Water Pollution

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 Introduction
• Water pollution is the contamination of water
bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and
groundwater), very often by human activities.
• Water pollution can be defined as a presence of
solid, liquid or gaseous contaminants in such
concentration that may alter the quality of water.
• Any change or modification in the physical,
chemical and biological properties of water that
will have a harmful consequence on living things
is water pollution.
• The substance that cause water pollution are called
water pollutants.
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Water Resource

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 Water Pollution Categories

Point Source Pollution

• Surface Water
Non-point Source pollution

• Ground Water : pollute be pesticide

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Point Sources Pollution
• It refers to contaminants that enter a waterway
through a discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or
ditch.
• For example; discharges from a sewage treatment
plant, a factory or a city storm drain (domestic
sewages, industrial wastes, municipal sewage
• Single large source

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Non-point Sources:
• Diffuse source or many smaller point
sources
• Fertilizer on fields, Storm water, Flood

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 Types of Water Pollution
• Oxygen demanding waste
• Disease causing agents
(pathogen)
• Plant Nutrients
• Inorganic chemical and
minerals
• Sediments
• Thermal discharges
• Oil
• Radioactive substance

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MAJOR POLLUTANTS AND PRINCIPAL SOURCES
Point sources Non-point sources
Water Pollutants Domestic Industrial Agriculture Urban
sewage wastes runoff runoff
Pathogens x x x x
Oxygen demanding waste x x x x
Nutrients x x x X
Suspended solids/ sediments x x x x
Salts x x x
Toxic metals x x
Toxic organic chemicals x x
Heat x
Pesticides x

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 Oxygen demanding Waste
▪ Domestic Sewage, Animal Waste, Crop Residue, Food
processing waste, algae

Plant Nutrients:
▪ Nitrogen and phosphorus need for plant and animal for
maintaining their growth and metabolism.
▪ Large Concentration results large algae growth which restricts
atmospheric re- oxygenation of water.

Sediment
▪ Include Sand , Soil , Mineral Particles which reduce the
amount of sunlight available to green , water plant.

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 Disease causing agents (Pathogen)
▪ Includes viruses, bacteria and protozoa excreted by
diseased persons or animals;
▪When discharged into surface water they make the water
unfit for drinking.
▪Cholera, typhoid, gastroenteritis

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 OXYGEN DEMANDING WASTES
• Oxygen demanding wastes are biodegradable organic
substances. Even leaves and animal droppings in the
surface water depletes oxygen
• Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the level of free , non
compound oxygen present in water.
• DO is essential for sustaining the plant and animal life
in any aquatic system.
• The consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO) poses a
threat to higher forms of aquatic life that must have
oxygen to survive.
• The critical level of DO varies greatly among species.
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• Oxygen demanding wastes are as follows:
– Domestic sewage: sewage, food residue
– Industrial wastes: food processing industrial wastes, paper
processing industrial wastes
– Wastes from non-point sources: animal droppings, crop
residues, leaves
• All these contribute to the depletion of DO.
• Dissolved oxygen in clean water is found in the range of 8-15
mg of O2/liter of water
• Dissolved oxygen required for young fish in warm water is 5
mg/L and 4 mg/L for old fish
• Dissolved oxygen required for young fish in cold water is 8
mg/L and 5 mg/L for old fish
• Oxygen demanding waste in water consume available
oxygen.
• As dissolved oxygen (DO) drops , aquatic life is threatened.
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 DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
S.N. Water quality ppm of DO at 20°C
1 Good 8-9
2 Slightly polluted 6.7 - 8
3 Moderately polluted 4.5 - 6.7
4 Heavily polluted Below 4.5
5 Gravely polluted Below 4 [Fish die]

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 Four process which actual affect the DO content in water

1. Re-aeration: oxygen transfer take place from

atmosphere to water
2. Photosynthetic : Green plant liberate O2 ( consumed
CO2 , inorganic nutrients )
3. Respiration : consumed O2 by bacteria and algae
respiration
4. Oxidation of Waste: consumed O2 by algae to
decompose organic substance ( O2 demanding waste)

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 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of
the oxygen utilized by microorganisms during the
oxidation of organic matter.
• In order word, BOD is amount of oxygen required to decay
a certain amount of organic matter and is measure in mg/L.
• The demand for oxygen is directly proportional to the
amount of organic waste which has to be break down.
• Organic matter + O2 = new cells + CO2 + H2O
• 1 mg/L of BOD will after uptake by bacteria decrease the
DO level by 1 mg /L
• BOD of drinking water should be <1 mg/L. The acceptable
level is < 3 mg/L

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• Aerobic decomposition:
Organic matter + O2 microorganisms => CO2+H2O+
New cells + stable products (NO3, PO4, SO6 ..)
• Anaerobic decomposition:
Organic matter microorganisms => CO2+H2O+ New
cells + unstable products (H2S, NH3, CH4..)

