First

Edition

P
 Contents of Human Geography (HG)
1. Major Tribes of India ......................................................................................................................... HG-1
1.1. Scheduled Tribes (STs) ..........................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) .....................................................................................................2
1.3. Tribes of the Himalayan Region ...........................................................................................................................4
1.4. Tribes of North-East Region ..................................................................................................................................5
1.5. Tribes of Central India Region ..............................................................................................................................8
1.6. Tribes of Eastern India Region ..............................................................................................................................9
1.7. Tribes of Western India Region........................................................................................................................... 10
1.8. Tribes of Southern India Region ......................................................................................................................... 11
1.9. Tribes of the Island Region ................................................................................................................................. 13
2. Population ...................................................................................................................................... HG-15
2.2. Factors influencing the distribution of population .............................................................................................. 15
2.3. Trends In Population Growth ............................................................................................................................. 16
2.4. Population Composition ..................................................................................................................................... 18
2.5. Demographic Dividend....................................................................................................................................... 21
3. Census and Demographic Components ............................................................................................ HG-22
3.1. India Census 2011 Data ...................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2. National Family Health Survey (NFHS) ............................................................................................................... 29
4. Migration ....................................................................................................................................... HG-33
4.2. Streams of Migration ......................................................................................................................................... 35
4.3. Migration in India .............................................................................................................................................. 36
4.4. Consequences of Migration ................................................................................................................................ 39
4.5. Recommendations to address the issue of Migrants .......................................................................................... 40
5. Human Settlements......................................................................................................................... HG-42
5.1. Types and Patterns of Settlements ..................................................................................................................... 42
5.2. Rural Settlements ............................................................................................................................................... 42
5.3. Urban Settlements ............................................................................................................................................. 44
6. International Trade ......................................................................................................................... HG-50
6.1. Evolution of International Trade ........................................................................................................................ 50
6.2. Basis of International Trade ............................................................................................................................... 50
6.3. Important Aspects of International Trade .......................................................................................................... 51
6.4. Case for Free Trade ............................................................................................................................................ 51
6.5. Gateways of International Trade........................................................................................................................ 53
6.6. India’s International Trade ................................................................................................................................. 54
7. Major Ports of India ........................................................................................................................ HG-56
7.3. Ports of The East Coast ....................................................................................................................................... 56
7.4. West Coast ......................................................................................................................................................... 57
7.5. Indian Ports as Gateways of Trade ..................................................................................................................... 60
7.6. Issues and Challenges with Indian Ports ............................................................................................................. 62
7.7. Government Initiatives....................................................................................................................................... 63
8. Transport and Communication ........................................................................................................ HG-66
8.1. Land Transport ................................................................................................................................................... 66
8.2. Water Transport................................................................................................................................................. 68
8.3. Communications ................................................................................................................................................ 73
9. Transport and Communication in India ............................................................................................ HG-74
9.1. Road Transport in India ...................................................................................................................................... 74
9.2. Rail Transport in India ........................................................................................................................................ 79
9.3. Water Transport................................................................................................................................................. 80

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 9.4. Air Transportation ............................................................................................................................................. 84
9.5. Oil and Gas Pipelines ......................................................................................................................................... 84
9.6. Communication Networks ................................................................................................................................. 85
10. Planning & Sustainable Development in India .................................................................................. HG-88
10.1. Target Area Planning ......................................................................................................................................... 88

Contents of Economic Geography (EG) – Unit I – Mineral Resources (MR)

