INDEX

Serial no. Networking Teachers’s

Sign
01 Acknowledgement
02 Certificate
03 Introduction
04 Advantages of
Networking
05 Disadvantages of
Networking
06 Types of Network
07 Internet
08 Intranet
09 Network based on
the type of
Architechture
10 Network Topologies
11 Essential networks of
computer
Networking
12 Conclusion
13 Bibliography
Introduction to Computer Networking
In our digitally driven era, computer networking stands
as the linchpin connecting people, devices, and
information on a global scale. Computer networking, in
essence, involves the art of linking multiple computers
and devices to enable seamless resource and
information sharing. It forms the bedrock of modern
communication, granting us access to websites,
facilitating communication with peers, file sharing, and
harnessing cloud-based services.
The Significance of Computer Networking: The
significance of computer networking in today's world is
nothing short of profound. Here are some compelling
reasons why computer networking is a cornerstone of
our digital existence:
Global Connectivity: Computer networks have reshaped
the world into a global village, transcending
geographical boundaries. This interconnectivity has
ushered in revolutions in fields like business, education,
healthcare, and entertainment.
Resource Sharing: The magic of computer networks lies
in their ability to efficiently share resources. Be it
printers, storage devices, or internet connections, these
networks deliver cost savings and heightened
productivity in homes and workplaces alike.
Data in Motion: Networks facilitate the swift exchange
of data and information. Sending emails, streaming
videos, and transferring files all owe their existence to
computer networks.
Remote Possibilities: Computer networking empowers
us to access data and applications remotely. This
flexibility has gained paramount importance in the era
of remote work and online learning.
Security and Privacy: In the realm of networking,
security is non-negotiable. Robust measures like
firewalls, encryption, and authentication protocols play
pivotal roles in safeguarding sensitive data and ensuring
privacy.
 Advantages of Networking
Some of the main advantages of Computer Networking
are discussed below:
1. Central Storage of Data: Files can be stored on a
central node (the file server) that can be shared and
made available to every user in an organization.
2. Connectivity: There is a negligible range of abilities
required to connect to a modern computer network.
The effortlessness of joining makes it workable for
even youthful kids to start exploring the data.
3. Faster Problem-solving: Since an extensive procedure
is disintegrated into a few littler procedures and each
is taken care of by all the associated gadgets, an
explicit issue can be settled in lesser time.
4. Reliability: Reliability implies backing up information.
Due to some reason equipment crashes, and so on,
the information gets undermined or inaccessible on
one PC, and another duplicate of similar information
is accessible on another workstation for future use,
which prompts smooth working and further handling
without interruption.
5. Flexible: This innovation is known to be truly
adaptable, as it offers clients the chance to investigate
everything about fundamental things, for example,
programming without influencing their usefulness.
6. Security through Authorization: Security and
protection of information are additionally settled
through the system. As just the system clients are
approved to get to specific records or applications, no
other individual can crack the protection or security
of information.
7. Storage capacity: Since you will share data, records,
and assets with other individuals, you need to
guarantee all information and substance are
legitimately put away in the framework. With this
systems administration innovation, you can do most
of this with no issue, while having all the space you
require for capacity.
 Disadvantages of Networking
Some of the main disadvantages of Computer
Networking are discussed below:
1. Expensive: Execution of the network can be
expensive in the case of an initial setup, as the wires
and the cost of the cable are high and sometimes
equipment is also costly.
2. Virus and Malware: Computer Networking can lead
to the spreading of viruses to another computer
through the network.
3. Management of the network: Management of the
Network is quite difficult as it requires skilled persons
to handle that large network. It requires training of
people who are employed in this work.
4. Loss of Information: In case of a crash of the
Computer Network, it can lead to the loss of
information or not being able to access information
for some time.
5. The system can be Hacked: In the case of Wide Area
Networks (WAN), there is a threat of Hacking of the
System. Some security features should be added to
prevent such things.
 Types of Network
1. Personal area network (PAN)
2. Local area network (LAN)
3. Campus area network (CAN)
4. Metropolitan area network (MAN)
5. Wide area network (WAN)
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

PAN is the most basic type of computer network. It is a

type of network designed to connect devices within a
short range, typically around one person. It allows your
personal devices, like smartphones, tablets, laptops,
and wearables, to communicate and share data with
each other. PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100
meters from person to device providing
communication. Its transmission speed is very high with
very easy maintenance and very low cost. This uses
Bluetooth, IrDA, and Zigbee as technology. Examples of
PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA,
etc.

