Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering

KOIT, Wollo University

Lecture Notes
Course Code: WRIE3154
Course Title: Basics of Hydropower Engineering
Target Group: G3_WRIE
Chapter 1: Reading and
2020
Summarizing Assignment

Lecturer: Endalkachew Y.,

E-mail: [email protected]
 Reading and Summary Assignment

Write a summery note about this lecture Note. Your assignment

should be approximately 1-2 pages.
• The first page should summarize the lecture note.
• The second page should write what you understand of the
lecture note (including chapter 1 and this reading lecture
note) .
Successful assignments will be typed and double-spaced, with
one-inch margins and 12 point font. The assignment will count
toward your final “Section Assignments Grade’’.
• Current and potential Sources of Energy from
Ethiopian Context
– Most of the domestic energy needs in Ethiopia are met from
renewable bio-fuels.
– In 1994, the total amount of energy consumed in the country
was 698.84 Terra Joules, out of which
– 95.1 percent was covered by bio-fuels.
– The share of energy generated from
– Petroleum 4.3 percent
– electricity was 0.60 percent
– The total annual hydropower potential of Ethiopia is estimated
at about 650 TW
– The deposits of natural gas and geothermal resources in
Ethiopia are estimated
• in the order of 30-50 billion m3 and
• 700 MW respectively
– Alternative renewable energy resources:
– Solar-about 2.3 TWH and
– Wind-4.8 million terra calories
– Biomass potential: about 14 million terra calories
• Out of this, the share of forest products, 79 percent
• animal dung ,13 percent
• crop residue is, 8 percent
• Energy resources utilization
– About 77% of energy needs of the country is met from fuel
wood
– Animal dung, crop residues, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), coal,
petroleum and oil cover 7.7 percent, 8.7 percent, 0.06
percent, 1.55 percent, and 4.8 percent of the energy
requirements of the country, respectively.
– This shows that 95 percent of the energy consumed in the
country originates from BIOMASS energy sources.
– Hydropower – 1%
 Table 1.1: Predicted Energy Demands by sources (2005 and 2010)

Energy Source 2005 2010 Annual Average Growth (%)

Terra Joule % Terra Joule %
Bio-mass 862,552 91.0 974,464 88.5 2.6
Fuel wood 47,986 53,932 2.5

Coal 805 1,113 6.4

Crop residue 4,755 5,316 2.4

Dung 5,340 5,988 2.4

Petroleum 76,514 8.1 113,859 10.3 8.7

Electricity 9,132 1.0 13,365 1.2 7.9
Total 948,198 100 1,101,688 100 3.0
• Energy resources utilization and environmental problems
• Although the country is known to have the potential to produce
substantial amounts of energy from its various sources, currently
most of the energy consumed comes from biomass. As a result:
– The water holding capacity of catchments and reservoirs is decreasing
– The heavy dependence on biomass resources reduced soil fertility
– The biomass resources being depleted fast due to low income majority
to use alternative energy sources
• Apart from the environmental problems mentioned above, there
are other factors that directly affect the energy resources
utilization in the country. These are:
– Inefficient in energy utilization which results in a high degree of
energy resources wastage in the country
– Lack of capacity to effectively develop the country’s energy resources
such as hydropower, solar and other renewable energy sources
– The fact that climate change is causing erratic rainfall, both in amount
and distribution and consequent fluctuations in hydropower energy supply
in the country
• Efforts made to tackle the problem associated with energy
resources development and utilization
– A national energy policy has been issued
– Even though insignificant compared to the vast potential, some attempts
to utilize renewable energy resources have been made
– Some steps to promote charcoal and other biomass energy efficient
cooking stoves have been taken
– An investment code that encourages the involvement of the private
sector in energy generation has been prepared
– Survey, design and construction are being done to develop the
country’s huge hydropower potential
– There are ongoing initiatives in the agricultural sector designed
to encourage the participation of rural communities in the
development of forest for firewood
– In order to enhance energy development for rural areas, a
Rural Energy Development Promotion Centre has been
established as an independent entity by the Federal
Government and by some Regional States, and
– A Rural Electrification Fund has been established
• Hydropower status in the World
– Worldwide, only 15.2% of the technically possible hydroelectric energy was developed
by 1990. The following table gives hydroelectric generation in 1990
Table 1.2: Hydroelectric Generation in 1990 (in TWh/year)

Continent Technical Generated in (2) as % of (1)

Potential (1) 1990 (2)