1. Iron............................................................................................................................................. EG-MR-1
1.2. Types of Iron Ore ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3. Applications of Iron Ore ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4. Iron Ore Distribution Across the World ................................................................................................................ 2
1.5. Iron Ore Distribution in India ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.6. Iron Ore Production in India................................................................................................................................. 6
2. Coal ............................................................................................................................................ EG-MR-8
2.1. Formation of Coal ................................................................................................................................................ 8
2.2. Classification of Coal — Peat, Lignite, Bituminous Coal, and Anthracite .............................................................. 9
2.3. Coking Coal vs. Non-Coking Coal (Thermal Coal) ............................................................................................... 10
2.4. Distribution of Coal Across the World ................................................................................................................ 10
2.5. Distribution of Coal in India ............................................................................................................................... 12
2.6. Coal Demand, Production, Supply, and Import in India (Million Tonnes) ............................................................ 15
3. Petroleum and Mineral Oil ........................................................................................................ EG-MR-18
3.1. Formation of Petroleum & Natural Gas ............................................................................................................. 19
3.2. World Distribution of Petroleum ........................................................................................................................ 20
3.3. Distribution of Petroleum in India ...................................................................................................................... 22
4. Naural Gas ................................................................................................................................ EG-MR-29
4.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.2. Formation of Natural Gas .................................................................................................................................. 29
4.3. Natural Gas Storage .......................................................................................................................................... 29
4.4. Distribution of Natural Gas Across India and the World..................................................................................... 30
4.5. Petroleum and Gas Value Chain ......................................................................................................................... 31
5. Unconventional Gas Reservoirs .................................................................................................. EG-MR-33
5.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 33
5.2. Coal Bed/Seam Methane ................................................................................................................................... 33
5.3. Shale Gas/Oil ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
5.4. Tight Gas ........................................................................................................................................................... 38
5.5. Gas Hydrates ..................................................................................................................................................... 38
5.6. Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) ................................................................................................................ 39
6. Bauxite ..................................................................................................................................... EG-MR-40
6.1. Bauxite Distribution Across the World ............................................................................................................... 40
7. Lead, Zinc and Pyrites ................................................................................................................ EG-MR-43
7.1. Lead................................................................................................................................................................... 43
7.2. Zinc .................................................................................................................................................................... 43
7.4. Pyrites ............................................................................................................................................................... 45
8. Gold and Silver .......................................................................................................................... EG-MR-47
8.1. Gold ................................................................................................................................................................... 47
8.2. Silver ................................................................................................................................................................. 49
9. Ores of Metals Used In Alloys .................................................................................................... EG-MR-51
9.1. Manganese ....................................................................................................................................................... 51

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 9.2. Tungsten ............................................................................................................................................................ 53
9.3. Copper ............................................................................................................................................................... 54
9.4. Nickel ................................................................................................................................................................. 56
9.5. Molybdenum...................................................................................................................................................... 58
9.6. Chromite ............................................................................................................................................................ 58
10. Non Metallic Minerals ............................................................................................................... EG-MR-60
10.1. Graphite ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
10.2. Diamond ............................................................................................................................................................ 61
10.3. Limestone .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
10.4. Dolomite ............................................................................................................................................................ 65
10.5. Magnesite .......................................................................................................................................................... 65
10.6. Mica ................................................................................................................................................................... 66
10.7. Asbestos............................................................................................................................................................. 67
10.8. Kyanite ............................................................................................................................................................... 68
10.9. Sillimanite .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
10.10. Gypsum .............................................................................................................................................................. 69
11. Atomic Minerals........................................................................................................................ EG-MR-70
11.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 70
11.2. Uranium ............................................................................................................................................................. 70
11.3. Thorium ............................................................................................................................................................. 73
12. Strategic Minerals..................................................................................................................... EG-MR-77
12.2. Critical Minerals in India .................................................................................................................................... 77
12.3. Description of Some Important Critical Minerals ................................................................................................ 80
12.4. Rare Earth Elements (REEs) ................................................................................................................................ 84
13. Resources From The Ocean ........................................................................................................ EG-MR-89
13.1. Ocean Deposits .................................................................................................................................................. 89
13.2. Classification of Marine Sediments .................................................................................................................... 89
13.3. Mineral Resources.............................................................................................................................................. 90
13.4. Mineral Deposits Found on Continental Shelves and Slopes ............................................................................... 90
13.5. Mineral Deposits Found on Deep Sea Floor ........................................................................................................ 91
13.6. India's Deep Ocean Mission ............................................................................................................................... 94
13.7. Energy Resources ............................................................................................................................................... 96
13.8. Fresh Water ....................................................................................................................................................... 97
13.9. Biotic Resources ................................................................................................................................................. 97
13.10. United Nations International Conferences on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) ....................................................... 97

