1. To find the average and grade for given marks.

def calculate_average(marks):
total_marks = sum(marks)
average = total_marks / len(marks)
return average

def assign_grade(average):
if average >= 90:
return 'A'
elif 80 <= average < 90:
return 'B'
elif 70 <= average < 80:
return 'C'
elif 60 <= average < 70:
return 'D'
else:
return 'F'

# Input marks as a list

marks = []

# Get input for marks

num_subjects = int(input("Enter the number of subjects: "))
for i in range(num_subjects):
mark = float(input(f"Enter marks for subject {i+1}: "))
marks.append(mark)

# Calculate average
average = calculate_average(marks)

# Assign grade
grade = assign_grade(average)

# Display results
print(f"\nAverage marks: {average:.2f}")
print(f"Grade: {grade}")

2. To find sale price of an item with given cost and discount (%).
def calculate_sale_price(cost, discount_percentage):
discount_amount = (discount_percentage / 100) * cost
sale_price = cost - discount_amount
return sale_price
 # Input cost and discount percentage
cost = float(input("Enter the cost of the item: "))
discount_percentage = float(input("Enter the discount percentage: "))

# Calculate sale price

sale_price = calculate_sale_price(cost, discount_percentage)

# Display result
print(f"\nSale Price: ${sale_price:.2f}")

3. To calculate perimeter/circumference and area of shapes such as triangle, rectangle, square and

circle.

import math

def calculate_triangle_properties(side1, side2, side3):

perimeter = side1 + side2 + side3

s = perimeter / 2 # semi-perimeter for area calculation

area = math.sqrt(s * (s - side1) * (s - side2) * (s - side3))

return perimeter, area

def calculate_rectangle_properties(length, width):

perimeter = 2 * (length + width)

area = length * width

return perimeter, area

def calculate_square_properties(side):

perimeter = 4 * side

area = side * side

return perimeter, area

def calculate_circle_properties(radius):

circumference = 2 * math.pi * radius

 area = math.pi * radius**2

return circumference, area

# Get shape choice from the user

shape = input("Enter the shape (triangle, rectangle, square, circle): ").lower()

# Calculate properties based on the shape

if shape == 'triangle':

side1 = float(input("Enter the length of side 1: "))

side2 = float(input("Enter the length of side 2: "))

side3 = float(input("Enter the length of side 3: "))

perimeter, area = calculate_triangle_properties(side1, side2, side3)

elif shape == 'rectangle':

length = float(input("Enter the length of the rectangle: "))

width = float(input("Enter the width of the rectangle: "))

perimeter, area = calculate_rectangle_properties(length, width)

elif shape == 'square':

side = float(input("Enter the length of the square's side: "))

perimeter, area = calculate_square_properties(side)

elif shape == 'circle':

radius = float(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))

circumference, area = calculate_circle_properties(radius)

else:

print("Invalid shape entered!")

# Display results

if shape in ('triangle', 'rectangle', 'square', 'circle'):

print(f"\nPerimeter/Circumference: {perimeter:.2f}")

print(f"Area: {area:.2f}")
4. To calculate Simple and Compound interest.

def calculate_simple_interest(principal, rate, time):

simple_interest = (principal * rate * time) / 100

return simple_interest

def calculate_compound_interest(principal, rate, time):

compound_interest = principal * (1 + rate / 100)**time - principal

return compound_interest

# Input principal amount, rate of interest, and time period

principal_amount = float(input("Enter the principal amount: "))

rate_of_interest = float(input("Enter the rate of interest per annum: "))

time_period = float(input("Enter the time period in years: "))

# Calculate Simple Interest

simple_interest = calculate_simple_interest(principal_amount, rate_of_interest, time_period)

# Calculate Compound Interest

compound_interest = calculate_compound_interest(principal_amount, rate_of_interest, time_period)

# Display results

print(f"\nSimple Interest: ${simple_interest:.2f}")

print(f"Compound Interest: ${compound_interest:.2f}")

5. To calculate profit-loss for a given Cost and Sell Price.

def calculate_profit_loss(cost, sell_price):

profit_loss = sell_price - cost

return profit_loss

# Input cost and sell price

cost = float(input("Enter the cost of the item: "))

sell_price = float(input("Enter the sell price of the item: "))

# Calculate profit or loss

profit_loss = calculate_profit_loss(cost, sell_price)

# Display result

if profit_loss > 0:

print(f"\nProfit: ${profit_loss:.2f}")

elif profit_loss < 0:

print(f"\nLoss: ${abs(profit_loss):.2f}")

else:

print("\nNo Profit, No Loss.")

