Name __________________________________

APUSH - Period 3 pg. 1

Part 8 - Chapter 6

1. What were the characteristics of the men who met at the Constitutional Convention in
Philadelphia? What were their socio-economic backgrounds? (pgs. 204-205) - KC - 3.2.II.C

The men who met at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 shared several
defining characteristics. They were typically well-educated, politically experienced, and from
the upper echelons of society, representing the nation's elite. Many of them had backgrounds in
law, land ownership, or commerce, making them wealthy and influential within their
communities. These delegates, such as George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander
Hamilton, had a vested interest in shaping a strong central government that would protect
property rights and promote economic stability. Their backgrounds gave them a generally
conservative outlook on governance, favoring a structured and balanced government capable of
mitigating the perceived instability of the Articles of Confederation. This group was primarily
composed of men who held land, wealth, and influence, setting them apart from the average
American of their time, who had more modest means and less formal education.

2. What were the main positions of the Virginia and New Jersey Plans? (pg. 205) - KC - 3.2.II.C
The New Jersey Plan The Virginia Plan
The New Jersey Plan advocated for a The Virginia Plan proposed a bicameral (two-
unicameral (single-house) legislature where house) legislature with representation based
each state would have equal representation, on population, favoring larger states with
regardless of population size. This approach more influence. This plan called for a stronger
aimed to protect smaller states from being national government divided into three
dominated by larger states, giving all states branches—executive, legislative, and judicial
an equal say in legislative decisions. The New —empowered to make laws binding upon the
Jersey Plan also proposed a federal states. It also suggested that the legislature
government with limited powers, including would have the authority to select the
the ability to tax and regulate trade, while executive and judiciary, ensuring central
maintaining most authority within the states. control over the government’s branches.
Ultimately, the debate between these plans
was resolved by the Great Compromise, which
established a bicameral Congress: the Senate,
with equal representation for all states, and
the House of Representatives, with
representation based on population,
balancing the interests of both small and
large states.
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 2

3. How did the Great Compromise draw from those Plans? (pg. 206) - KC - 3.2.II.B

The Great Compromise blended elements of both the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan
to address representation concerns in the newly proposed government. The Virginia Plan,
favored by larger states, advocated for representation based on population, whereas the New
Jersey Plan, supported by smaller states, called for equal representation regardless of size. The
compromise resulted in a bicameral legislature: the House of Representatives would have
representation based on population (aligning with the Virginia Plan), and the Senate would
grant equal representation to each state (aligning with the New Jersey Plan). This agreement
balanced the interests of both large and small states, setting a foundation for legislative
structure in the Constitution.

4. How did sectionalism and the issue of slavery influence the Constitution? (pgs. 206-207) - KC
- 3.2.II.D

Sectional tensions, especially around slavery, significantly shaped the Constitution’s

development. Southern states, where the economy depended on slave labor, pushed for policies
that would increase their representation and protect their economic interests. The result was
the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted each enslaved individual as three-fifths of a
person for representation and taxation purposes, thus enhancing the South's political power.
Additionally, the Constitution included a clause that prevented Congress from banning the
slave trade until 1808, catering to Southern interests. These compromises revealed deep
sectional divides, laying groundwork for future conflicts over slavery.

5. Outline the debate between Federalists and Antifederalists before the ratification of the
Constitution (pgs. 207-210) - KC - 3.2.II.E
Antifederalists Federalists
Opposed the Constitution as they feared it Supported the new Constitution, favoring a
would create an overly powerful central strong central government that could
government that might threaten individual maintain order, provide economic stability,
freedoms and state sovereignty. They argued and address collective issues that the weaker
that the Constitution lacked sufficient Articles of Confederation couldn't resolve.
protections for individual rights, which led to Key Federalists included Alexander Hamilton,
the eventual addition of the Bill of Rights. James Madison, and John Jay, who argued
Prominent Anti-Federalists included Patrick their case through the Federalist Papers to
Henry, George Mason, and Samuel Adams. sway public opinion in favor of ratification.
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 3