Contents of Economic Geography (EG) – Unit II – Industrial Locational Factors (ILF)

1. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors ....................................................................................... EG-ILF-1
1.1. Primary Activities ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Secondary Activities ............................................................................................................................................. 5
1.3. Tertiary Activities ................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.4. Quaternary Activities ...........................................................................................................................................8
1.7. Some of the Factors Influencing the Locations of Various Sectors (Industries) ......................................................8
2. Iron and Steel Industry ............................................................................................................... EG-ILF-10
2.1. Factors that Influence the Location of Iron and Steel Industry ............................................................................ 11
2.2. Distribution of Iron and Steel Industry ............................................................................................................... 17
2.3. Iron & Steel Industry in India .............................................................................................................................. 18
3. Cotton Textile Industry ............................................................................................................... EG-ILF-20
3.1. Factors that Affect the Location of the Cotton Textile Industry ........................................................................... 20
3.2. Cotton Textile Manufacturing Regions of the World ........................................................................................... 21

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 3.3. Cotton Textile Industry in India .......................................................................................................................... 26
4. Woollen Textile Industry ............................................................................................................. EG-ILF-31
4.1. Factors that Affect Commercial Wool Production .............................................................................................. 31
4.2. Factors that Affect the Location of the Woolen Textile Industry ......................................................................... 32
4.3. Indian Woollen Textile Industry ......................................................................................................................... 33
5. Jute Textile Industry.................................................................................................................... EG-ILF-34
5.1. Factors Responsible for the Concentration of Jute Industry in the Hooghly Basin .............................................. 34
5.2. Issues Faced by the Jute Industry ....................................................................................................................... 34
5.3. Future Positives for the Jute Industry ................................................................................................................. 35
6. Silk Textile Industry..................................................................................................................... EG-ILF-36
6.1. Silk Industry in India .......................................................................................................................................... 37
6.2. Factors Responsible for the Localisation of the Silk Industry in China................................................................. 40
6.3. Leading Producers, Importers and Exporters ..................................................................................................... 41
7. Sugar Industry............................................................................................................................ EG-ILF-42
7.1. Major Factors that Influence the Location of the Sugar Industry ....................................................................... 43
7.2. Rise and Fall of the Cuban Sugar Industry .......................................................................................................... 43
7.3. Major Sugar Producers ...................................................................................................................................... 43
7.4. Sugar Industry in Peninsular India vs Sugar Industry in North India ................................................................... 44
7.5. Challenges Faced by the Sugar Industry in India ................................................................................................ 45
8. Tea Industry ............................................................................................................................... EG-ILF-46
8.1. Major Steps Involved in the Cultivation and Processing of Tea Leaves ............................................................... 46
8.2. Factors that Determine the Location of the Tea Industry ................................................................................... 46
8.3. Major Tea-Producing Areas in India ................................................................................................................... 46
8.4. Rise and Fall of the British Tea Industry ............................................................................................................. 47
8.5. Tea Industry in China ......................................................................................................................................... 47
8.6. Tea Production, Export, and Import ................................................................................................................... 47
8.7. Challenges Faced by the Tea Industry ................................................................................................................ 48
9. Coffee Industry ........................................................................................................................... EG-ILF-49
9.1. Major Steps Involved in the Cultivation and Processing of Coffee Beans ............................................................ 49
9.2. Factors that Determine the Location of the Coffee Industry ............................................................................... 49
9.3. Coffee Industry in Brazil ..................................................................................................................................... 50
9.4. Coffee Industry in Nilgiris ................................................................................................................................... 51
9.5. Coffee Production .............................................................................................................................................. 51
10. Rubber Industry ......................................................................................................................... EG-ILF-52
10.1. Natural Rubber .................................................................................................................................................. 52
10.2. Synthetic Rubber ............................................................................................................................................... 52
10.3. Tyre Manufacturing ........................................................................................................................................... 53
10.4. Southeast Asian vs South American Natural Rubber Industry ............................................................................ 53
10.5. Distribution of Rubber Industry ......................................................................................................................... 54
10.6. Rubber Industry in India .................................................................................................................................... 54
10.7. Challenges Faced by the Rubber Sector.............................................................................................................. 54
11. Lumbering, Pulp and Paper Industry ........................................................................................... EG-ILF-56
11.1. Lumbering Industry: Temperate Regions vs Tropical Regions ............................................................................. 56
11.2. Factors Affecting the Location of the Sawmills (Lumbering) Industry ................................................................. 57
11.3. Factors Affecting the Location of the Paper Pulp Industry .................................................................................. 58
11.4. Lumbering, Pulp and Paper Industry in Canada ................................................................................................. 58
11.5. Lumbering, Pulp and Paper Industry in Russia ................................................................................................... 59
11.6. Lumbering, Pulp, and Paper Industry in the U.S.A.............................................................................................. 60
11.7. Lumbering, Pulp and Paper Industry in Other regions ........................................................................................ 60