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 BOD5
• BOD is determined in the laboratory by
measuring the depletion of dissolved oxygen in
the contaminated water place in a container
over the course of several days (usually 5
days). That is,
• BOD5 is the total amount of oxygen consumed
by microorganisms during the first 5 days of
biodegradation.

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 BOD5
BOD = (DOi – DOf) mg/L
BOD5 = (Dot=0 – Dot=5) mg/L
For Dilution water feeded in waste water sample,
i.E BOD5 = (DOi – DOf) / D mg/L

Where,
D (Dilution factor ) =(Volume of waste water) / ( Volume of
waste water + dilution water)
DOi – the initial dissolved oxygen (DO) of the diluted waste
water;
DOf – the DO of the diluted wastewater, 5 days later;

As a standard BOD bottle holds 300 mL, so D is the just the

volume of wastewater divided by 300 mL.

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 SEEDED BOD5
• The addition of active microorganisms that take up oxygen may be
required in samples that do not have their own.
• If seeding is necessary, any BOD that is contributed by the seed must
be subtracted.
• If seed is added BOD5 is calculated as
BOD5 = [(DOi – DOf) – (DOis – DOfs) (1 - D)]/D, mg/L
Where,
DOi – the initial dissolved oxygen (DO) of the diluted wastewater;
DOf – the DO of the diluted wastewater, 5 days later;

Dois – the initial DO in the seeded dilution water (blank)

DOfs – the final DO in the seeded dilution water;
D – the dilution factor

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DETERMINATION OF BOD5

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 BOD VALUES OF TYPICAL POLLUTANTS
S.N Pollutant BOD, mg/L
.
1 Treated sewage 20 - 60
2 Domestic sewage 300 - 400
3 Vegetable washing 500 – 3,000
4 Cattle slurry Up to 20,000
5 Liquid sewage sludge 20,000
6 Industrial wastewater 30,000
7 Milk 140,000
Milk is therefore one of the worst pollutants that could enter the river
system with a biological oxygen demand of 140,000 mg/litre.
Milk on river 25
 MODELING BOD AS A FIRST-ORDER REACTION

• The remaining demand

for oxygen to decompose
the wastes decreases
with time until there is no
more demand, or
• The amount of oxygen
demand already exerted,
or utilized, starts at zero
and rises until all of the
original demand has been
satisfied.

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MODELING BOD AS A FIRST-ORDER CHEMICAL REACTION
• Mathematically,
the rate of oxidation of organic
matter ( rate of decline of BOD )
can be expressed as a first
order chemical reaction whose
kinetic may be expressed as
• dL/dt = - K1 L
Where L represent the amount
of oxygen demand left after
time t,
• K1= the reaction rate
constant ( deoxygenation
constant /day)
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• Assuming that at tie t=0, L = Lu
where
• Lu = ultimate BOD ( the original concentration of the organic
material before any biological action has occurred)
• Integrate , we get − k 1t − k 1't
L = Lu (1 − e ) = 10

• K1’ = k1/2.303
• The amount of BOD remaining at any time t equal to
L = Lu 10 − k 1't

• If Y represent the amount of BOD at any time t then

• Lu = L +Y
− k 1't
• Y = LU - L = Lu (1 − 10 )
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 THE OXYGEN SAG CURVE
• The discharge of waste into a body of water results in
the depletion of dissolve oxygen level as the waste
are oxidised by bacteria.
• Deoxygenation removes oxygen and reaeration adds
oxygen to a stream. Point of
discharge
D
Dc

• At Do : Rate of deoxygenation> Reaeration

• At Dc : Rate of deoxgenation = Reaeration
• At D : Rate of Reaeration > deoxygenation 29
• The sag curve initially drops as the wastes deplete the oxygen faster
than it can be replaces.
• The simultaneous action of deoxygenation and reaeration can be
expressed as dD
= kd L − kr D
dt
Where, D = dissolved oxygen deficit
L = concentration of the organic material
Kd = deoxygenation constact
Kr = reaeration constant dD
= k d Lu e − kd t − k r D
dt

