Spread Spectrum

Dr. Araddhana Deshmukh

Director, CSIT, SSPU, Pune
 The Concept of Spread Spectrum
❑ Input fed into channel encoder that produces analog
signal at narrow bandwidth around central frequency
❑ Signal is modulated using sequence of digits known as
spreading code or spreading sequence.
❑ Spreading code generated by pseudonoise
/pseudorandom number generator
❑ The effect of modulation is to increases bandwidth
significantly as the signal transmitted
❑ On the receiver side. The same digit sequence used to
demodulate the spread signal.
❑ Demodulated signal fed into channel decoder to recover
the data

Electrical Engineering Department 2

General Model of Spread Spectrum
System

Electrical Engineering Department 3

 Several things can be gained
❑ Immunity from various noise and multipath distortion
▪ Earliest application : military communication used for its
immunity to jamming
❑ Cused for hiding and encrypting signals
▪ Only receiver who knows spreading code can retrieve
signal
❑ Several users can share same higher bandwidth
with little interference
▪ Cellular telephones
▪ Code division multiplexing (CDM)
▪ Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Electrical Engineering Department 4

 Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum (FHSS)
❑ Signal broadcast over seemingly random series of
frequencies, hopping from frequency to frequency
at fixed interval
❑ At receiver side, hoping between frequencies in
synchronization with transmitter
❑ Eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips (repetitive
pulse)
❑ Attempt to jam the signal on one frequency affects
only knocking out a few bits

Electrical Engineering Department 5

 Basic Operation
❑ Typically 2k carriers frequencies forming 2k channels
❑ Channel spacing (between carrier frequency and
width of each channel) corresponds with
bandwidth of the input signal
❑ Each channel used for fixed interval
▪ 300 ms in IEEE 802.11
▪ During that interval, some number of bits transmitted using
some encoding scheme
❑Sequence of channel is dictated by
spreading code
❑Transmitter and receiver used same code
for synchronization

Electrical Engineering Department 6

Frequency Hopping Example

Electrical Engineering Department 7

 FHSS
• During transmission, binary data is fed into a
modulator using some digital to analog encoding
scheme.
• The resulting signal is centered on some base
frequency.
• A Pseudonoise Number(PN) source serves as an index
into a table of frequencies or called spreading code.
• New carrier frequency selected based on
successive interval (each k PN bits)
• This frequency modulated by initial modulator
to produce signal with selected carrier
frequency

Electrical Engineering Department 8

 FHSS
digital to
analog
encoding
scheme

Electrical Engineering Department 9

 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
System (Receiver)
• On receiver side, the spread spectrum signal is
demodulated using same frequency of PN and
demodulated to produce output data.

Electrical Engineering Department 10

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
System (Receiver)

Electrical Engineering Department 11

 Slow and Fast FHSS
❑ Common modulation technique used conjunction with
FHSS is multiple FSK (MFSK)
❑ For FHSS, MFSK signal is translated to new frequency
every Tc seconds by modulating the MFSK signal with
FHSS carrier.
❑ The effect is to translate he MFSK signal into the
appropriate FHSS channel.
❑ For data rate R, duration of bits is T= 1/R and duration
of a signal element is Ts = LT seconds
❑ Slow FHSS has Tc  Ts
❑ Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
❑ Generally fast FHSS gives improved performance in
noise (or jamming)

Electrical Engineering Department 12

 Slow Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
Using MFSK (M=4, k=2)

•M = 4 , means 4 different frequencies are used to

encode the data input k=2 bits at a time
MFSK bandwidth, Wd = Mfd
fi = fc + (2i – 1 –M)fd
•FHSS scheme 2k =4, 4 carrier frequencies with 4
fc = denotes the carrier frequency
fd = denotes the difference frequency
channel
M = number of different signal elements = 2L •FHSS bandwidth, Ws = 2kWd
L = number of bit per signal element
•Duration
Electrical of two
Engineering signal elements or 4 bits, Tc = 2Ts 13
Department = 4T
Fast Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum
Using MFSK (M=4, k=2)

•M = 4 , means 4 different frequencies are used to

encode the data input k=2 bits at a time
MFSK bandwidth, Wd = Mfd
•FHSS scheme 2k =4, 4 carrier frequencies with 4
channel
•FHSS bandwidth, Ws = 2kWd
•Duration of two signal elements or 4 bits, Ts = 2Tc =
Electrical Engineering Department 14
4T
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
❑ Each bit in the original signal is represented by
multiple bits in the transmitted signal using
spreading code.
❑ Spreading code spreads signal across wider
frequency band
❑ 10 bit spreading code spreads signal across 10 times
bandwidth of 1 bit code
❑ One method with DSSS:
▪ Combine digital information stream input with
spreading code bit stream using exclusive OR (XOR)
▪ Input bit 1 inverts spreading code bit
▪ Input zero bit doesn’t alter spreading code bit
▪ Data rate equal to original spreading code

Electrical Engineering Department 15

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Example

Electrical Engineering Department 16

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Transmitter

Electrical Engineering Department 17

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Transmitter

Electrical Engineering Department 18

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Using BPSK Example

Electrical Engineering Department 19

Approximate Spectrum of
DSSS Signal

Electrical Engineering Department 20

 CDMA Explanation

❑ Consider A communicating with base

❑ Base knows A’s code
❑ Assume communication already synchronized
❑ A wants to send a 1
▪ Send chip pattern <1,-1,-1,1,-1,1>
• A’s code
❑ A wants to send 0
▪ Send chip[ pattern <-1,1,1,-1,1,-1>
• Complement of A’s code
❑ Decoder ignores other sources when using A’s
code to decode
❑ Orthogonal codes

Electrical Engineering Department 21

CDMA Example

Electrical Engineering Department 22

 CDMA for DSSS

❑ n users each using different orthogonal PN

sequence
❑ At transmitter, each users will transmit modulate
data stream
▪ Using BPSK to produce a signal with a bandwidth of Ws (FHSS
bandwidth) then multiply by spreading code of user
▪ Signal plus noise reach at receiver’s antenna
▪ At receiver, suppose attempt to recover data of
user 1
▪ Incoming signal multiplied by the spreading code then
demodulated

Electrical Engineering Department 23

CDMA in a DSSS Environment

Electrical Engineering Department 24

Seven Channel CDMA Encoding
and Decoding

Electrical Engineering Department 25