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 11.8. Lumbering, Pulp and Paper Industry in India ...................................................................................................... 61
11.9. International Lumber, Pulp, and Paper Imports and Exports .............................................................................. 62
12. Commercial Marine Fishing Industry........................................................................................... EG-ILF-63
12.1. Marine Capture Fisheries ................................................................................................................................... 63
12.2. Factors that Create the Most Fertile Marine Fishing Grounds ............................................................................ 63
12.3. Factors that Determine the Location of the Commercial Fishing Industry ........................................................... 64
12.4. Major Commercial Marine Fishing Grounds of the World .................................................................................. 64
12.5. Fisheries and Aquaculture in India ..................................................................................................................... 67
13. Sunrise Industries....................................................................................................................... EG-ILF-68
13.1. Locational Factors Propelling Sunrise Industries ................................................................................................. 68
13.2. Examples of Sunrise Industries – World .............................................................................................................. 68
13.3. Sunrise Industries in India .................................................................................................................................. 68
13.4. Challenges Faced by the Sunrise Industries ........................................................................................................ 70
13.5. Opportunities from the Sunrise Industries .......................................................................................................... 70
14. Indian Pharmaceutical Industry .................................................................................................. EG-ILF-71
14.2. Manufacturing Processes ................................................................................................................................... 71
14.3. Global Distribution of Pharmaceutical Industries ............................................................................................... 72
14.4. Locational Factors Influencing the Distribution of Pharma Industries ................................................................. 72
14.5. Factors Driving Distribution of the Pharmaceutical Industry in India .................................................................. 73
14.6. Indian Pharmaceutical Industry as a Sunrise Sector ........................................................................................... 75
14.7. Covid-19 Vaccine Race........................................................................................................................................ 75
14.8. Pharmaceutical Industry Production, Export, and Import ................................................................................... 76
14.9. Challenges Faced by the Indian Pharma Industry ............................................................................................... 76
14.10. Future Prospects of the Pharma Industry in India ............................................................................................... 76
15. Petrochemical Industries ............................................................................................................ EG-ILF-78
15.2. Global Distribution of the Petrochemical Industry .............................................................................................. 78
15.3. Distribution of the Petrochemical Industry in India ............................................................................................ 79
15.4. Locational Factors Influencing the Petrochemical Industry ................................................................................. 81
15.5. Significance of the Petrochemical Industry in India ............................................................................................ 81
15.6. Producers, Consumers, Exporters & Importers of Petroleum Products ................................................................ 82
15.7. Challenges Faced by the Petrochemical Industry in India ................................................................................... 82
16. Natural Gas Refining Industries .................................................................................................. EG-ILF-83
16.2. Products of Natural Gas Refining ....................................................................................................................... 83
16.3. Distribution of Natural Gas Refining Industries in the World .............................................................................. 83
16.4. Distribution of Natural Gas Refining Industries in India...................................................................................... 84
16.5. Locational Factors Influencing the Natural Gas Refining Industry ...................................................................... 85
16.6. India's Natural Gas Pipeline Network ................................................................................................................. 86
16.7. Significance of Natural Gas Refinery Industries in India ..................................................................................... 86
16.9. Challenges Faced by Natural Gas Refinery Industries in India ............................................................................ 87
17. Fertiliser Industry ....................................................................................................................... EG-ILF-88
17.1. Forward Linkage Industry to Natural Gas Refining Industry ............................................................................... 88
17.2. Distribution of the Fertiliser Industry – Global .................................................................................................... 88
17.3. Distribution of the Fertiliser Industry in India ..................................................................................................... 89
17.4. Locational Factors Influencing the Distribution of the Fertiliser Industry ............................................................ 90
18. Food Grain Industries (Rice and Wheat) ...................................................................................... EG-ILF-93
18.1. Rice Processing Industry ..................................................................................................................................... 93
18.2. Wheat Processing Industry................................................................................................................................. 94
18.3. Importance of Rice and Wheat Processing Industries ......................................................................................... 95
18.5. Challenges Faced by the Food Processing Industries........................................................................................... 95
19. Dairy Industry ............................................................................................................................ EG-ILF-97