Africa 1344 50 3.7

Asia 4212 387 9.2

Australia/Oceania 203 38 18.7

Europe 836 483 57.8

North America 969 573 59.1

Latin America 3486 380 10.9

USSR 2950 223 7.6

World 14000 2134 15.2

 Table 1.3: Hydropower Potential in GWh of Ethiopia by Basin and Generation Type

Basin Generation Type

With flow Small slope River plain Total
Regulation plants plants
Awash 16,770 1,574 4,010 22,354
Tekezze 23,150 - 12,720 35,870
Blue Nile 221,930 8,197 51,017 281,144

Baro 58,700 2,553 18,050 79,303

Chamo 73,850 2,961 27,430 104,241

Bilate, segen and Dawa 47,050 1,910 - 48,960

Genale 31,500 2,641 11,360 45,501
Gistro 4,400 133 - 4,533
Wabi Shebelle 14,500 1,490 8,780 24,770
Total 491,850 21,459 133,367 646,676
Table 1.4: Total installed electricity generation capacity in 2005 (MW)

ICS (Inter Connected System) SCS (Self Contained System)

Hydro 662.6 95.5 Hydro 6.33 31

Diesel 22.5 3.4 Diesel 13.8 69

Geothermal 7.3 1.1 Geothermal 0 0

Total 692.4 100 Total 20.13 100

 Table1.5: Electric power potential and actual production of the hydropower generation plants (MW)

Power Station Production Actual Production in Billion KW/h

1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99
Koka 43.20 84.80 129.30 59.30 120.10
Soar (SCS) 5.00 10.50 11.50 11.99 11.30
Awash2 32.00 106.60 159.10 97.80 114.80
Awash 3 32.00 106.80 183.50 113.40 175.50
Denbi (SCS) 0.80 (0.71) 1.00 1.80 2.10 1.86
Fincha 134.00 771.10 624.40 843.30 671.50
Yadot (SCS) 0.35 0.84 0.88 0.79 0.95
Melka Wakena 153.00 381.60 436.30 438.90 510.10
Tis Abay1 11.40 (12.00) 28.30 19.60 11.90 11.30
Tis Aby 2 73.00 - - - -
Gilgel Gibe I 184.00
Sire (SCS) 0.0055 - - - -
Yaye (SCS) 0.17
Total 668.93 (669.44) 1,491.54 1,566.38 1,579.48 1,617.41
• Achievements
– The ICS consists of 8 hydro, 10 diesel and one geothermal power plants with total installed
capacity of 662.6 MW, 22.2 MW and 7.3 MW respectively. However, due to aging of the plants the
dependable total capacity is only 456.4 MW excluding the newly commissioned Gilgel Gibe
hydroelectric power plant and the peak demand is 391.15? MW. Over 98% of the total generation
in the country comes from the ICS and of the total (ICS and SCS) supply system 99% is from
hydro.

Indicators 1956 1974 1984 1996 1999 2002

Installed Capacity (MW)

ICS-Predominantly hydro - 213.3 213.7 371 384 502

SCS-Predominantly diesel 9.7 35.6 35.6 38 41 20
Actual Generation (GWh)

ICS - 322 670 1495 1619 1976

SCS 33 61.5 83 53 32 33
Per capita Generation (ICS+SCS (KWh/head)) 1.6 11.6 17.7 26.3 26.7 31

Per capita Consumption (ICS+SCS (KWh/head)) - - - - - 25

Part of the population which has access to electricity - - - - - 13.99%

 Table 1.7: Hydropower Plants under construction and committed

Station name Installed Capacity Number of Units Dependable Scheduled

(MW) Capability (MW) Commissioning
date
Under Construction
Gilgel Gibe-II.III 420,870 3?6 425? 2007?

Tekeze 300 3 225 2006

Beles 460 ? ? ?
Committed?? Suspended due to environmental Reason
Gojeb 102 2 102 ?
Geba I & II ? ? ? ?
DEVELOPMENT OF
HYDROPOWER
 2.1 Hydropower Status in the world
 The status of hydropower with respect to the total power
generation varies considerably from country to country.
Developing countries need affordable energy to:
 increase agricultural productivity;
 deliver basic educational and medical services;
 establish adequate water supply and sanitation facilities, and
 build and power new job-creating industries
 Worldwide, only 15.2% of the technically possible hydroelectric
energy was developed by 1990. The following table gives
hydroelectric generation in 1990.
 2.1 Hydropower Status in the world
Continent Available Technical Potential Exploited until Utilization
(Twh/year) 1990 percentage
Africa 1344 50 3.7