Part 9 - Chapter 7

What were the provisions of the Judiciary Act of 1789? (pg. 216)
It established the U.S. federal court system and laid the foundation for judicial authority under
the Constitution. It created the Supreme Court with six justices, set up 13 district courts as the
lowest federal level, and established three regional circuit courts. The act granted the Supreme
Court original jurisdiction in specific cases and appellate jurisdiction in others, allowing it to
review cases from lower courts. It also included a provision (Section 25) that permitted federal
courts to review state court decisions involving federal law, reinforcing federal supremacy. This
structure enabled a unified judicial system while balancing federal and state authority.
4o

2. Explain the key aspects of Hamilton’s three proposals: (pgs. 216-218) - KC - 3.2.III.B

Public credit National bank Manufactures

Hamilton proposed that the Hamilton advocated for a Hamilton's plan encouraged
federal government assume national bank to provide a industrial growth to diversify
state debts from the safe place for federal funds, the economy beyond
Revolutionary War, issue stable currency, and agriculture. He proposed
consolidating them into a offer loans to encourage government incentives,
national debt. By doing so, he business growth. He argued including protective tariffs on
intended to establish U.S. that this bank would help imported goods, to nurture
creditworthiness and foster standardize currency and domestic manufacturing and
loyalty to the federal support federal and private reduce dependency on foreign
government among creditors. economic interests, products. This vision aimed to
This would enable the U.S. to although it faced opposition make the U.S. economically
borrow money at favorable from those who saw it as an self-sufficient and foster a
rates in the future and create overreach of federal power. strong industrial base.
a unified economic
foundation.

3. Why did Hamilton believe a national debt would strengthen the United States and help
ensure its survival? (pgs. 216-218) - KC - 3.2.III.B
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 4

Hamilton believed that a national debt would strengthen the United States by establishing a
sense of shared interest among various stakeholders, including wealthy creditors and
bondholders. He argued that when individuals and institutions invested in government bonds,
they would have a vested interest in the country's success and stability. This would foster
loyalty to the federal government, as creditors would be more likely to support policies that
ensured the government could meet its financial obligations. Additionally, a well-managed
national debt could enhance the U.S.'s creditworthiness, allowing the government to borrow
money at lower interest rates. This financial stability would provide the federal government
with the resources needed to respond to national challenges, ultimately helping to ensure the
country's survival.

4. How did Jefferson’s vision for the country differ from the vision put forward by Alexander
Hamilton? (pgs. 218-219) - KC - 3.2.III.B (ABSOLUTELY VITAL QUESTION, BTW)
Jefferson’s vision for the country significantly differed from Hamilton’s in several key areas.
While Hamilton advocated for a strong central government with an emphasis on commerce,
manufacturing, and a robust financial system, Jefferson favored a more decentralized
government that prioritized agrarian interests and individual liberties. He believed that the
strength of the nation lay in its independent farmers, who would embody republican values and
safeguard democracy. Jefferson was wary of centralized power and feared that Hamilton’s
proposals, especially the national bank, could lead to tyranny and corruption. Additionally,
Jefferson championed strict constitutional interpretation, opposing Hamilton’s loose
interpretation that justified a broad scope of federal authority. Ultimately, these contrasting
visions represented a fundamental debate over the future direction of the United States,
shaping the nation’s political landscape and party system.
4o mini

5. What diplomatic problems did Details:

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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 5

