Defination and Significance of

Ideology

Ideology of Pakistan
Sharif al-Mujahid. Pakistan

Some of these theories look at the movement for Pakistan and the
strength it gained from an “elite” perspective; others explain the
emergence of Pakistan from the perspective of the “masses.” A third
perspective combines the above two approaches and thus provides a
comprehensive explanation of the forces shaping the destiny of
Muslims in India. Sharif al-Mujahid’s ideology of Pakistan, a
substantially revised version of an earlier paper, belongs to the third
category. He merges the “womb” theory, to which even the founder of
Pakistan seems to have subscribed, and lays down the basis of Muslim
nationhood and of Pakistan. The author, however, adds the “event-
making” man theory without which Pakistan might not have
materialized. Given the fact that Muslim nationalism was Islam based
and “the underlying motivation behind the Pakistan demand was
primarily ideological.
 Pakistan's emergence as an independent state was predictable
because the Muslims of India tended to view themselves as a
separate nation and they had “event-making” personalities,
especially Jinnah who postulated the two-nation theory successfully
It would be a serious error to suggest that there was no interaction
between the Muslim and Hindu communities and that Muslims did
not adopt certain aspects of Hindu culture In point of fact the two
communities maintained distance from one another. This was true in
the manner of worship, dress, dietary habits, and worldly outlook.
This being the case, it is not unusual that friction should exist
between them. With British departure and the imminence of Hindu
political dominance, only a separate state would placate Muslim
fears and satisfy Muslim nationalist aspirations. The partition of
India was the only way to realize
this claim.
Under his leadership, the Muslim League developed into a
“formidable political machine, with the requisite unity of command,
communication networks, organizational strength, and muscle
power” (p. 71). Why was chosen for this great task?
Jinnah moved forward to restore power to Muslim India, claimed
full nationhood and self-determination for Muslims and achieved
Pakistan. “[A] reading of Jinnah's political discourse in respect of
Muslim entity since 1935 indicates a remarkable consistency” (p. 74).
BOOK REVIEWS 101

Aurangzeb, made Islam ‘the very raisozt d'etre of Muslim India's

goal. Pakistan was visualised in terms of a “free Islam in free India”
(p. 78). Thus, Z.I. Ansari notes:

With a feeling of joyful and genuine pride, he

[Jinnah] called Pakistan ’the Muslims state of
PaListan’, the premier Islamic Stete’, and a
bulwark of IsIam.’ He could not understand ‘a
section of the people who deliberately wanted
to create propaganda that the Constitution of
Pal‹:istan ivouldnot Remade or the basis of
Shariah (emphasis original) (pp. xx-xxi).
Sharif al-Mujahid concurs, that Pakistan was envisaged as an
Islamic democracy, a system in which “Islamic values would form
the basis of public morality in a democratic dispensation” (p. 82).
Unfortunately, the ruling elite in Pakistan took recourse to
Machiavellianism to amass power [means
Machiavellianism is a personality trait that is
characterized with the use of manipulation to
achieve power.] and pelf at the expense of morality,
equity, social justice, and ultimately the nation leading
to the break-up of Pakistan in 1971. General Ayub Khan,
his misuse of Islam to justify authoritarianism, and his policies that
drove the wedge between East and West Pakistan.
The break-up of Pakistan into two does not indicate a “flaw” in
the concept of Islamic nationalism. “Two nations have become three
— all separate and independent of the other.” It is, rather, a case of
two Muslim brothers deciding to build separate houses without
abandoning their religious identities. Bangladesh has not
repudiated Islamic nationalism. “The [Bengali] masses, it may be
noted, had never wavered in their adherence or loyalty to this
ideology” (p. 101). This is true as well of Bengali elite.