Asia 4212 387 9.2

Australia/Oceania 203 38 18.7

Europe 836 483 57.8

North America 969 573 59.1

Latin America 3486 380 10.9

USSR 2950 223 7.6

World 14000 2134 15.2

 2.1 Hydropower Status in the world
Country Installed capacity of percentage of Hydro
Hydro (MW) in the power system (%)
USA 90000 16
USSR 73000 19
Canada 59000 66
Brazil 57000 -
Japan 26000 27
Noraway 25000 99.9
India 23000 34 Estimated 80’s
France 21000 38
Italy 20000 ___
Sewden 15000 ___
Spian 15000 ___
Switzerland 12000 ___
Australia 7000 __
Ethiopia 200 90
Annual per capital consumption of electrical energy for various
counstries.
(Estimate made in the 80’s)
 Country per capital country per capital
 Consumption consumption
 (KWH) (kWh)
 Norway 21,500 UK 5,400
 Canada 16,900 France 4,500
 Saweden 16,000 Italy 3, 700
 USA 10,900 China 425
 Germany 6.800 India 175
 USSR 5,600 LDCS 100
 Japan 5,500 Ethiopa 20
2.1 Hydropower Status in Ethiopia
Although there is no recorded history, the use of waterpower in
Ethiopia in its non-electric form is estimated to exist since long
period of time. It has been used in the water mills, and such practice
is still under use in some rural areas of the country. The water power
use in its more effective form, i.e. electricity generation, came to
existence in the beginning of 1930's, when Abasamuel hydropower
scheme is commissioned in 1932. This station was capable of
generating 6MW and operational up to 1970. In Ethiopia, by 1990,
about 94% of the energy requirement satisfied through the
traditional energy sources, and the remaining 6% through modern
sources such as fuel oil, gas and electricity.
 Cont’d
 According to Ministry of Mines and Energy, in 1990 the
energy total requirement in Ethiopia was estimated at 177.6
TWh per year of which 76.1% from wood, 16.1% agricultural
by-product, 5.3% from fuel oil and 1.1% from electricity,
0.8% from charcoal and 0.6% through others. The energy is
used in the sectors of domestic in the town and rural areas,
industry, service, agriculture and transport.
 Ethiopia is naturally endowed with quite a substantial amount of water resource
potential, even though its distribution and occurrence through time & space is
erratic .Despite its abound ant water resources, the section .In particular the
exploitation of the hydropower potential was not noticeably successful inspire
of being give priority as a major filed of nation development.
 The hydropower potential of Ethiopia is very considerable such an abundant
potential is attributed to the high rainfall regimes & steep slopes of the meters
natural landscape. Most of the rivers generally drop hundreds of meters in
relative short distances, especially at plateau escarpments, making them
attractive to hydropower development Estimated energy potential of the country
is about 160,000GWH per year Nevertheless, this resource is distributed
unevenly with about 85%of the total covered by the Blue Nile, Ome-Gibe & Baro
basins
Hydropower Potential of Ethiopia

River basin Estimated potential share of the total

(GWh / year) (%)
Awash 4,500 2.8
Baro-Akobo 19,000 12.0
Blue-Nile 79,000 49.5
Generale-Dawa 9,500 6.0
Omo-Gibe 35,000 22.0
Riftvally lakes 1,000 0.6
Tekeze 6,000 3.8
Wabi-shebele 5,500 3.4
Total 159,000 100
The Ethiopian electric supply system is
characterized by two distinct divisions: Inter
connected system (ICS) and a number of self
contained system (SCS).
The ICS receives most if its energy from relatively
large hydrogenating stations and supplies the
almost 80% of the total energy produced in the
country and supplies the main demand centers
 Existing Hydropower Plant
 Plant Type system installed Film energy year of
 Catagagory capacity, production
 (Mw) (Gwh/year. Commission.
 KoKa storage..... …..ICS-----------43.2………………80------------------1960
 Tis- Abay I RoR ………..ICS------------11.5……………..55-------------------1964
 Awash II RoR………...ICS…………32……………….135------------------1966
 Awash III RoR………..ICS………….32………………..135……………..1971
 Fincha stprage……..ICs ………….100………………618……………..1973
 Melka-Wakena.. stprage……ICS………….153……………….560………………1988
 Yadot………….ROR………SCS…………..0.35………………1.2………………..1991
 Sor……………..ROR……….SCS…………....5.0……………...47……………......1992
 Demi……………ROR………SCS……………0.8………………2.8……………….1994
 Tis-Abay II RoR……….ICS…………….73……………….331……………2000
Gilgel Gibe
 -------------- -----------------
 440.85 1965