the French Revolution and the

war that followed pose for the The Proclamation of Neutrality
United States? How did Issued by President George Washington in 1793, the
Washington and Congress deal Proclamation of Neutrality declared that the United States
with this problem? (pgs. 219- would remain neutral in the conflict between France and
222) Answer: Great Britain during the French Revolutionary Wars. This
The French Revolution and the proclamation aimed to prevent the U.S. from becoming
subsequent wars created embroiled in European conflicts and to protect American
significant diplomatic challenges trade and interests, establishing a foreign policy of
for the United States, as the neutrality that would guide the nation for years to come.
nation grappled with the desire
to remain neutral while facing
pressures to support France due
to their prior alliance. Many
Americans were divided in their The French Revolution
loyalties, with some supporting he French Revolution was a period of radical social and
the revolutionary ideals and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799. It began
others fearing the potential with the overthrow of the monarchy, leading to the
chaos. In response, President establishment of a republic and significant changes in the
George Washington issued the political landscape, including the rise of revolutionary
Neutrality Proclamation in ideals such as liberty, equality, and fraternity. The
1793, asserting that the U.S. revolution resulted in widespread violence, including the
would not take sides in the Reign of Terror, and ultimately led to the rise of Napoleon
conflict between France and Bonaparte. Its effects reverberated globally, influencing
other European powers, movements for democracy and independence in various
including Great Britain. Congress countries.
supported this stance by
refraining from military
involvement, and Washington
later emphasized the need to
avoid "permanent alliances" in Jay’s Treaty
his Farewell Address in 1796.
This approach allowed the U.S. to Signed in 1794 between the United States and Great
prioritize its national interests Britain, Jay's Treaty aimed to resolve lingering issues from
and maintain stability without the American Revolutionary War, particularly British
becoming embroiled in foreign interference with American shipping and the presence of
conflicts, setting a precedent for British troops in the Northwest Territory. The treaty,
American diplomacy in the years negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay, established a
to come. framework for resolving disputes and promoting trade,
but it was controversial and faced criticism for not
adequately addressing issues like impressment of
American sailors. Ultimately, it helped to avert war with
Britain and maintain peace in the early years of the
republic.

The Haitian Revolution 3.2.I.E

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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 6

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was a successful slave

rebellion in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading
to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent
black republic and the first nation in the Americas to
abolish slavery. The revolution was inspired by the
principles of the French Revolution and involved enslaved
people rising against their oppressors. The conflict had
significant implications for the Caribbean and the
Americas, influencing abolitionist movements and
heightening fears among slaveholding societies about the
potential spread of rebellion. The success of the revolution
also led to the sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United
States by France in 1803.

6. What were the reasons for the Whiskey Rebellion? Who was it aimed at particularly? (pg.
219) - KC - 3.3.I.B
It was a response to the federal excise tax on whiskey, which was implemented by the
government under Alexander Hamilton's financial plan to help pay off national debt. Many
western farmers relied on whiskey production as a critical source of income, and they viewed
the tax as an unfair burden, disproportionately affecting their livelihoods compared to more
affluent eastern interests. The rebellion was particularly aimed at the federal government,
especially targeting the perceived overreach of federal authority by Hamilton and the
administration. The unrest culminated in protests and violent resistance, highlighting the deep
frustrations among rural communities regarding federal policies.

7. How did Washington's reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion underscore the difference between
the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation? (pg. 219) - KC - 3.3.I.B
Washington's decisive response to the Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated a significant shift from
the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation to the stronger framework established by the
Constitution. Under the Articles, the federal government lacked the authority to raise a
standing army or enforce laws effectively, which had led to challenges in quelling uprisings and
maintaining order. In contrast, Washington quickly mobilized federal troops to suppress the
rebellion, emphasizing the federal government's capability to enforce its laws and maintain
order. This reaction illustrated the Constitution’s stronger provisions for federal authority and
the ability to respond to domestic insurrections, reinforcing the idea of a unified national
government capable of regulating commerce and ensuring the rule of law.
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 7

Part 10 - Chapter 7
1. Identify the factors the led to the rise of political parties. (pg. 223) - KC - 3.2.III.B
The rise of political parties in the United States was influenced by several factors, including
differing views on the role of the federal government, economic interests, and regional
priorities. Key players like Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had contrasting visions for
the nation: Hamilton favored a strong central government and an economy based on
manufacturing and trade, while Jefferson advocated for states’ rights and an agrarian-based
economy. The emergence of factions around these leaders, combined with debates over policies
such as the national bank and the Whiskey Rebellion, solidified divisions. Additionally, the need
to organize political support and mobilize voters in a rapidly growing nation further encouraged
the formation of political parties, leading to the establishment of the Federalists and
Democratic-Republicans.

