Karmaveer Shankarrao Kale Education Society’s

GAUTAM POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE GAUTAMNAGAR

A Micro Project Report on

“Generations Of Computer System And Operating

System”

SUBMITTED BY

Ms.Narode Bhagyashri Tanaji(17)

Ms.Shinde Ishwari Sudhakar(18)

Ms.Pawar Sanskruti Laxman(19)

Ms.Kakad Rohini Suresh(20)

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Miss.Kandekar.G.K.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

YEAR 2024-25

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and special thanks to our guide
Miss.kandekar G.K. who not only took a great interest in the project but also was
always ready to help us as and when needed.
We are also grateful to Prof. Mr.Bharati.M.B (Head of computer Department) and all
staff members of computer Department for their kind cooperation.
Finally we are thankful to all our friends who have helped for presenting & preparation
of our project

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 Index

Sr.no Name Page No

1 Rationale 4

2 Aim/Benefits 5

3 Course outcomes achieved 6

4 Literature Review 7

5 Actual methodology followed 8

6 Actual Resource Used 9

7 Output of the Micro project 10

8 Skill Developed/Learning Outcome 22

9 Applications 23

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 Micro-Project Report

Generations of Computer System and

Operating System

1. Rationale
The study of Operating system provides us with an understanding of human computer interface
existing in computer system and the basic concepts and its working. The students will also get hand-
on experience and good working knowledge to work in environments. The aim to gain proficiencyin
using operating systems after undergoing this study. While doing so, we are known to the concepts
and principles of operating systems, its features and practical utility

2. Aim /Benefits of the micro project

The main goal of windows operating system is having convince for the user. The former
Operating System exists because they are supposed to make it easier to compute them.
Thisview is particularly clear when you look at operating system for small PC’s. The latter are
used for large, shared, multi user systems. These systems are expensive, so it is desirable to
make them as efficient as possible.

3. Course Outcomes Achieved

CI501.1 Operate and Install Operating System and Configure it.
CI501.2 Explain the use of Operating System tools to perform various Function

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4. Literature Review
Operating systems have been evolving through the years. In this excerpt from his book,
Modern Operating Systems, Andrew Tanenbaum briefly looks at a few of the highlights. Since
operating systems have historically been closely tied to the architecture of the computers on
which they run, Dr. Tanenbaum looks at successive generations of computersto see what their
operating systems were like. This mapping of operating system generations to computer
generations is crude, but it does provide some structure where there would otherwise be none.

5. Actual Methodology Followed

i. In this microproject, first of all we have focused on selection of appropriate topic for
micro- project.
ii. Selected the topic i.e., Generations of Computer and Operating System.
iii. Then we started with our brief study as well as a survey on our topic.
iv. Then we gathered all in formation based on the topic of microproject.
v. We have done analysis and study of our topic in detail.
vi. All the above methodologies we successfully completed with our microprojecth

6. Actual Resource Used

Sr. Name of Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Recourse/material

1 Computer System Intel Core i5 - -

8 GB RAM,1 TB HDD

2 Operating System Windows 11 - -

3 Software Microsoft Word - -
4 Website 1.https://www.tutorialspoint - -
.com/computer_fundamenta
ls/computer_generations.ht
m
2.https://www.tutorialspoint
.com/operating-system-
generations

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 7. The output of this Micro-Projects

A Computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or

logical operations automatically via computer programming. Modern Computer have the ability
to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs these programs enabled computer to
perform an extremely wide range of tasks. A “Complete” Computer including the hardware, the
operating system (main software), and peripheral equipment required and used for “Full”
operations can be referred to as a computer System. This term may as well be used for a
groupof computers that are connected and work together, in particular a computer network or
computer cluster.

Computers are used as control system for a wide variety of industrial and consume devices.
This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory
devices such as industrial robots and computer-aided design and also general-purpose devices like
personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones.The Internet is run on computer and
it connects hundreds of millions of other computers and their users. Early computers were only
conceived as calculating devices. Since ancienttimes, simple manual devices like the abacus aided
people in doing calculations. Early in the industrial revolution, some mechanical devices were
built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms more sophisticated
electrical machines did specialize analog calculations in the early 20th century.

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  Operating System: -

The earliest computers were main frames that lacked any form of operating system. Each user
had sole use of the machine for a scheduled period of time and would arrive at the computer with
program and data, of ten on punched paper cards and magnetic would be set to work until the
program completed or crashed. Programs could generally be debugged via control panel using
dials, toggle switches and panel lights.
Symbolic languages, assembler and compilers were developed for programmers to translate
symbolic program-code into machine code that previously would have been hand-encoded. Later
machines came with libraries of support code on punched cards or magnetic tape, which would be
linked to the user’s program to assist in operation such as input and output.

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This was the genesis of the modern-day Operating System. however, machines still ran a single
job at a time

 Generations of Computer System: -

i. First Generation
The period of first generation:1946-1959.Vacuum tube based.
ii. Second Generation
The period of second generation:1959-1965.Transistor based.
iii. Third Generation
The period of third generation:1965-1971.Integrated Circuit based.
iv. Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation:1971-1980.VLSI microprocessor based.
v. Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation:1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.

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 First Generation-
The period of first generation:1946-1959.Vacuum tube based.

The period of first generation was from 1946-1959.The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing
Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installation used to fuse
frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford
it. In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape,
and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used
machine code as the programming language.

Advantages of the first-generation computer

1. These computers were in no time in terms of calculating. They might calculate in
milliseconds.
2. Vacuum tubes are the electronic components available at that time, which were used by
these computers.