Types of PAN
1. Wireless Personal Area Networks: Wireless
Personal Area Networks are created by simply
utilizing wireless technologies such as WiFi and
Bluetooth. It is a low-range network.
2. Wired Personal Area Network: A wired personal
area network is constructed using a USB.
Advantages of PAN
1. PAN is relatively flexible and provides high
efficiency for short network ranges.
2. It needs easy setup and relatively low cost.
3. It does not require frequent installations and
maintenance
4. It is easy and portable.
5. Needs fewer technical skills to use.

Disadvantages of PAN
1. Low network coverage area/range.
2. Limited to relatively low data rates.
3. Devices are not compatible with each other.
4. Inbuilt WPAN devices are a little bit costly.

Applications of PAN
1. Home and Offices
2. Organizations and the Business sector
3. Medical and Hospital
4. School and College Education
5. Military and Defense
2. Local Area Network (LAN)

LAN loat frequently used network. A LADs a computer

network that connects computers through a common
communication path, contained within a limited area,
that is locally. A LAN encompasses computers
connected over two important server technologies
involved in this network are Ethernet and Wi-fi. It ranges
up to 2km & transmission speed is very high with easy
maintenance and low cost.
Examples of LAN are networking in home, school,
library, laboratory, college, office, etc,

Advantages of a LAN
1. Privacy: LAN is a private network, thus no outside
regulatory body controls it giving it a privacy
2. High Speed: LAN offers & mut higher speed(around
100 mbps) and data transfer rate comparatively to
WAN.
3. Supports different transmission mediums: LAN
support a variety of communications transmission
medium such as an Ethernet cable (thin cable, thick
 cable, and twisted pair), fiber and wireless
transmission.
4. Inexpensive and Simple: ALAN usually has low
cost, installation, expansion and maintenance and
LAN installation relatively easy to use, good
scalability

Disadvantages of LAN
1. The Initial setup costs of installing Local Area
Networks is high because there is special software
recured to make & server
2. Communication devices ethernet cable, switches,
hubs routers, cables are costly.
3. LAN administrator can see and check personal data
files as well internet history of each and every LAN
user Hence, the privacy of the users are violated
4. LANs are restricted in size cover only a limited area
5. Since all the data is stored in a single server
computer, if it can be accessed by an unauthorized
user. can cause a serious data security threat.
3. Campus Area Network (CAN)

CAN is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN.

This is a type of computer network that is usually
used in places like a school or colleges. This network
covers a limited geographical area that is, it spreads
across several buildings within the campus. CAN
mainly use Ethernet technology with a range from
1km to 5km. Its transmission speed is very high with
a moderate maintenance cost and moderate cost.
Examples of CAN are networks that cover schools,
colleges, buildings, etc.

Advantages of CAN
1. Speed: Communication within a CAN takes place
over Local Area Network (LAN) so data transfer rate
between systems is little bit fast than Internet
2. Security: Network administrators of campus take
care of network by continuous monitoring, tracking
and limiting access. To protect network from
unauthorized access firewall is placed between
network and internet.
3. Cost effective: With a little effort and
maintenance, network works well by providing fast
 data transfer rate with multi-departmental
network access. It can be enabled wirelessly, where
wiring and cabling costs can be managed. So, to
work with in a campus using CAN is cost-effective
in view of performance

Disadvantages of CAN
1. Security: CANs are vulnerable to attacks due to a
lack of encryption and authentication.
Unauthorized nodes can join the network and
communicate.
2. Implementation: CANs can be complex to
implement, manage, and design.
3. Maintenance: CANs require ongoing maintenance
and administration.
4. Single points of failure: CANs can have potential
single points of failure.
5. Physical infrastructure: CANs rely on physical
infrastructure
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This
is the type of computer network that connects
computers over a geographical distance through shared
communication path over a city, town, or metropolitan
area. This network mainly uses FDDI, CDDI, and ATM as
the technology with a range from 5km to 50km. Its
transmission speed is average. It is difficult to maintain
and it comes with a high cost. Examples of MAN are
networking in towns, cities, a single large city, a large
area within multiple buildings, etc.
Advantages of MAN
1. MAN offers high-speed connectivity in which the
speed ranges from 10-100 Mbps.
2. The security level in MAN is high and strict as
compared to WAN.
3. It support to transmit data in both directions
concurrently because of dual bus architecture.
4. MAN can serve multiple users at a time with the
same high-speed internet to all the users.
 5. MAN allows for centralized management and
control of the network, making it easier to monitor
and manage network resources and security.