• The concentration of the organic material (L) can be

expressed in terms of ultimate BOD, Lu as
k d Lu
D= (e − kd t − e − kr t ) + Do e − kr t
kr − kd
Which has the solution (deficit critical)
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At the critical point downstream, dissolved oxygen reaches its minimum value
and river conditions are at their worst. Beyond the critical point, the remaining
organic matter in the river has diminished to the point where oxygen is being
added to the river by reaeration faster than it is being withdrawn by
decomposition, and the river begins to recover
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More Oxygen Sag Curves

Effect of temperature:
• sag deepens and shortens
• may cause a portion of river to
have unhealthy DO levels

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 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• The COD test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of
organic compound in water.
• In COD test, Oxidizing bacteria of BOD are replace by strong oxidizing
agent under acidic condition,
• Oxidizing agents such as potassium dichromate, potassium iodate
• COD is expressed in mg / L which indicates the mass of oxygen
consumed per litre of solution.
– Sample waster water mixed excess potassium dichromate and
sulphuric acid
– Heated the mixture up to 2 hours
– After digestion, the chemically oxidizable organic material reduce the
dichromate
– Remaining dichromate is titrated with ammonium sulphate solution
– The amount of potassium dichromate reduce gives a measure of
amount of oxidizable organic material

• The COD test is more useful than the BOD test for estimating the
oxygen requirement of certain industries waste water.

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*test pdf
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• Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the capacity of water to consume
oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter and the oxidation of inorganic
chemicals such as ammonia and nitrite. COD measurements are commonly made on
samples of waste waters or of natural waters contaminated by domestic or industrial
wastes. Chemical oxygen demand is measured as a standardized laboratory assay in
which a closed water sample is incubated with a strong chemical oxidant under
specific conditions of temperature and for a particular period of time. A commonly
used oxidant in COD assays is potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) which is used in
combination with boiling sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Because this chemical oxidant is
not specific to oxygen-consuming chemicals that are organic or inorganic, both of
these sources of oxygen demand are measured in a COD assay.
• Chemical oxygen demand is related to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
another standard test for assaying the oxygen-demanding strength of waste waters.
However, biochemicaloxygen demand only measures the amount of oxygen
consumed by microbial oxidation and is most relevant to waters rich in organic
matter. It is important to understand that COD and BOD do not necessarily measure
the same types of oxygen consumption. For example, COD does not measure the
oxygen-consuming potential associated with certain dissolved organic compounds
such as acetate. However, acetate can be metabolized by microorganisms and
would therefore be detected in an assay of BOD. In contrast, the oxygen-consuming
potential of cellulose is not measured during a short-term BOD assay, but it is
measured during a COD test.

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 Municipal wastewater treatment system
• The purpose of the waste water treatment is to remove contaminants from
water so that the treated water can meet the acceptable quantity standard

• Waste water treatment system fall over

i)Primary treatment ii)Secondary treatment iii)Tertiary treatment
• Pre treatment removes about 60% of suspends and solid % & 35 % BOD
-removes large objects and non-degradable materials
- protects pumps and equipment from damage
- bar screen and grit chamber

• Secondary treatment is designed to remove the soluble BOD that escape

the pre-treatment process
• Secondary treatment uses the biological process. ’’It speed up the natural
process of recovery water’’ 38
Municipal wastewater treatment system flow diagram
Raw
sewage pump

Pre Bar Primary

treatmet Rack settling
Secondary
Treatment
Grid Biological
chamber treatment

Secondary
settling
Tertiary
Treatment
Advance
waste
treatment
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• Bar rack
– to collect trash , logs,stone pieces etc
– Mechanical cleaner moves electrical power to clean
the bar rack at pre determined interval
• Grid chamber :
– the side inlet and the helical liquid flow pattern run
assist in the separation of heavier particle to the
bottom of the bar rack
– Removes rocks, gravel, broken glass, etc.

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• Settling tank:
– With the screening and grid removed, the waste water
still contains light organic suspended solids some of
which can be removed from the sewage by gravity in
sedimentation tank.
– These tank can be round or rectangle
– The mass of settling sludge called raw sludge is
removed from the sedimentation take by mean of
scrapper and pump.
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• d

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The wastewater plant lab conducts a number
of measurements and tests on the water:
suspended solids temperature
B.O.D. nitrogen
pH phosphorus

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Health Impact of Water Pollution

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 EXAMPLE
• A standard five-day BOD test is run using a mix
consisting of four parts distilled water and one
part wastewater (no seed). The initial DO of
the mix is 9.0 mg/L and the DO after five days
is determined to be 1.0 mg/L. What is BOD5?