Disadvantages of the first-generation computer

1. These computers' weight was about 30 tones and took up a lot of space as they were very
big in size.
2. These computers were very costly and based on vacuum tubes.
3. Due to the presence of magnetic drums, they were only able to store a small amount of
information.

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Second Generation-
The period of second generation:1959-1965.Transistor based

The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were
used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than
the first-generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used
as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks assecondary storage devices.

In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating
system.

Advantages of the second generation of computers

1. The dimensions of the electron component decreased thanks to the existence of transistors
rather than vacuum tubes. Hence, the scale of those computers was small in size as
compared to the previous generation of computers.
2. These computers consumed less energy and did not produce the maximum amount of heat
because of the first generation of computers.
3. In these computers, punch cards and Assembly language were used to give input.
4. As compared to the first generation, it had better portability and low cost.

Disadvantages of the second generation of computers

1. It required a cooling system and constant maintenance.
2. Also, these computers were used only for a particular objective.
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Third generation
Third generation the period of third generation:1965-1971.Integrated Circuit based.

The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation
used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors,
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.

The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable,
and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating
system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1,
BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

Advantages of the third generation of computers

1. As compared to the second-generation computer, these computers were cheaper in cost.

2. The third generation of computers introduced a big storage capacity.

Disadvantages of the third generation of computers

1. Air conditioning was required by these computers.
2. The manufacturing of IC chips required a highly sophisticated technology; also, IC chips are
not easy to maintain.

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Fourth Generation-

The period of fourth generation:1971-1980.VLSI microprocessor based.

The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation
used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors
and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.

Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a
result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time- sharing, real-
time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++,
DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

Advantages of the fourth generation of computers

1. The first advantage of this generation computer is that the size gets reduced and fastest in
computation, comparing to the previous generation of computer.
2. Its heat generated is negligible and required less maintenance.
3. In these types of computers, all kinds of high-level language can be used.

Disadvantages of the fourth generation of computers

1. The fabrication and design of the microprocessor are not simple.
2. In many cases, air conditioning is needed due to the occurrence of Integrated circuits.
3. For making the Integrated circuit, advanced technology is required.
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 Fifth Generation-

The period of fifth generation:1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.

The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI technology
became ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.

This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.
AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and method of making
computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like Cand C++, Java, .Net etc.,
are used in this generation.

Advantages of the fifth generation of computers

1. It has unique features and is available in several sizes.
2. It is more reliable and has the ability to work much faster.
3. It offers computers that have a more friendly UI (User Interface), including multimedia
features.

Disadvantages of the fifth generation of computers

1. In these computers, very low-level languages are required.
2. They may be harmful in terms of making human brains doomed and dull.

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  Generations of Operating Systems: -

Operating Systems have evolved over the years. So, their evolution through the years can be
mapped using generations of operating systems. There are four generations of operatingsystems.
These can be described as follows −

The First Generation (1945 - 1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards

Digital computers were not constructed until the second world war. Calculating engines
with mechanical relays were built at that time. However, the mechanical relays were very slow
and were later replaced with vacuum tubes. These machines were enormous but were still very
slow.

These early computers were designed, built and maintained by a single group of people.
Programming languages were unknown and there were no operating systems so all the
programming was done in machine language. All the problems were simple numerical
calculations.

By the 1950’s punch cards were introduced and this improved the computer system.
Instead of using plugboards, programs were written on cards and read into the system.

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The Second Generation (1955 - 1965): Transistors and Batch Systems

Transistors led to the development of the computer systems that could be manufactured
and sold to paying customers. These machines were known as mainframes and were locked in air-
conditioned computer rooms with staff to operate them.

The Batch System was introduced to reduce the wasted time in the computer. A tray full ofjobs
was collected in the input room and read into the magnetic tape. After that, the tape wasrewound
and mounted on a tape drive. Then the batch operating system was loaded in whichread the first
job from the tape and ran it. The output was written on the second tape. After the whole batch was
done, the input and output tapes were removed and the output tape wasprinted.

The Third Generation (1965 - 1980): Integrated Circuits and

Multiprogramming

Until the 1960’s, there were two types of computer systems i.e., the scientific and the
commercial computers. These were combined by IBM in the System/360. This used integrated
circuits and provided a major price and performance advantage over the second- generation
systems.

The third-generation operating systems also introduced multiprogramming. This meant that the
processor was not idle while a job was completing its I/O operation. Another job was scheduled
on the processor so that its time would not be wasted.

The Fourth Generation (1980 - Present): Personal Computers

Personal Computers were easy to create with the development of large-scale integrated
circuits. These were chips containing thousands of transistors on a square centimeter of silicon.
Because of these, microcomputers were much cheaper than minicomputers and that made it
possible for a single individual to own one of them.

The advent of personal computers also led to the growth of networks. This created network
operating systems and distributed operating systems. The users were aware of a network while
using a network operating system and could log in to remote machines and copy files from one
machine to another.

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7 . Skill Developed/Learning Outcome of this Micro-Project: -
 Learnt about different generations of operating system.
 Learnt about different generations about computer system.

8. Applications of this Micro-Project

 IT is supported and encouraged to 32/64 bits operations
 Multi-tasking system
It is allowed to place file or folder on the desktop and work from there

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Reference:-

https://www.javatpoint.com/how-many-generations-of-the-computer

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/basics_of_computer_science/basics_of_computer_science_generatio
ns.htm

https://www.webopedia.com/insights/generations-of-computers/

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