CIM: Module 2, Chapter

Computer Aided Design

&
Computer Graphics
Software
By Dr. Venkata Ramana V,
Prof Manjunatha TH,
Prof Kalyan Babu
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 CAD/CAM
• CAD/CAM = Computer Aided Design
and Computer Aided Manufacturing.
It is the technology concerned with
the use of computers to perform
design and manufacturing functions.

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• CAD can be defined as the use of
computer systems to perform certain
functions in the design process.
• CAM is the use of computer systems
to plan, manage and control the
operations of manufacturing plant
through either direct or indirect
computer interface with the plant’s
production resources.

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 Introduction
• Computers have grown, became
essential in business, government,
military, research etc..
• Similarly very powerful tool in CAD/
CAM
• ie., for designing and manufacturing

4
 CAD System Defined
• Design activity – use of computer to
develop, analyze, modify engg., designs
• Modern CAD system – Interactive
computer graphics
Used to create/transform/display data
of pictures or symbols

5
 Reasons for implementing
CAD
1. To increase productivity of designer
2. To save Time and Cost
3. To improve quality of drawings –
accuracy & alternates
4. To improve communication- better
& standard drawings
5. To create data base – for
manufacturing, documentation,
BOM etc.. 6
Mechanical Engineering Design,
use
Technical, scientific principles,
imagination to describe
machine or mechanical
systems
done with Drawings

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The Product Cycle and CAD/CAM

In order to establish the scope and

definition of CAD/CAM in an
engineering environment and identify
existing and future related tools, a
study of a typical product cycle is
necessary. The following Figure shows
a flowchart of such a cycle.

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 Typical Product Life Cycle
The Design Process
Design Collecting
Design definitions, relevant
needs specifications, design
and
requirements
information
and feasibility Synthesis
study
Analysis The CAD Process
Design Design Design
Design Design Design
documentation modeling conceptualizatio
evaluatio optimizatio analysis
and and n
n n
communication simulation

The Manufacturing Process

Production
planning The CAM Process
Design and
procuremen
Process
t of new Productio Quality Packaging
planning Shipping
tools n control
Order
materials

NC, CNC, DNC

programming

Marketing

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• The product begins with a need which is
identified based on customers' and markets'
demands.
• The product goes through two main
processes from the idea conceptualization to
the finished product:

1. The design process.

2. The manufacturing process. (not

required for us)

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 Design Process
Recognition of
Need Application of
computers in
design process
Definition of
problem
Geometric Modeling
Synthesis
Engineering
Analysis
Analysis
Design Review
Evaluation Evaluation

Presentation Automated
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Drafting
Design Process Discussed

• Recognition of Need:
Involves realization of problem exists –
Correction action should be taken
• Definition of Problem:
Involves thorough specification of item to be
designed – characteristics, cost, quality etc..
• Synthesis:
Preliminary prototype model is created –
topology & geometry of parts
• Analysis:
Prototype model is subjected to analysis – loads,
temperatures, feasibility
If model fails back to synthesis
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• Evaluation:
Concerned with measuring design against
definition stage specifications. –Here
prototype model is tested,
if changes required reverted back to
•synthesis
Presentation:
Includes documentation with drawings,
specifications, BOM, tolerances etc..
• Application of Computers in 4 areas:
1. Geometrical modelling
2. Engineering analysis
3. Design review and analysis
4. Automated drafting
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CAD Tools Required to Support the Design Process

Design phase Required CAD tools

Design conceptualization Geometric modeling techniques;
Graphics aids; manipulations;
and visualization
Design modeling and Same as above; animation;
simulation assemblies; special modeling
packages.
Design analysis Analysis packages; customized
programs and packages.
Design optimization Customized applications;
structural optimization.
Design evaluation Dimensioning; tolerances; BOM;
NC.
Design communication and Drafting and detailing…
documentation
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 CAD Tools

Computer
graphics
concepts

CA
D
tool
s
Geometric
Design tools
modeling

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 Definition of CAD Tools Based on Their
Implementation in a Design Environment

Hardware
(control unit;
display terminals;
Design tools + I/O devices = CAD
Computer tools

Software (graphics;

modeling;
applications
programs
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Geometric Modelling
• This is concerned with computer
compatibility, mathematical
description of geometry of an object.

Uses, 3 types of commands,

• I – generate basic geometric
elements – points, lines, circles
• II – scaling, rotation, transformation
• III – joining of elements to give shape
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 Representation of objects in geometrical
modelling
1. Wireframe modelling – object is
displayed by interconnecting lines,
points. Ex., 2D,3D
2. Surface modelling – Geometry is
represented in the form of surface
3. Solid modelling – uses solid shapes,
Colour
Advanced method – catia, uni graphics,

solid works … 18
Geometric Model

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3D model with Mesh

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 Engineering Analysis

• Involves - stress strain calculations, heat

transfer computations, fluid flow, thermal,
structural analysis etc.. & dynamic
behaviour
• Types of analysis
1. Mass properties analysis – Weight,
volume, g, I etc.. are analysed
2. FEA – model is divided into large no. of
finite elements, form interconnecting
nodes.
These are analysed for different
properties 21
 Design Review and Evaluation

