Subject Name: OOP

Unit No:2
Unit Name: Classes and Objects

Faculty Name : Mr. Dayanand Dhongade

Index

Lecture 7 – Introduction to Class and Object Fundamentals 3

Lecture 8 – Method Definition 12

Lecture 9 – Access Specifier, Class scope and accessing class members 19

2
 Module No 2: Classes and Objects

Lecture No: 7
Introduction to Class and Object
Fundamentals
Class

 A class can be defined as a template/blue print that describes the

behaviors/states that object of its type support.
• It is a user-defined data type.
• It is a collection of fields/variables (data members) and member
functions/methods (procedure or function) that operate on the data.

E.g.
class
Person

name
data members
age
gender

eat() member functions

sleep()

Lecture 7- Introduction to Class and Object Fundamentals

Class

E.g.

class
Circle

data member
radius

circumference()
member functions
area()

Lecture 7- Introduction to Class and Object Fundamentals

Object

• class provides the blueprints for objects. So basically an object is created

from a class.
• Objects have states and behaviors
• The state of an object is stored in fields (variables), while methods
(functions) display the object's behaviour
Class Objects

radius= 4 radius= 3 radius= 1

6 Lecture 7- Introduction to Class and Object Fundamentals

Class and Objects

Class Objects

Person John Mary Jim Mia

55 30 38 20
name
M F M F
age
gender

Class is a template representing Objects are instances of class

common behavior of objects

Lecture 7- Introduction to Class and Object Fundamentals

Class and Objects

8 Lecture 7- Introduction to Class and Object Fundamentals

Class and Objects

9 Lecture 7- Introduction to Class and Object Fundamentals

Characteristics of object

State • Represents the data of an object

Identity • It is used internally by the JVM to

identify each object uniquely.

Behavior • Represents the behavior of an object

such as deposit, withdraw, etc

10 Lecture 7- Introduction to Class and Object Fundamentals

Video on Class and Object

Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MU0_MAi3to

11 Lecture 7- Introduction to Class and Object Fundamentals

 Module No 2: Classes and Objects

Lecture No: 8
Method Definition
Class Definition

class class-name {
type instance-variable1;
type instance-variable2; Fields/
//………. Data members/
type instance-variableN; instance variables

return type methodname1(parameter-list)

{
// body of method
} methods/
return type methodname2(parameter-list) Member functions
{
// body of method
}
}

Lecture 8- Method Definition

Class Definition

A class can contain any of the following variable types.

• Local variables: Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks
are called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within
the method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has
completed.
• Instance variables: Instance variables are variables within a class but
outside any method. These variables are initialized when the class is
instantiated. Instance variables can be accessed from inside any method,
constructor or blocks of that particular class.
• Class variables: Class variables are variables declared within a class,
outside any method, with the static keyword.

Lecture 8- Method Definition

 Adding Variables & Methods

class Circle {
double r; // radius of circle
double c ,a; //area and circumferen

//Methods to return circumference and area

void circumference()
{
c=2*3.14*r;
System.out.println(“Circumference =“ +c); Method
} Definition
void area()
{
double a; Method
a= 3.14 * r * r; Definition
System.out.println(“Area =“ +a);
}
}

15 Lecture 8- Method Definition

Creating objects of a class

There are three steps when creating an object from a class:

• Declaration: A variable declaration with a variable name with an object

type.

• Instantiation: The 'new' key word is used to create the object.

• Initialization: The 'new' keyword is followed by a call to a constructor.

This call initializes the new object.

Lecture 8- Method Definition

 Creating objects of a class

• Declaration of Circle class has created a new data type(user-defined) and

we can define variables (objects) of that type.
Syntax:
class-name object-name;
e.g.
Circle c1; //declaring object
Circle c2;

c1 c2

null null

Points to nothing (Null Reference) Points to nothing (Null Reference)

17 Lecture 8- Method Definition

 Creating objects of a class

• Objects are created dynamically using the new keyword.

Syntax:
class-name object-name;
object-name=new class-name(); or
class-name object-name=new class-name(); //combine 2
statements
e.g.
Circle c1;
c1 = new Circle() ; or
Circle c1 = new Circle(); //combine 2 statements
c1 = new Circle() ; c2= new Circle() ;

c1.r c2.r
circumference() circumference()
area() area()

Lecture 8- Method Definition

 Module No 2: Classes and Objects

Lecture No: 9
Access Specifier, Class scope and accessing
class members
Class scope and accessing the class members

• In Java, scope defines where a certain variable or method is accessible in

a program.
• Variables can be defined as having one of three types of scope:
1. Class level scope (instance variables):
– any variable declared within a class is accessible by all methods in
that class.
– Depending on its access modifier (ie. public or private), it can
sometimes be accessed outside the class.
2. Method level scope (local variables):
– any variable declared within a method, arguments included, is NOT
accessible outside that method.
3. Block scope (loop variables):
– any variable declared in a loop condition is not accessible after the
loop, unless you defined it beforehand.

Lecture 9- Access Specifier, Class scope and accessing class members 20

 Access Control/ Access Modifiers

• Public : The access level of a public modifier is everywhere. It can be accessed from
within the class, outside the class, within the package and outside the package.

• Private: The access level of a private modifier is only within the class. It cannot be
accessed from outside the class.

• Protected: The access level of a protected modifier is within the package and outside
the package through child class. If you do not make the child class, it cannot be
accessed from outside the package.

• Default: The access level of a default modifier is only within the package. It cannot be
accessed from outside the package. If you do not specify any access level, it will be the
default..

Lecture 9- Access Specifier, Class scope and accessing class members 21

Accessing the class members

• Syntax is similar to C syntax of accessing data defined in a structure.

class Circle Object-Name.Variable-Name

{
Object-Name.Method-Name(parameter-list)
double r; //instance variable

void area()
{
double a; // local variable
a= 3.14 * r * r; Circle c1= new Circle();
System.out.println(“Area =“ +a);
} c1.r = 2.0 // initialize radius
c1.area(); //calling method

Lecture 9- Access Specifier, Class scope and accessing class members 22

 Accessing the class members

class Circle class MyMain

{ {
public static void main(String args[])
double r; // radius of circle {
double c ,a; //area and circumference Circle c1; // create reference
c1 = new Circle(); // create object
//method definition
void circumference() c1.r = 5; // assign value to data
field
{ c=2*3.14*r;
System.out.println(“Circumference =“ +c); // invoking method
}
c1.area();
void area() c1.circumference();
{ a=3.14 * r * r;
System.out.println(“Area =“ +a); }
} }
}

Lecture 9- Access Specifier, Class scope and accessing class members 23

 Method Returning Value

class Circle class MyMain

{ {
public static void main(String args[])
double r; // radius of circle {
double c ,a; //area and circumference double area, circumference;
//Methods definitions
Circle c1; // create reference
double circumference()
c1 = new Circle(); // create object
{
c=2*3.14*r; c1.r = 5; // assign value to data field
return c ;
} // invoking method
area=c1.area();
double area() circumference=c1.circumference();
{
a=3.14 * r * r; System.out.println(“Area =“ +area);
return a; System.out.println(“Circumference
} =“ +circumference);
}
}
}

Lecture 9- Access Specifier, Class scope and accessing class members 24

Thank You