2. What caused the "quasi-war" with France during the Adams administration? What was the
XYZ affair? - (pg. 223) - 3.3.II.B
The "quasi-war" with France, occurring between 1798 and 1800, stemmed from rising tensions
between the United States and France, primarily due to disputes over U.S. neutrality during the
French Revolutionary Wars and French interference with American shipping. The situation
escalated after the XYZ Affair in 1797, when American diplomats were sent to negotiate with
France but were approached by French agents (referred to as X, Y, and Z) who demanded
bribes and loans as a precondition for negotiations. This incident ignited public outrage in the
United States, leading to calls for war against France and a naval buildup. While the conflict
primarily involved naval engagements and privateering rather than full-scale war, it
underscored the fragile diplomatic relations and growing tensions between the two nations
during Adams's presidency.

What gave rise to the Virginia Details:

and Kentucky Resolutions?
What attitude toward the The Naturalization Act
nature of the federal The Naturalization Act was the first legislation in the United
government did these States that outlined the process for granting citizenship to
Resolutions reveal? (pg. 223 - immigrants. It stipulated that immigrants could apply for U.S.
225) Answer: citizenship after residing in the country for two years.
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 8

However, it limited naturalization to "free white persons" and

The Virginia and Kentucky did not extend this right to women, non-white individuals, or
Resolutions emerged in enslaved people, reflecting the racial and ethnic biases of the
response to the Alien and time.
Sedition Acts of 1798, which
many perceived as an
overreach of federal authority
that violated individual The Alien Act
liberties and states' rights. The Alien Act authorized the President to detain or deport any
Crafted by Thomas Jefferson non-citizen deemed dangerous to the peace and safety of the
and James Madison, these United States. It was a response to fears of foreign influence
Resolutions asserted that during a time of tension with France and aimed to suppress
states had the right to nullify dissent and limit the influence of immigrants, particularly
federal laws they deemed those who might oppose the federal government.
unconstitutional, reflecting a
strong belief in state
sovereignty and a limited
federal government. This
stance highlighted the
ongoing tension between The Sedition Act
state and federal powers, The Sedition Act was enacted in 1798 and made it a crime to
emphasizing that the federal publish false, scandalous, or malicious writings against the
government was created by government or its officials. This law was designed to stifle
the states and that ultimate political opposition and dissent, particularly against the
authority rested with them Federalist Party and President John Adams. Critics argued
regarding matters not that it violated the First Amendment rights to free speech and
explicitly delegated to the press, leading to significant backlash and claims of
federal government. The governmental overreach.
Resolutions underscored fears
of centralized power and
established a precedent for
future challenges to federal
authority, shaping the
discourse around states'
rights in American politics.

4. What were the key issues in the 1800 presidential election? Why was it called one of the
dirtiest presidential campaigns in U. S. history? (Well, until 2016.) (pg. 225-226) - 3.2.I.B
The 1800 presidential election was marked by key issues such as the direction of the federal
government, the role of political parties, and differing visions for the future of the United
States. Candidates Thomas Jefferson and John Adams represented opposing factions—Jefferson
leading the Democratic-Republicans and Adams the Federalists. Central issues included the
Alien and Sedition Acts, the size and scope of the federal government, and foreign policy,
particularly relations with France. The campaign was characterized as one of the dirtiest in U.S.
history due to its intense mudslinging, personal attacks, and the spread of misinformation.
Supporters of both candidates engaged in vicious propaganda, accusing each other of
everything from corruption to treason, which heightened political animosities and divisions.
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 9

5. Why is it called the "Revolution of 1800?" (pg. 225-226) - KC - 3.2.I.B

The election is referred to as the "Revolution of 1800" because it represented a significant shift
in political power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans. It was the first peaceful
transfer of power between opposing political parties in U.S. history, demonstrating the
resilience of the democratic process and the ability of the nation to undergo a major political
change without violence. Jefferson’s victory signaled a transition towards more populist
governance and a greater emphasis on agrarian interests, which fundamentally altered the
political landscape and set a precedent for future elections.