6. To calculate EMI for Amount, Period and Interest.

def calculate_emi(principal, interest_rate, time_period):

# Convert annual interest rate to monthly interest rate

monthly_interest_rate = (interest_rate / 100) / 12

# Calculate EMI using the formula

emi = principal * monthly_interest_rate * (1 + monthly_interest_rate)**time_period / ((1 +

monthly_interest_rate)**time_period - 1)

return emi

# Input loan details

principal_amount = float(input("Enter the loan amount: $"))

annual_interest_rate = float(input("Enter the annual interest rate (%): "))

loan_period_in_years = float(input("Enter the loan period in years: "))

# Convert loan period from years to months

loan_period_in_months = int(loan_period_in_years * 12)

# Calculate EMI

emi = calculate_emi(principal_amount, annual_interest_rate, loan_period_in_months)

# Display result

print(f"\nEMI for the loan: ${emi:.2f} per month")

7. To calculate tax - GST / Income Tax.

def calculate_gst_amount(amount, gst_rate):

gst_amount = (gst_rate / 100) * amount

return gst_amount

def calculate_income_tax(income):

# You can implement a more sophisticated income tax calculation logic here

# This is just a simple placeholder for demonstration

income_tax = 0.1 * income

return income_tax

# Get user's choice

tax_type = input("Enter 'GST' or 'Income Tax' to calculate tax: ").lower()

# Calculate tax based on user's choice

if tax_type == 'gst':

amount = float(input("Enter the amount: "))

gst_rate = float(input("Enter the GST rate (%): "))

tax_amount = calculate_gst_amount(amount, gst_rate)

print(f"\nGST Amount: ${tax_amount:.2f}")

elif tax_type == 'income tax':

 income = float(input("Enter the income: "))

tax_amount = calculate_income_tax(income)

print(f"\nIncome Tax Amount: ${tax_amount:.2f}")

else:

print("Invalid tax type. Please enter 'GST' or 'Income Tax'.")

8. To find the largest and smallest numbers in a list.

def find_largest_smallest(numbers):

if not numbers:

return None, None # Return None for both largest and smallest if the list is empty

largest = smallest = numbers[0]

for number in numbers:

if number > largest:

largest = number

elif number < smallest:

smallest = number

return largest, smallest

# Input list of numbers

num_list = list(map(float, input("Enter a list of numbers separated by space: ").split()))

# Find largest and smallest numbers

largest, smallest = find_largest_smallest(num_list)

# Display results

if largest is not None and smallest is not None:

print(f"\nLargest number: {largest}")

 print(f"Smallest number: {smallest}")

else:

print("The list is empty.")

9. To find the third largest/smallest number in a list.

def find_third_largest_smallest(numbers):

unique_numbers = list(set(numbers)) # Remove duplicates

unique_numbers.sort()

if len(unique_numbers) < 3:

return "List does not have enough elements."

third_largest = unique_numbers[-3]

third_smallest = unique_numbers[2]

return third_largest, third_smallest

# Input list of numbers

numbers = [int(x) for x in input("Enter a list of numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

# Find third largest and third smallest

result = find_third_largest_smallest(numbers)

# Display results

print("\nThird Largest Number:", result[0])

print("Third Smallest Number:", result[1])

10. To find the sum of squares of the first 100 natural numbers.

def sum_of_squares(n):

return sum(i**2 for i in range(1, n+1))

# Calculate sum of squares for the first 100 natural numbers

result = sum_of_squares(100)

# Display result

print(f"The sum of squares of the first 100 natural numbers is: {result}")

11. To print the first 'n' multiples of given number.

def print_multiples(number, n):

print(f"The first {n} multiples of {number} are:")

for i in range(1, n + 1):

multiple = number * i

print(f"{number} x {i} = {multiple}")

# Input the number and the count of multiples

number = int(input("Enter the number: "))

n = int(input("Enter the count of multiples (n): "))

# Print the multiples

print_multiples(number, n)

12. To count the number of vowels in user entered string.

def count_vowels(input_string):

vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"

vowel_count = 0

for char in input_string:

if char in vowels:

vowel_count += 1

return vowel_count
# Get user input

user_input = input("Enter a string: ")

# Count vowels

vowel_count = count_vowels(user_input)

# Display result

print(f"\nNumber of vowels in the entered string: {vowel_count}")

13. To print the words starting with a alphabet in a user entered string.

def print_words_starting_with_letter(sentence, letter):

words = sentence.split()

filtered_words = [word for word in words if word.startswith(letter.lower()) or

word.startswith(letter.upper())]

if filtered_words:

print(f"Words starting with '{letter}':")

for word in filtered_words:

print(word)

else:

print(f"No words found starting with '{letter}' in the given sentence.")