Disadvantages of MAN
1. The architecture of MAN is quite complicated
hence, it is hard to design and maintain.
2. This network is highly expensive because it required
the high cost to set up fiber optics.
3. It provides less fault tolerance.
4. The Data transfer rate in MAN is low when
compare to LANs.
5. Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN is a type of computer network that connects
computers aver a large geographical distance through a
shared communication path. It is not restrained a single
location but extends over many locations. WAN can also
be defined as a group of local area networks that
communicate with each other with a range above 50km.
Here Leased-Line & Dial-up technology. Its transmission
speed is very low and it comes with very high
maintenance and very high cost. The most common
example of WAN is the Internet.

Advantages of WAN
1. It covers large geographical area which enhances
the reach of organization to transmit data quickly
and cheaply.
2. The data can be stored in centralized manner
because of remote access to data provided by
WAN
 3. The travel charges that are needed to cover the
geographical area of work can be minimized.
4. WAN enables a user or organization to connect
with the world very easily and allows to exchange
data and do business at global level

Disadvantages of WAN
1. Traffic congestion in Wide Aren Network is very
high.
2. The fault tolerance ability of WAN is very less.
3. Noise and error are present in large amount due to
multiple connection point.
4. The date transfer rate is slow in comparison to LAN
because of large distances and high number of
connected system within the network
 Internet
The Internet is the foremost important tool and the
prominent resource that is being used by almost every
person across the globe. It connects millions of
computers, webpages, websites, and servers. Using the
internet we can send emails, photos, videos, and
messages to our loved ones. Or in other words, the
Internet is a widespread interconnected network of
computers and electronic devices (that support
Internet). It creates a communication medium to share
and get information online. If your device is connected
to the Internet then only you will be able to access all
the applications, websites, social media apps, and many
more services. The Internet nowadays is considered the
fastest medium for sending and receiving information.
 Intranet
A private network utilized by a company might be
referred to as an intranet. Its main objectives are to
support safe staff communication, information
archiving, and teamwork. Employees can create
profiles, submit, like, comment on, and share posts
using social intranet features that are common in
contemporary intranets.
An intranet is a kind of private network. For example, an
intranet is used by different organizations and only
members/staff of that organization have access to this.
It is a system in which multiple computers of an
organization (or the computers you want to connect)
are connected through an intranet. As this is a private
network, so no one from the outside world can access
this network. So many organizations and companies
have their intranet network and only its members and
staff have access to this network. This is also used to
protect your data and provide data security to a
particular organization, as it is a private network and
does not leak data to the outside world.
 Computer Network Architecture
Computer Network Architecture is defined as the
physical and logical design of the software, hardware,
protocols, and media of the transmission of data. Simply
we can say that how computers are organized and how
tasks are allocated to the computer.
The two types of network architectures are used:

1. Peer-To-Peer network
2. Client/Server network

Peer-To-Peer network
1. Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all the
computers are linked together with equal privilege
and responsibilities for processing the data.
2. Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small
environments, usually up to 10 computers.
 3. Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.
4. Special permissions are assigned to each computer
for sharing the resources, but this can lead to a
problem if the computer with the resource is down.

Advantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:

1. It is less costly as it does not contain any dedicated
server.
2. If one computer stops working but, other
computers will not stop working.
3. It is easy to set up and maintain as each computer
manages itself.
Disadvantages Of Peer-To-Peer Network:
1. In the case of Peer-To-Peer network, it does not
contain the centralized system. Therefore, it cannot
back up the data as the data is different in different
locations.
2. It has a security issue as the device is managed
itself.

Client/Server Network
1. Client/Server network is a network model designed
for the end users called clients, to access the
resources such as songs, video, etc. from a central
computer known as Server.
2. The central controller is known as a server while all
other computers in the network are called clients.
3. A server performs all the major operations such as
security and network management.
4. A server is responsible for managing all the
resources such as files, directories, printer, etc.
5. All the clients communicate with each other
through a server. For example, if client1 wants to
send some data to client 2, then it first sends the
 request to the server for the permission. The server
sends the response to the client 1 to initiate its
communication with the client 2.

