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Physics 1

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Ekaj raj gupta
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52 views

Physics 1

Uploaded by

Ekaj raj gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

 Introduction
 Objective
 Materials Required
 Theory
 Procedure
 Observation
 Calculation
 Results
 Precautions
 Sources of error

Introduction
In optics, the refractive index (a.k.a. refraction index) of an
optical medium is a dimensionless number that indicates the
light-bending ability of that medium.

The refractive index determines


how much the path of light is bent,
or refracted when entering a
material. This is described by Snell's
law of refraction, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin
θ2, where θ1 and θ2 are the angles
of incidence and refraction, respectively, of a ray crossing the
interface between two media with refractive indices n1 and
n2.
Objective
To find the refractive index of water, oil using a plane mirror
and an equiconvex lens and an adjustable object needle.

Materials Required
 Convex lens
 Plane mirror
 Water
 Oil
 Clamp stand
 An Optical needle
 Plumb line
 Knitting needle
 Half meter scale
 Glass slab
 Spherometer

Theory
If f1 and f2 be the focal length of glass convex lens and
liquid lens and F be the focal length of their combination
then,
Liquid lens formed is a planoconcave lens with R1= R
(radius of curvature of convex lens surface), R2 =∞

Where n=Refractive index of the liquid


R=The radius of the curvature of the convex lens.

The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by:

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the


spherometer and h is the difference in the reading of the
spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and then
on plane mirror.
Fig: Focal length of glass convex les and liquid lens
combination

Procedure

For focal length of convex lens


1. Take any one convex lens and find its rough focal length.
2. Take a plane mirror and place it on the horizontal base of
the iron stand.
3. Place the convex lens on the plane mirror.
4. Screw tight the optical needle in the clamp of the stand
and hold it horizontally above the lens at distance equal to
its rough focal length.
5. Bring the tip of the needle at the vertical principal axis of
the lens, so that tip of the needle appears touching the tip
of its image.
6. Move the needle up and down and remove parallax
between tips of the needle and its image.
7. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the
lens by using a plumb line and half metre scale.
8. Also measure distance between tip and the surface of its
plane mirror.

For focal length of the combination


1. Take a few drops of transparent liquid on the plane
mirror and put the convex lens over it with its same face
above as before (A piano concave liquid lens is formed
between plane mirror and convex lens).
2. Repeat steps 6, 7 and 8.
3. Record your observations as given below.

For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:


1. Determine the pitch and the least count of the
spherometer.
2. Remove the convex lens and dry incompletely. Put the
spherometer on this lens surface.
3. All the three legs of the spherometer should be placed
symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw
tip to touch the surface of the lens.
4. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens
and place on the plane mirror surface and record the
reading.
5. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.
6. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the
spherometer on a paper and mark them and their
average distance.

Observation

Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm


Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
(1) AB = 3 cm
(2) BC = 3 cm
(3) CA = 3 cm
Calculation

Mean distance between two legs

Mean of h
= (0.555+0.6)/2 =0.5775 cm

To find the radius of the curvature of the convex lens:


R = l2 /6h + h/2 = 2.8861 cm

Measurement of refractive index of water and oil

1)with water between the convex lens and the plane


mirror:
2) With oil between the convex lens and plane mirror

Results

The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.0831

The refractive index of oil is µ2 = 1.2886

Precautions

1.The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining


surface.
2.The liquid taken should be transparent.

3.The parallax should be removed tip to tip.

4.The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from


the needle while removing the parallax.

5.Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its


layer should be thick.

6.The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.

7.The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one


direction only.
Sources of error

1.Liquid may not be quite transparent.

2.The parallax may not be fully removed.

3.The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical


on the surface of the convexlens.

4.The tip of the central screw should not just touch the
surface of lens or mirror.

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