Bangladesh, it must be pointed out, became independent in

1971 all of a sudden. It was not pre-planned, but the Pakistani
army clamp down on civilians in East Pakistan resulting from the
ruling elite's decision not to share power or resources with East
Pakistan inevitably led to the formation of a new state. Barring few
radicals, the Bengali leadership did not think of mounting a
deliberate movement to undo Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman never once declared the
independence of Bangladesh. All along, his fight was for the “emancipation” of East Bengalis. His historic
March 7, 1971 speech, which is hailed as the turning point in the East-West relations, ended with joy
Bangla” and joy Pakistan.” In the 1970 elections, the Awami League nominated its leading figures for
national rather than provincial seats, and thus prepared itself to play a leading role at the national level.
In his discussion with Yahya Khan, he declared himself to be the majority leader of all Pakistan. Finally,
even after the emergence of Bangladesh, Mujib assured Z.A. Bhutto that he will try to keep some link
with Pakistan. Once in Bangladesh, he saw the intensity of public hatred and had to change his mind.

What is society
Figure 2 - A model of Culture

The explicit artifacts and

products of the society

The norms and values

that guide the society

The implicit, basic assumptions.

That guide people’s behavior

Source: Hodgetts et al (2006, p97)

well-defined stages in the course of its development. They are:

nomadic hunting and

gathering

rural agrarian,
urban,

commercial,
and post-industrial
societies

Historical, Geographical and Ethnic Diversity

in Pakistan's Culture
The historical, geographical and ethnic diversity, Pakistan's culture is a melting pot of Indian,
Persian, Afghan, Central Asian, South Asian and Western Asian influences.

Pakistan has a collectivist culture

 How does Hinduism affect culture? During the Maurya and Gupta empires, the Indian
culture and way of life were deeply influenced by Hinduism.
What is the role of culture in Pakistani society?
 Cultures revolve around the ideas and skills of a group or society. In Pakistan, the many
cultures of different tribes blend to form a unified nation. Pakistani cultures influence the
lives of citizens and tourists by providing memories they will cherish forever. In
addition to its intrinsic value, culture provides important social and economic benefits.
With improved learning and health, increased tolerance, and opportunities to come
together with others, culture enhances our quality of life and increases overall well-
being for both individuals and communities.
  What is the most important aspect of Pakistani culture?
 Pakistani Culture is very unique in terms of its social values revolving around the
religion of Islam. The region has formed a distinct cultural unit within the main cultural
complex of South Asia, Middle East and Central Asia with an integration of elements
from various invading cultures from the earliest of times.

Culture elements of Pakistani society

 Islamic values.
 Languages.
 Mixed culture.
 Food.
 Variety of dresses.
 Religious festivals.
The major elements of culture are material culture, language, aesthetics, education, religion,
attitudes and values and social organisation.

Introduction of Pakistani Society and Culture

with the help of maps

from

Indus Valley civilisation to Brutish Rule

There are seven elements of culture: social organization, customs and traditions, language, arts
and literature, government, religion, and economic systems. These elements form the way of life
for an entire society, including how people dress, the music they listen to, and how people greet
each other.
Key Factors of Culture: Shared Beliefs and Values

Indus Valley civilisation

and Its Impact on south west of India
The Indus Valley civilisation, is known for its planned structures. The
cities and villages of the urban phases were planned with major streets
going north/south and east/west.
It had a system of drains that channeled waste water outside the city.
Additionally, this civilization had a homogeneous material culture.

It contained a wall and large buildings, including what archaeologists

call a Great Bath and Great Hall.

Its artifacts of pottery and metallurgy all had a very similar style that
was spread over a vast land area, a fact that aided in the recognition of
the expanse of the culture.
Invasions by outsiders have the potential effect of
bringing with them an influx of new ideas, concepts, and
technology.
The northern plains of South Asia, which extend through the Ganges
River and Brahmaputra (Jumna river) valley over to the Indus River
valley of present-day Pakistan, were fertile grounds for a number of
empires that controlled the region throughout history. After the decline
of the Indus Valley Civilization, various phases of Iron Age traditions
emerged.
Mohenjo-Daro, for instance, was located along the lower reaches of the
Indus . That meant it was conveniently built amidst an abundance of
resources:

1. fertile flood plains for agriculture,

2. pasture for grazing domesticated animals, and
3. waters for fishing.
4. The city itself consisted of several mounds—elevated areas upon
which structures and roads were built.
5. A larger mound [large pile, heap] served as a core, fortified area
where public functions likely took place.