Advantages Of Client/Server network:

1. A Client/Server network contains the centralized
system. Therefore, we can back up the data easily.
2. A Client/Server network has a dedicated server that
improves the overall performance of the whole
system.
3. Security is better in Client/Server network as a
single server administers the shared resources.
4. It also increases the speed of the sharing resources.
Disadvantages Of Client/Server network:
1. Client/Server network is expensive as it requires the
server with large memory.
2. A server has a Network Operating System (NOS) to
provide the resources to the clients, but the cost of
NOS is very high.
3. It requires a dedicated network administrator to
manage all the resources.
 Network Topologies
Network topology refers to the arrangement of
elements in a communication network such as links,
nodes, and so on. The term network topology refers to
the arrangement of various types of telecommunication
networks, such as command and control radio
networks, industrial field buses, and computer
networks. Local area networks, a common computer
network installation, contain examples of network
topologies. Network topologies are classified into two
types: physical and logical. While logical topology
emphasizes the pattern of data transfer between
network nodes, physical topology emphasizes the
physical layout of the connected devices and nodes
Bus Topology
1. The bus topology is designed in such a way that
all the stations are connected through a single
cable known as a backbone cable.
2. Each node is either connected to the backbone
cable by drop cable or directly connected to the
backbone cable.
 3. When a node wants to send a message over the
network, it puts a message over the network. All
the stations available in the network will receive
the message whether it has been addressed or
not.
4. The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3
(ethernet) and 802.4 standard networks.
5. The configuration of a bus topology is quite
simpler as compared to other topologies.
6. The backbone cable is considered as a "single
lane" through which the message is broadcast to
all the stations.
7. The most common access method of the bus
topologies is CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access).
CSMA: It is a media access control used to control the
data flow so that data integrity is maintained, i.e., the
packets do not get lost. There are two alternative ways
of handling the problems that occur when two nodes
send the messages simultaneously.
o CSMA CD: CSMA CD (Collision detection) is an
access method used to detect the collision. Once
the collision is detected, the sender will stop
 transmitting the data. Therefore, it works on
"recovery after the collision".
o CSMA CA: CSMA CA (Collision Avoidance) is an
access method used to avoid the collision by
checking whether the transmission media is busy or
not. If busy, then the sender waits until the media
becomes idle. This technique effectively reduces
the possibility of the collision. It does not work on
"recovery after the collision".

Advantages of Bus topology:

o Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly
connected to the cable without passing through a
hub. Therefore, the initial cost of installation is low.
o Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair
cables are mainly used in bus-based networks that
support upto 10 Mbps.
o Familiar technology: Bus topology is a familiar
technology as the installation and troubleshooting
techniques are well known, and hardware
components are easily available.
 o Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have
any effect on other nodes.

Disadvantages of Bus topology:

o Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simpler,
but still it requires a lot of cabling.
o Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized
test equipment to determine the cable faults. If any
fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt the
communication for all the nodes.
o Signal interference: If two nodes send the
messages simultaneously, then the signals of both
the nodes collide with each other.
o Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to
the network would slow down the network.
o Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal leads to
communication issues. Repeaters are used to
regenerate the signal.
2) Ring Topology

o Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with

connected ends.
o The node that receives the message from the
previous computer will retransmit to the next node.
o The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is
unidirectional.
o The data flows in a single loop continuously known
as an endless loop.
o It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is
connected to other node and having no termination
point.
o The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise
direction.
 o The most common access method of the ring
topology is token passing.
o Token passing: It is a network access method
in which token is passed from one node to
another node.
o Token: It is a frame that circulates around the
network.

Working of Token passing

o A token moves around the network, and it is passed
from computer to computer until it reaches the
destination.
o The sender modifies the token by putting the
address along with the data.
o The data is passed from one device to another
device until the destination address matches. Once
the token received by the destination device, then
it sends the acknowledgment to the sender.
o In a ring topology, a token is used as a carrier.
Advantages of Ring topology:
o Network Management: Faulty devices can be
removed from the network without bringing the
network down.
o Product availability: Many hardware and software
tools for network operation and monitoring are
available.
o Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily
available. Therefore, the installation cost is very
low.
o Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the
communication system is not dependent on the
single host computer.