6. Why did the United States go to war against western Indians so quickly after the Am.
Revolution? (pgs. 226-227 KC - 3.3.I.A and D

Answer: Details:
The United States went to
war against western Indians Treaty of Fort Stanwix
shortly after the American Signed in 1768 between the British government and several
Revolution due to a Native American tribes, the Treaty of Fort Stanwix aimed to
combination of territorial resolve territorial disputes in the Ohio River Valley. The treaty
expansion, the influx of established a boundary line that limited colonial expansion into
settlers, and the desire for Native American lands, particularly the territories of the
land. Following the Iroquois Confederacy. However, it was largely ignored by
Revolution, American colonists, leading to further conflicts over land rights and the
settlers were eager to move eventual displacement of Native American tribes.
westward into territories
inhabited by Native
American tribes, driven by
economic opportunities and Treaty of Greenville
the promise of fertile land. Signed in 1795 following the Northwest Indian War, the Treaty
The U.S. government sought of Greenville established a boundary between Native American
to assert control over these lands and American settlements in the Northwest Territory. It
western lands, viewing them resulted from negotiations between the United States and
as vital for national growth several Native American tribes, including the Shawnee and the
and prosperity. Native Miami, after a series of conflicts. The treaty ceded large
American tribes resisted this portions of territory to the U.S. government while granting
encroachment, aiming to certain rights to the tribes. It aimed to stabilize relations in the
maintain their autonomy, region and facilitate American expansion, but it also led to
which led to conflicts as further loss of land for Native Americans.
settlers advanced into their
territories. Despite attempts
by the federal government to
negotiate treaties, many Assimilation
agreements were ignored or Assimilation refers to the process by which individuals or
violated by settlers. As groups from one culture adopt the customs, values, and
tensions escalated and behaviors of another culture, often leading to the erosion or
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 10

violence erupted, leaders like disappearance of the original cultural identity. In the context
President George of Native American history, assimilation policies were
Washington and Thomas implemented by the U.S. government to integrate Native
Jefferson opted for military Americans into European-American society, often through
action to pacify the region education, religious conversion, and the promotion of
and facilitate further agriculture and private land ownership. These policies aimed
settlement, fueling a rapid to "civilize" Native peoples and diminish their distinct cultural
escalation into warfare practices, frequently resulting in significant cultural and social
against western Indian tribes disruption.
in the years following the
Revolution.

7. Why were the main causes of migration in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries? (pgs. 228-230) - KC 3.3.I.B

The main causes of migration in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries included
economic opportunities, westward expansion, and social factors. As the United States sought to
develop its agricultural economy, the promise of fertile land in the western territories attracted
many settlers, particularly following events like the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. The quest for
land was motivated by the desire for economic independence and the potential for wealth
through farming and commerce. Additionally, the growth of the industrial economy in the East
spurred internal migration as people moved to urban areas in search of jobs in factories and
other industries. Social factors, including the pursuit of religious freedom and the desire to
escape social constraints or conflicts in their current locations, also drove many to seek new
beginnings in different regions. Together, these factors contributed to significant population
movement across the country, shaping the demographic and cultural landscape of the United
States during this period.
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 11

Part 11 - Chapter 8

1. How did companionate marriages differ from traditional marriages? (pg. 258) - KC- 3.2.I.D

Companionate marriages, which emerged in the early nineteenth century, differed from
traditional marriages in their emphasis on mutual affection, companionship, and partnership
rather than solely on economic or social considerations. While traditional marriages were often
arranged for practical reasons—such as consolidating wealth, securing family alliances, or
maintaining social status—companionate marriages prioritized emotional bonds and personal
choice. This shift reflected broader societal changes, including the rise of individualism and the
belief in the importance of personal happiness and fulfillment in marital relationships. As a
result, companionate marriages encouraged couples to build their relationships on love and
friendship, fostering a more egalitarian dynamic within the household compared to the
hierarchical structures often seen in traditional marriages.

