
humanitarian law. In order to cater these technological advancements,
international law needs to be modified.
Treaties on Space Related Laws
As technology advances, greater numbers of individuals will be able to
use and discover space, creating new difficulties for the treaty. These
treaties need to address issues pertaining to space, such as resource
extraction and space debris control. The vital function of international legal
organizations is critical in the debate and resolution of modern issues such
as extremism of all kinds, new technologies, and the effects of climate
change.
Use of Technology in legal sphere
Law companies may face unexpected challenges while utilizing legal
technology. Implementation of technology innovations, however, has the
potential to transform legal practice and boost productivity.
Modifying World Circumstances
Global circumstances that are always changing give rise to challenges
for international law, including rivalries for power and political
disagreements, war and national security concerns, and diplomatic
roadblocks. For international law to offer useful solutions, these
complexities need to be handled.
Conclusion
A deep understanding of international law is required for protecting the
sovereignty of states and international parties. Modern international law
encompasses a broad range of issues, beyond the areas like diplomacy and

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warfare, human rights, trade and economic issues and environmental

concerns. The study highlights that, to effectively apply international law,
the following measures are necessary: a- strengthening international
organizations and procedures, b- promotion of universal accountability and
compliance, and c- addressing emerging issues regarding technology
developments. Open discussion, effective application and execution of
processes, and recognition of the right to justice, truth, and effective
remedies are required to sort out these issues. The future development of
international law is totally dependent on its ability to sort out the problems
and challenges occurring in this modern area of artificial intelligence. These
issues involve cybercrime, space exploration, and shifting global dynamics.
Use of technology in legal filed, encouragement in communication and
cooperation among stakeholders are essential for development of
international law. Despite ongoing developments, international law remains
crucial for practical application. Its development is continuously influenced
by nonstop debates and evolving international and regional legislations.
Conflict of Interest
The author of the manuscript has no financial or non-financial conflict
of interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
Data Availability Statement
Data availability is not applicable as no new data was created.
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