• Solution:
P = 1/5x /(1/5+4/5)x = 1/5 = 0.2
BOD5 = (9 – 1)/0.2 = 40 mg/L
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 BOD

• BOD5 = (DOi – DOf)/P,

mg/L
• If all the DO is used up the
test is invalid as in B (refer
Figure)
• To get a valid test dilute
the sample as in C. In this
case the sample is diluted
by 1:10. The BOD5 is then
• BOD5 = (8 - 4)/0.1 = 40
mg/L

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 EXAMPLE

Standard BOD test with a 1:30 dilution with

seeded dilution water is run. Both bottles begin
at saturation, 9.2 mg/L. After five days, the
bottle with waste has a DO of 2 mg/L, while the
DO of the seed = 8 mg/L. Find the BOD5.

Solution:
BOD5 = [(9.2 – 2.0) – (8 – 2. 0)(1 – 1/30)]/1/30
BOD5 = 181 mg/L
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 EXAMPLE
Find the BOD5 for a waste with an ultimate
BOD = 282 mg/L and a k = 0.348 /day

− kt
BODt = Lu (1 − e )
−0.348/day * 5
= 282 mg/L(1 − e )
= 232.5 mg/L
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Lo = BODt + Lt .........[3]

BODt = Lu (1 − e − kt )........[4]

When the analysis is made using

logarithms to the base 10 rather than
base e the relationship equivalent to
eqn. 4 will be as in eqn. 5.

BODt = Lo (1 − 10 − Kt ).......[5]
The upper case K is the reaction rate coefficient to the base 10. The
relationship holds true when k = K ln10 = 2.303K

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 THE BOD REACTION RATE CONSTANT k
• The BOD reaction rate constant k is a factor that indicates
the rate of biodegradation of wastes. As k increases, the
rate at which dissolved oxygen is used increases,
although the ultimate amount required, Lu, does not
change.
• Some typical values of the BOD reaction rate constant, at
20°C are given in the table.

S.N. Sample k (days-1) K (days-1)

1 Raw sewage 0.35 – 0.70 0.15 – 0.30
2 Well-treated sewage 0.12 – 0.23 0.05 – 0.10
3 Polluted river water 0.12 – 0.23 0.05 – 01.0
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 THE BOD REACTION RATE CONSTANT k
The rate of biodegradation of wastes increases with
increasing temperature. To account for these changes,
the reaction rate constant k is often modified using the
following equation:

kt = k20 (T − 20 )
................[6]
Example:
The wastes had an ultimate BOD equal to 300 mg/L. At 20°C, the five-
day BOD was 200 mg/L and the reaction rate constant was 0.22/day.
What would the five-day BOD of this waste be at 25°C?

k25 = k20 (T − 20 )
= 0.22x(1.047) ( 25 − 20 )
= 0.277 / day
BOD5 = Lo (1 − e − k 5 ) = 300(1 − e −0.277 x 5 ) = 225mg / L
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 DETERMINATION OF k AND Lu GRAPHICALLY
Time (t), BOD (y), (1/y)^1/3
days mg/L
2 10 0.585
4 16 0.630
6 20 0.699

Slope: 0.021
Intercept: 0.545
k = 6*(slope/intercept) = 6*(0.021/0.545) = 0.64 days-1
Lu = 1/[6*(slope)*(Intercept)2] = 1/[6*(0.021)*(0.545)2] = 26.7 mg/L
The BOD results given below are observed on a sample of wastewater
T, days 0 1 2 4 6 8 10
BOD, mg/L 0 6.5 11 18 22 24 26
a) Plot the BOD curve
b) Calculate the parameters k and Lo. 54
 STREETER-PHELPS OXYGEN SAG CURVE
• If the stream has constant cross-sectional area and is
travelling at a speed u, then time and distance downstream
are related by
x = ut
Where,
x – distance downstream
u – stream speed
t – elapsed time between discharge point and distance x downstream
k d Lu − kd x u − kr x u −kr x u
D= (e −e ) + Do e
kr − kd

• Setting the derivative of the oxygen deficit equal to zero, and

solving for the critical time yields
1  k r  Do (k r − k d )  
tc = ln  1 − 
kr − kd  kd  k d Lu 
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THANK YOU

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