What did the “republican Details:

motherhood” ask of
mothers? (pgs. 256 - 262) demographic changes
Answer: Demographic changes refer to shifts in the characteristics of a
Republican motherhood population over time, including variations in birth rates, death
emerged as a significant rates, age distribution, migration patterns, and ethnic or cultural
concept in the late composition. These changes can significantly impact social
eighteenth and early structures, economic development, and public policy, influencing
nineteenth centuries, areas such as education, healthcare, and workforce dynamics. In
emphasizing the role of the context of history, demographic changes often result from
women as vital to the factors such as migration, urbanization, and changing family
moral and civic education structures, shaping the social and cultural landscape of a society.
of their children. It asked
mothers to cultivate
virtues such as
patriotism, morality, and
civic responsibility in Mary Wollstonecraft - A Vindication of the Rights of Women
their sons, who would A Vindication of the Rights of Women is a foundational text in
become the future feminist philosophy written by Mary Wollstonecraft. In this work,
citizens and leaders of Wollstonecraft argues for the education and empowerment of
the republic. This women, asserting that women are entitled to the same rights and
ideology positioned opportunities as men. She critiques the social norms and
women as essential institutions that confine women to subordinate roles and
educators and moral advocates for their intellectual and moral development.
guides within the family, Wollstonecraft's ideas laid the groundwork for later feminist
reinforcing their role in movements, emphasizing the importance of gender equality and
shaping the nation's the necessity of education for women as a means to achieve it.
democratic values. While
it expanded women's
responsibilities and
recognition in the public
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 12

sphere, it also confined

them primarily to the permissive childrearing
domestic sphere, as their  Permissive childrearing is a parenting style characterized by a
influence was seen as high degree of warmth and acceptance but a low level of demand
crucial to the success of or control. Parents who adopt this approach tend to be lenient,
the republic but largely allowing their children significant freedom in their choices and
limited to their roles as behavior. They often avoid setting strict rules or boundaries,
wives and mothers. Thus, instead fostering an open and nurturing environment. While this
“republican motherhood” style can promote creativity and self-expression, it may also lead
both elevated the to challenges in establishing discipline and self-regulation in
importance of women’s children.
contributions to society 
and reinforced traditional
gender roles, as it
encouraged women to
embrace their
responsibilities within the
home while remaining authoritarian child rearing
excluded from formal Authoritarian childrearing is a parenting style marked by high
political participation. demands and low responsiveness. Parents who practice this
approach enforce strict rules and expectations, often prioritizing
obedience and discipline over warmth and emotional support.
Authoritarian parents typically exert control over their children’s
behavior and may use punitive measures to enforce compliance.
While this style can instill a sense of order and discipline, it may
also hinder a child's independence, self-esteem, and social
competence due to the lack of emotional nurturing and open
communication.

4. What beliefs encouraged northern states to pursue policies of manumission? (pgs. 264- 265)
- KC - 3.2.III.C
Northern states pursued policies of manumission in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries due to a combination of Enlightenment ideals, religious convictions, and economic
factors. The Enlightenment emphasized individual rights, liberty, and equality, prompting many
to view slavery as incompatible with the principles of freedom and democracy that the
American Revolution espoused. Additionally, religious groups, particularly Quakers and
abolitionists, advocated for the moral imperative of ending slavery, arguing that it was a sin
against God and humanity. The economic landscape in the North was also shifting; with the
growth of industrialization, there was less reliance on slave labor, leading many to view
manumission as a feasible and humane alternative. These beliefs collectively fostered an
environment that favored gradual emancipation and the rights of free African Americans,
contributing to the development of manumission policies across northern states.
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APUSH - Period 3 pg. 13

5. How / why did the south still defend slavery? (pg. 266) - KC - 3.2.III.C
The South defended slavery through a combination of economic, social, and cultural
arguments. Economically, slavery was deeply entrenched in the Southern agricultural
system, particularly in the production of cash crops like cotton and tobacco, which
relied heavily on enslaved labor for profitability. Many Southern whites believed that
their economic survival depended on maintaining the institution of slavery. Socially,
proponents of slavery argued that it was a positive good, suggesting that it provided a
civilizing influence on enslaved people and framed it as a benevolent system where
enslaved individuals were cared for in contrast to the perceived hardships of Northern
industrial labor. Culturally, the South embraced a sense of regional identity that
romanticized the plantation lifestyle and viewed slavery as integral to their way of life.
Additionally, racist ideologies and beliefs in white supremacy justified the continuation
of slavery, depicting it as a natural order that upheld Southern social hierarchies. These
arguments combined to create a strong defense of slavery, which persisted even in the
face of growing abolitionist movements in the North.