Disadvantages of Ring topology:

1. Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized
test equipment to determine the cable faults. If
any fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt
the communication for all the nodes.
2. Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the
failure of the overall network.
 3. Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to
the network would slow down the network.
4. Delay: Communication delay is directly
proportional to the number of nodes. Adding new
devices increases the communication delay.

3) Star Topology

o Star topology is an arrangement of the network in

which every node is connected to the central hub,
switch or a central computer.
 o The central computer is known as a server, and the
peripheral devices attached to the server are
known as clients.
o Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect
the computers.
o Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection
devices in a physical star topology.
o Star topology is the most popular topology in
network implementation.

Advantages of Star topology

o Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite
efficient in a star topology as compared to bus
topology. In a bus topology, the manager has to
inspect the kilometers of cable. In a star topology,
all the stations are connected to the centralized
network. Therefore, the network administrator has
to go to the single station to troubleshoot the
problem.
o Network control: Complex network control
features can be easily implemented in the star
 topology. Any changes made in the star topology
are automatically accommodated.
o Limited failure: As each station is connected to the
central hub with its own cable, therefore failure in
one cable will not affect the entire network.
o Familiar technology: Star topology is a familiar
technology as its tools are cost-effective.
o Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new
stations can be added to the open ports on the hub.
o Cost effective: Star topology networks are cost-
effective as it uses inexpensive coaxial cable.
o High data speeds: It supports a bandwidth of
approx 100Mbps. Ethernet 100BaseT is one of the
most popular Star topology networks.

Disadvantages of Star topology

o A Central point of failure: If the central hub or
switch goes down, then all the connected nodes will
not be able to communicate with each other.
o Cable: Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult
when a significant amount of routing is required.
4) Tree topology

o Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus

topology and star topology.
o A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the
computers are connected with each other in
hierarchical fashion.
o The top-most node in tree topology is known as a
root node, and all other nodes are the descendants
of the root node.
o There is only one path exists between two nodes for
the data transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child
hierarchy.

Advantages of Tree topology

o Support for broadband transmission: Tree
topology is mainly used to provide broadband
 transmission, i.e., signals are sent over long
distances without being attenuated.
o Easily expandable: We can add the new device to
the existing network. Therefore, we can say that
tree topology is easily expandable.
o Easily manageable: In tree topology, the whole
network is divided into segments known as star
networks which can be easily managed and
maintained.
o Error detection: Error detection and error
correction are very easy in a tree topology.
o Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does
not affect the entire network.
o Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point wiring
for individual segments.

Disadvantages of Tree topology

o Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the
node, then it becomes difficult to troubleshoot the
problem.
o High cost: Devices required for broadband
transmission are very costly.
 o Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on main bus
cable and failure in main bus cable will damage the
overall network.
o Reconfiguration difficult: If new devices are added,
then it becomes difficult to reconfigure.

5) Mesh topology

o Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network

in which computers are interconnected with each
other through various redundant connections.
 o There are multiple paths from one computer to
another computer.
o It does not contain the switch, hub or any central
computer which acts as a central point of
communication.
o The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
o Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN
implementations where communication failures
are a critical concern.
o Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless
networks.
o Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula:
Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2;
Where n is the number of nodes that represents the
network.
Mesh topology is divided into two categories:
o Fully connected mesh topology
o Partially connected mesh topology
 o Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology, each
computer is connected to all the computers
available in the network.
o Partial Mesh Topology: In a partial mesh topology,
not all but certain computers are connected to
those computers with which they communicate
frequently.

Advantages of Mesh topology:

Reliable: The mesh topology networks are very reliable
as if any link breakdown will not affect the
communication between connected computers.
Fast Communication: Communication is very fast
between the nodes.
Easier Reconfiguration: Adding new devices would not
disrupt the communication between other devices.
Disadvantages of Mesh topology
o Cost: A mesh topology contains a large number of
connected devices such as a router and more
transmission media than other topologies.
o Management: Mesh topology networks are very
large and very difficult to maintain and manage. If
the network is not monitored carefully, then the
communication link failure goes undetected.
o Efficiency: In this topology, redundant connections
are high that reduces the efficiency of the network.
 Essential Components Of Computer Network
The physical components of a computer network
include hardware devices and media that enable
connectivity and data exchange between devices. The
server, client, peer, transmission media, and connecting
devices make up the hardware components. The
operating system and protocols are examples of
software components.
1. NIC (Network Interface Card)
NIC or Network Interface Card is a network adapter
used to connect the computer to the network. It is
installed in the computer to establish a LAN. It has a
unique ID that is written on the chip, and it has a
connector to connect the cable to it. The cable acts as
an interface between the computer and the router or
modem. NIC card is a layer 2 device, which means it
works on the network model’s physical and data link
layers.
Types of NIC
 Wired NIC: Cables and Connectors use Wired NIC to
transfer data.
  Wireless NIC: These connect to a wireless network
such as Wi-fi, Bluetooth, etc.
2. HUB
A hub is a multi-port repeater. A hub connects
multiple wires coming from different branches, for
example, the connector in star topology which
connects different stations. Hubs cannot filter data,
so data packets are sent to all connected devices. In
other words, the collision domain of all hosts
connected through hub remains one. Hub does not
have any routing table to store the data of ports and
map destination addresses., the routing table is used
to send/broadcast information across all the ports.

3. Router
A Router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on
their IP addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers
normally connect LANs and WANs and have a dynamically updating
routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data
packets. The router divides the broadcast domains of hosts connected
through it.
 Router

4. Modem
A Modem is a short form of Modulator/Demodulator. The Modem is a
hardware component/device that can connect computers and other
devices such as routers and switches to the internet. Modems convert or
modulate the analog signals coming from telephone wire into a digital
form that is in the form of 0s and 1s.

Modem

5. Switch
A Switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a
design that can boost its efficiency(a large number of
ports implies less traffic) and performance. A switch is
a data link layer device. The switch can perform error
checking before forwarding data, which makes it very
efficient as it does not forward packets that have
errors and forward good packets selectively to the
correct port only.

6. Nodes
Node is a term used to refer to any computing devices
such as computers that send and receive network
packets across the network.
Types of nodes
 End Nodes: These types of nodes are going to be
the starting point or the end point of
communication. E.g., computers, security cameras,
network printers, etc.
 Intermediary Nodes: These nodes are going to be
in between the starting point or end point of the
 end nodes. E.g., Switches, Bridges, Routers, cell
towers, etc.
7. Media
It is also known as Link which is going to carry data
from one side to another side. This link can be Wired
Medium (Guided Medium) and Wireless Medium
(Unguided Medium). It is of two types:
7.1 Wired Medium
 Ethernet: Ethernet is the most widely used LAN
technology, which is defined under IEEE standards
802.3. There are two types of Ethernet:
 Fibre Optic Cable: In fibre optic cable data is
transferred in the form of light waves.

Fibre Optic Cable

 Coaxial Cable: Coaxial Cable is mainly used for
audio and video communications.
Coaxial Cable
 USB Cable: USB Stands for Universal Serial Bus it is
mainly used to connect PCs and smartphones.

USB
7.2 Wireless Medium
 Infrared (E.g. short-range communication – TV
remote control).
 Radio (E.g. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi).
 Microwaves (E.g. Cellular system).
 Satellite (E.g. Long range communications – GPS).
8. Repeater
Repeater is an important component of computer
networks as it is used to regenerate and amplify signal
in the computer networks. Repeaters are used to
improve the quality of the networks and they are
operated on the Physical Layer of the OSI Model.

Repeater
Types of Repeaters
There are several types of repeaters based on
specifications you can check by tapping the link Types
of Repeaters.
9. Server
A server is a computer program that provides various
functionality to another computer program. The
server plays a vital role in facilitating communication,
data storage, etc. Servers have more data storage as
compared to normal computers. They are designed
for the specific purpose of handling multiple requests
from clients.

Servers
 Conclusion
the computer networking project has provided a
comprehensive understanding of the
fundamental concepts and applications of
computer networks. Through exploring various
types of networks, topologies, and essential
components, we have gained insights into how
interconnected systems facilitate
communication and resource sharing in our
increasingly digital world. The knowledge
acquired from this project underscores the
importance of networking in various sectors,
including education, business, and healthcare. As
technology continues to evolve, the skills and
understanding developed through this project
will be invaluable for future endeavors in
computer science and information technology.
Ultimately, this project not only enhances our
technical expertise but also prepares us for the
challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in a
connected world.
 Bibliography
 Sumit Arora – Computer Science with Python Class
XII
 W3Schools.com
 www.scribd.com
 NCERT