6. Other mounds were the location of the residential and commercial

sectors of the city. Major avenues laid out on a grid created city
blocks. Within a block, multistory dwellings opening up to interior
courtyards were constructed out of mudbricks.
7. Residences not only had private wells and baths, but also toilets
drained by earthenware pipes that ushered the sewage into covered
drains located under the streets.
8. Farmers and pastoralists brought their grain and stock to the city
for trade or to place it in warehouses managed by the authorities.
Laborers dug the wells and collected trash from rectangular bins
sitting beneath rubbish chutes.
9. Craftsmen worked copper and tin into bronze tools, fired ceramics,
and manufactured jewelry and beads out of gold, copper, semi-
precious stones, and ivory.
10. Merchants travelling near and far carried raw materials and
finished goods by bullock carts or boats to the dozens of towns and
cities throughout the region. Some goods also went to foreign
lands. Harappan cities located along the coast of the Arabian Sea
engaged in coastal shipping that brought goods as far as the
Persian Gulf and the delta of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. In
Mesopotamian city-states, Harappan seals and beads have been
found, and Mesopotamian sources speak of a certain place called
“Meluhha,” a land with ivory,
‫ہاتھی دانت‬ .11

gold, and lapis lazuli. Since the earliest of times, lapis lazuli has been associated with strength and
courage, royalty and wisdom, intellect and truth. From antiquity, lapis lazuli has been worn in the belief that it will ward off evil.
In ancient Egypt, it was powdered and worn about the eyes to improve eyesight.
 Cities like Mohenjo-Daro were linked in networks of exchange
extending in every direction. But unlike ancient Egypt and Sumer,
this civilization has not yet provided sources we can read, and this
poses major problems of interpretation.

The decline of Harappan civilization set in from 1900 BCE and was
complete two hundred years later. Stated simply, the towns and cities
and their lively trade networks faded away, and the region reverted to
rural conditions.
 Consequently, urban areas and the civilization they supported were
slowly starved out of existence.

What Are The Five Regions Of Asia?

Map of Asia. Image credit: Peter Hermes Furian/Shutterstock.com

 Asia can be divided into five regions. These are Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and
Western Asia.
 Central Asia is politically divided into five countries: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan,
and Kyrgyzstan.
 East Asia is politically divided into eight countries and regions: China, Mongolia, North Korea, South
Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau.
  South Asia is politically divided into nine autonomous countries: Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Iran, and the Maldives.
 Southeast Asia is politically divided into 11 countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor Leste, and Vietnam.

Different Nations Influence

on Pakistani Society & Culture Hindusm
The caste system is a social hierarchy in India that divides Hindus based on their karma and dharma.
Many scholars believe the system dates back more than 3,000 years.

Hindu Caste System (a social hierarchy)

The four main castes (in order of prominence) include:
1. Brahmin: the intellectual and spiritual leaders (priests), at the top of the
social hierarchy
2. Kshatriyas: (warriors), the protectors and public servants of society
3. Vaisyas: (originally peasants but later merchants), the skillful producers
4. Shudras: (artisans and labourers). the unskilled laborers
that made it nearly impossible for people to move outside of their social station.

 Pakistan has a collectivist culture in the sense that people are deeply interdependent and
loyal to those who are in their inner circle. Social connections are essential to daily life,
as citizens have often had to rely on themselves instead of their government for support
and opportunities.

Many subcategories also exist within each caste. The “Untouchables” are a class of citizens that are
outside the caste system and considered to be in the lowest level of the social hierarchy.

For centuries, the caste system determined every aspect of a person’s social, professional and religious
status in India.

When India became an independent nation, its constitution banned discrimination based on caste.