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 19.1. Processes Involved ............................................................................................................................................. 97
19.2. Distribution of Dairy Industry – Global .............................................................................................................. 97
19.3. Distribution of Dairy Industry – India ................................................................................................................. 98
19.4. Locational Factors Influencing the Dairy Industry .............................................................................................. 99
19.5. Dairy Industry Production, Export, and Import ................................................................................................ 100
19.6. Challenges Faced by the Dairy Industry ........................................................................................................... 100
19.7. Opportunities in India's Dairy Sector ............................................................................................................... 100
20. Meat Industry .......................................................................................................................... EG-ILF-101
20.1. Distribution of Meat Industry – Global ............................................................................................................ 101
20.2. Distribution of Meat Industry – India ............................................................................................................... 102
20.3. Location Factors that Influence the Meat Industry........................................................................................... 102
20.5. Challenges Faced by the Meat Industry ........................................................................................................... 105
20.6. Measures to Enhance the Efficiency of Meat Industry ...................................................................................... 105
21. Horticulture Industry ................................................................................................................ EG-ILF-106
21.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 106
21.2. Processes Involved in Horticulture ................................................................................................................... 106
21.3. Distribution of Horticulture Industry — Global ................................................................................................ 106
21.4. Distribution of Horticulture Industry — India ................................................................................................... 107
21.5. Locational Factors Influencing the Horticulture Industry .................................................................................. 108
21.7. Challenges Faced by India's Horticulture Industry ............................................................................................ 109
22. Palm Oil Industry...................................................................................................................... EG-ILF-111
22.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 111
22.2. Global Distribution of Palm Oil Industry .......................................................................................................... 111
22.3. Palm Oil Plantations in India ........................................................................................................................... 112
22.4. Locational Factors Shaping the Palm Oil Industry ............................................................................................ 113
22.5. Significance of the Palm Oil Industry ............................................................................................................... 113
22.7. Major Issues .................................................................................................................................................... 113
22.8. India-Malaysia Palm Oil Trade Tensions .......................................................................................................... 114
22.9. India’s First Integrated Oil Palm Processing Unit.............................................................................................. 114
22.10. Opportunities for the Palm Oil Industry in India............................................................................................... 114
23. Aluminium Smelting Industry.................................................................................................... EG-ILF-116
23.1. Smelting Industries .......................................................................................................................................... 116
23.2. Aluminium Industry ......................................................................................................................................... 116
23.3. Global Distribution of Aluminium Industry — Global ....................................................................................... 116
23.4. Geographical Relocation of Aluminium Production Centres ............................................................................. 117
23.5. Distribution of Aluminium Industry in India ..................................................................................................... 117
23.6. Locational Factors Shaping the Aluminium Industry ........................................................................................ 119
23.7. Vedanta Alumina Limited (VAL) C ase in Niyamgiri, Odisha ............................................................................. 120
23.9. Challenges Faced by the Aluminium Industry in India ...................................................................................... 120
24. Copper Smelting Industry ......................................................................................................... EG-ILF-121
24.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 121
24.2. Global Distribution of Copper Smelting Industries ........................................................................................... 121
24.3. Distribution of Copper Smelting Industries in India .......................................................................................... 122
24.4. Locational Factors Influencing the Copper Smelting Industries ........................................................................ 122
24.5. Significance of the Copper Smelting Industry in India ...................................................................................... 123
24.6. Sterlite Copper Plant Case ............................................................................................................................... 123
24.8. Challenges Faced by Copper Smelting Industries in India ................................................................................. 123
24.9. Future Prospectus of the Copper Smelting Industry in India ............................................................................. 123
25. Lead Smelting Industry ............................................................................................................. EG-ILF-125
25.1. Global Distribution of Lead Smelting Industries ............................................................................................... 125
25.2. Distribution of Lead Smelting Industries in India.............................................................................................. 126