# Input sentence and letter

user_sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")

user_letter = input("Enter the alphabet to filter words: ")

# Call the function to print words starting with the specified alphabet

print_words_starting_with_letter(user_sentence, user_letter)

14. To print number of occurrences of a given alphabet in each string.

def count_occurrences(strings, target_alphabet):

 occurrences = []

for string in strings:

count = string.lower().count(target_alphabet.lower())

occurrences.append(count)

return occurrences

# Input list of strings

num_strings = int(input("Enter the number of strings: "))

strings = [input(f"Enter string {i + 1}: ") for i in range(num_strings)]

# Input target alphabet

target_alphabet = input("Enter the alphabet to count: ")

# Count occurrences

result = count_occurrences(strings, target_alphabet)

# Display results

for i, count in enumerate(result):

print(f"Occurrences of '{target_alphabet}' in string {i + 1}: {count}")

15. Create a dictionary to store names of states and their capitals.

# Creating a dictionary to store Indian states and their capitals

indian_states_capitals = {

'Andhra Pradesh': 'Amaravati',

'Arunachal Pradesh': 'Itanagar',

'Assam': 'Dispur',

'Bihar': 'Patna',

'Chhattisgarh': 'Raipur',

'Goa': 'Panaji',

'Gujarat': 'Gandhinagar',
 'Haryana': 'Chandigarh',

'Himachal Pradesh': 'Shimla',

'Jharkhand': 'Ranchi',

'Karnataka': 'Bengaluru',

'Kerala': 'Thiruvananthapuram',

'Madhya Pradesh': 'Bhopal',

'Maharashtra': 'Mumbai',

'Manipur': 'Imphal',

'Meghalaya': 'Shillong',

'Mizoram': 'Aizawl',

'Nagaland': 'Kohima',

'Odisha': 'Bhubaneswar',

'Punjab': 'Chandigarh',

'Rajasthan': 'Jaipur',

'Sikkim': 'Gangtok',

'Tamil Nadu': 'Chennai',

'Telangana': 'Hyderabad',

'Tripura': 'Agartala',

'Uttar Pradesh': 'Lucknow',

'Uttarakhand': 'Dehradun',

'West Bengal': 'Kolkata'

# Example: Accessing and printing the capital of a specific state

state_to_check = 'Karnataka'

print(f"The capital of {state_to_check} is {indian_states_capitals[state_to_check]}")

16. Create a dictionary of students to store names and marks obtained in 5 subjects.

def create_student_dictionary():

student_dict = {}
 num_students = int(input("Enter the number of students: "))

for i in range(num_students):

student_name = input(f"Enter the name of student {i+1}: ")

marks = []

for j in range(5):

mark = float(input(f"Enter marks for subject {j+1} for {student_name}: "))

marks.append(mark)

student_dict[student_name] = marks

return student_dict

# Create the dictionary of students

students = create_student_dictionary()

# Display the dictionary

print("\nStudent Dictionary:")

for student, marks in students.items():

print(f"{student}: {marks}")

17. To print the highest and lowest values in the dictionary.

def find_highest_lowest(dictionary):

if not dictionary:

print("Dictionary is empty.")

return

# Find the key corresponding to the highest value

max_key = max(dictionary, key=dictionary.get)

 max_value = dictionary[max_key]

# Find the key corresponding to the lowest value

min_key = min(dictionary, key=dictionary.get)

min_value = dictionary[min_key]

# Print the results

print(f"Highest value: {max_value} (Key: {max_key})")

print(f"Lowest value: {min_value} (Key: {min_key})")

my_dictionary = {'a': 10, 'b': 5, 'c': 20, 'd': 8, 'e': 15}

find_highest_lowest(my_dictionary)