Today, the caste system still exists in India but is loosely followed. Many of the old customs are
overlooked, but some traditions, such as only marrying within a specific caste, are still embraced.

Buddhism
Around 535 BCE in northern India, a prince by the name of Siddhartha Gautama broke from the local
traditions that shaped Hinduism and taught religious salvation through meditation, the rejection of earthly
desires, and reverence for all life forms. Siddhartha is recognized as the first Buddha. He taught that
through many cycles of rebirth a person can attain enlightenment and no longer have a need for desire or
selfish interests. Enlightenment is being free from suffering and is reaching a state of liberation often
referred to as Nirvana. Buddhism is considered a “dharmic” faith that concerns following a path of duty
for a proper life. According to Buddhism, life is dictated by karma, which connects our actions with
future experiences. Buddhism spread across the Indian Subcontinent after the sixth century BCE and
became the region’s dominant religion within 1,500 years. However, since that time, the religion has
diminished in the Indian Subcontinent, although it has seen some revival under the influence of Buddhist
scholars. Buddhism predominates in the northernmost areas of India.

Maps of different nation’s cultural influence in India

Islamic age
The Indian kingdom age was followed by the Islamic age of India, which lasted ca. 1200-1800. This age
opened with the early Islamic period (ca. 1200-1500), during which northern India was dominated by a
patchwork of Islamic states, while southern India featured both Islamic and Hindu states. The early
Islamic period began with the rise (ca. 1200) of the Delhi Sultanate, the first Islamic state in South Asia,
and the mightiest power of South Asia during the early Islamic period. Though limited to northern India
for most of its history, the Delhi Sultanate did briefly swell to encompass most of India.
In 1001 Mahmud of Ghazni first invaded modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan and then
parts of India.Maḥmūdis said to have vowed to invade India once a year and, in fact, led
about 17 such expeditions. The first large-scale campaign began in 1001 and the last
ended in 1026. The first expeditions were aimed against the Punjab and northeastern
India, whereas in his last campaign Maḥmūd reached Somnath on the southern coast
of what is now Gujarat state.

Lacation of somnat mundar

Shahab-ud-din Ghori first invaded India in 1175 and captured the

city of Multan and the approached fortress of Ouch.. In 1181, he attacked on Lahore and successfully
ended the Ghaznavids Empire, bringing the remaining territory under his control. He fought the first
battle of Tarain in 1191 against Raja PrithvirajChauhan; the most powerful raja of India. In the second
battle of Tarain, in 1192 Ghuri defeated raja Prithviraj and the victory paved the way for Ghori to push
Muslim rule further in India.He laid the foundation for Muslim rule in India and his slave Qutb -
ud -din Aibak became the founder of the first Turkish rule in India.

In 1206, Ghauri had to travel to Lahore to crush a revolt. On his way back to Ghazni, his caravan
rested at Damik in Jhelum district of Punjab province in modern-day Pakistan. He was assassinated
while offering his evening prayers by a small band of Hindu Khokars.
Portuguese rule in Goa (1510–1961)
commanded the first: circumnavigation [process of
Vasco da Gama
sailing or otherwise travelling all the way around the world.] of
Africa, relying on stories and maps from earlier Portuguese
voyages. His fleet of four ships set off from Lisbon in 1497. The
ships stopped at the East African ports of Mozambique, then
guided their remaining course across the Arabian Sea. A year
out from Lisbon, Vasco da Gama's fleet landed in Calicut, India.
Their arrival signaled the end of Muslim monopoly over the
region's maritime trade 1510–onwards).
British rule in India
I. Post-Soviet states in English alphabetical order:
1. Armenia; 2. Azerbaijan; 3. Belarus; 4. Estonia;
5. Georgia; 6. Kazakhstan; 7. Kyrgyzstan; 8. Latvia;
9. Lithuania; 10. Moldova; 11. Russia; 12. Tajikistan;
13. Turkmenistan; 14. Ukraine; 15. Uzbekistan