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 25.3. Locational Factors Influencing the Lead Smelting Industry Distribution ........................................................... 126
25.5. Challenges Faced by Lead Smelting Industries in India ..................................................................................... 127
26. Zinc Smelting Industry .............................................................................................................. EG-ILF-128
26.2. Global Distribution of Zinc Smelting ................................................................................................................. 128
26.3. Distribution of Zinc smelting Industries in India ............................................................................................... 128
26.4. Locational Factors Shaping Zinc Smelting Industries ........................................................................................ 129
26.6. Challenges Faced by Zinc Smelting Industries in India ...................................................................................... 129
27. Acid-Based Industry ................................................................................................................. EG-ILF-131
27.. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 131
27.2. Global Distribution of Acid-Based Industries .................................................................................................... 131
27.3. Distribution of Acid-Based Industries in India ................................................................................................... 132
27.4. Locational Factors Influencing the Acid-based Industries ................................................................................. 133
27.6. Challenges Faced by the Acid-based Industries ................................................................................................ 133
28. Aerospace Industry .................................................................................................................. EG-ILF-135
28.1. Subsectors of the Aerospace Industry............................................................................................................... 135
28.2. Key Technologies in the Aerospace Industry ..................................................................................................... 135
28.3. Global Distribution of Aerospace Industries ..................................................................................................... 136
28.4. Distribution of Aerospace Industry in India ...................................................................................................... 137
28.5. Factors Influencing the Distribution of the Aerospace Industry ........................................................................ 138
28.6. Significance of Aerospace Industry in India ...................................................................................................... 138
28.8. Challenges Faced by Aerospace Industries in India ........................................................................................... 139
29. Semiconductor (Chip) Industry .................................................................................................. EG-ILF-140
29.1. Factors Influencing the Location of Semiconductor Firms Around the World .................................................... 140
29.2. Major Centres of Semiconductor Manufacturing in the World ......................................................................... 141
29.3. Taiwan’s Dominance ........................................................................................................................................ 142
29.4. Semiconductor Industry in India ....................................................................................................................... 142
29.5. Huawei’s Ban in the West................................................................................................................................. 143
29.6. Apple iPhone Manufacturing ........................................................................................................................... 144
29.8. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme ........................................................................................................ 144
29.9. Challenges Faced by the Semiconductor Industry in India ................................................................................ 145
30. Synthetic Fibre Industry ............................................................................................................ EG-ILF-146
30.2. Global Distribution of Synthetic Fibres Industry ............................................................................................... 146
30.3. Distribution of Synthetic Fibres Industry in India .............................................................................................. 147
30.4. Locational Factors Influencing the Synthetic Fibres Industry ............................................................................ 148
30.5. Synthetic Fibre Industry is a Forward Linkage Industry to the Petrochemical Industry...................................... 148
30.7. Challenges Faced by the Synthetic Fibre Industry in India................................................................................. 149
30.8. Way Forward for the Growth of Synthetic Fibres Industry ................................................................................ 149
31. Automobile Industry ................................................................................................................ EG-ILF-150
31.1. Global Distribution of Automobile Industries ................................................................................................... 150
31.2. Distribution of Automobile Industries in India .................................................................................................. 152
31.3. Factors Influencing the Distribution of the Automobile Industry ...................................................................... 153
31.4. Significance of Automobile Industries in India .................................................................................................. 154
31.5. Role of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the Automobile Industry ................................................................................ 154
31.7. Challenges Faced by Automobile Industries in India ......................................................................................... 156

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