• Check accuracy of design - easy

• Semiautomatic dimensioning & tolerance
– reduce errors
• Comparison by LAYERING – find defects
• Check interference in assemblies
• Kinematics evaluation, animation of
mechanisms
• Ex, ADAMS software

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 Automated Drafting

• Creates hard copy drawings from

data base
• Generate 2D / sectional views
• Auto dimensioning, hatching,
scaling, hidden lines, thick & thin
lines etc..
• Productivity increased rapidly

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 Benefits of CAD

• Improved productivity
• Shorter lead times
• Meet customer requirements
• Fast response
• Minimum errors
• High accuracy
• Easy analysis
• Documentation, standardization
• Improved designs 24
 Benefits of CAD contd..

• Reduced training
• Better knowledge on costs
• Minimum wastage
• Reduced time
• Better communication
• Greater Understanding
• Less Errors
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 Computer Graphics
• Introduction:
This is a software i.e., graphic software, a
collection of programs written to operate
graphics system.
• Includes:
Image generation on screen (CRT)
Manipulate images
Interaction b/w user & system
Special functions, FEA, CAPP,
Programming 26
 Factors considered in designing graphics
software

1. Simplicity: Software must be easy to use

2. Consistency: Software should operate in
consistent & predictable by user
3. Completeness: No omissions in functions
4. Robust: Tolerance to minor misuses
5. Performance: With in the limitations of
hardware performance should be high
6. Economy: Package should not be large
and expensive

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 Software Configuration
• Activities that take place during working:
1. Interaction with graphic terminal – create/alter
images
2. Construct physical model from images – application
model
3. Store models in memory

• Divided into 03 modules:

1. Graphics package – support b/w user & system,
convert application model to 2D, 3D images
2. Application program – Control, store, retrieve data
from database
3. Application database – stores numerical,
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mathematical and logic definitions, BOM, mass
Model of Graphics software
configuration

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 Functions of Graphics Package
1.Generation of graphic elements –
points, lines, circle etc..
2.Transformations –
change, reposition graphic elements - enlarge,
reduce, scale, rotate ..
3.Display control and windowing functions -
view at desired angle, magnification, hidden
line removal etc..
4.Segmenting functions – capability to select,
replace, delete, modify image portions
5.User input functions – to enter commands, user
friendly

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Constructing the Geometry
• First each new element is being called but before it
is added to the model, the user can specify its size,
its position, and its orientation.
• These specifications are necessary to form the
model to the proper shape and scale
• These graphics elements can be subtracted as well
as added.
• During model building, the capability to group
several elements together into units are called as
cells. Ex bolts, used where ever required in an
assembly

• A-B = C

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 Defining Graphic Elements
• Defining points, lines, arcs etc..
• The data is kept in data base in
mathematical form referred to coordinate
system
• Ex. Point = x, y, z, coordinates
Line = two points
Circle= centre & radius also
mathematically defined as (x-m)2 + (y-n)2
= r2

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Methods of defining geometric
elements
1. Points:
Pointing location on the screen by cursor
Entering coordinates via keyboard
2. Lines:
Using two points
Point & angle wrt horizontal
Point, tangent to a curve
3. Arc & Circle:
Centre and radius
Centre, point on a circle
Curve passing through 03 points
Similarly curves, conics, surfaces are dedined
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 Need for graphic standard
• If hardware is changed software must also
change the process is costly, hence to fulfil need
of both customer and vendor Standard is
necessary. They are
1. Application Program Portability – capable to
support other graphical terminal
2. Picture data Portability – image description
independent of hardware
3. Text Portability – text independent of hardware
4. Object database Portability – data files transfer
from one system to other
Ex., Graphics kernal system, Virtual device meta
file, virtual device interface etc..
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 Transformations
• 2D transformations,
to specify point x, y are required
Represented as P=(x, y) or
P= x
y in matrix form
Similarly, line = L = (P1, P2)
L= x1 y1
x2 y2 in matrix form 35
 Types of transformations
1. Translation
2. Rotation
3. Scaling

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 Translation
• Involves: Moving elements from one
location to other.
• Ex. Point, x1= x+m and y1= y+n
point, p=x, y coordinates of original
point
point, p1= x1, y1 coordinates of
translated point
m, n are movements in x, y directions
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• In matrix form,
[x1, y1] = [x, y] + T where T=(m, n)

x1 = x + m
y1 y n

Therefore, p1 = [p] +T

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 Scaling
• Used to enlarge or reduce the size of
element
• Scaling factor is used to alter size,
need not be equal in x, y directions
Ex. Circle to elliptical
• Scaling matrix, (x1, y1) = (x, y) * S
Where, S = m 0 m in x direction
0 n n in y direction
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 Rotation
• Points of an object are rotated about
origin by an angle (α). ‘+’ =ccw, ‘-’=cw
• (x1,y1) = (x, y) * R

where R = cos α - sin α

sin α cos α

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