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Nodal Analysis

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Nodal Analysis

Uploaded by

aksharatiwari2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nodal Analysis

 Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node voltages as the circuit variables. Choosing
node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit variables is convenient and reduces the number of equations one
must solve simultaneously.
 Given a circuit with n nodes without voltage sources, the nodal analysis of the circuit involves taking the following
three steps.

1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages 𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 …𝒗𝒏−𝟏 to the remaining 𝒏 − 𝟏 nodes. The voltages are
referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the 𝒏 − 𝟏 non-reference nodes. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of
node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.

Some features of Nodal analysis are :


 Nodal Analysis is based on the application of the Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).
 Having ‘n’ nodes there will be ‘n-1’ simultaneous equations to solve.
 Solving ‘n-1’ equations all the nodes voltages can be obtained.
 The number of non reference nodes is equal to the number of Nodal equations that can be
obtained.
Continued..
Step 1: Reference node commonly called ground. The circuit in fig 1 Node 0 is
reference node(𝑣 = 0) , nodes 1 and 2 are assigned voltages 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 respectively.
These node voltages are defined w.r.t the reference node.

Step 2: Apply KCL to the each non-reference node in the circuit.


at node 1 applying KCL gives 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 + 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 … (1)
At node 2 gives 𝐼2 + 𝑖2 = 𝑖3 … (2)
we now apply ohm’s law to express unknown currents 𝑖1, 𝑖2, 𝑖3

𝑣1 −0 𝑣1 −𝑣2
𝑖1 = or 𝑖1 = 𝐺1 𝑣1 , 𝑖2 = or 𝑖2= 𝐺2 𝑣1 − 𝑣2
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑣 −0
𝑖3 = 2𝑅 or 𝑖3 = 𝐺3𝑣2 .. (3)
3
substituting (3) in (1) and (2) results
𝑣 𝑣 −𝑣
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 + 𝑅1 + 1𝑅 2 … (4)
1 2
𝑣 −𝑣 𝑣2
𝐼2 + 1𝑅 2 = 𝑅3
… (5)
2
Step 3: Solving the obtained equations for node voltages by elimination and
substitution method.

Fig 2
Example
Find the node voltages 𝒗𝟏 and 𝒗𝟐 for the circuit shown in figure.
𝑣1 −𝑣2 𝑣1 −0
Applying KCL at node 1 𝑖1= 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 5= 4
+ 2

3𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 20 … (1)

𝑣1 −𝑣2 𝑣2 −0
KCL at node 2 𝑖2+𝑖4 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖5 +10 = 5 +
4 6

−3𝑣1 + 5𝑣2 = 60 … (2)

Using elimination technique we add (1) and (2) we get

4𝑣2 = 80 𝑣2=20V

Substituting 𝑣2=20V in (1) gives 3𝑣1 − 20 = 20 𝑣1=13.33V


Nodal Analysis with voltage sources
Case 1: If a voltage source is connected between the reference node and a non-
reference node, we simply set the voltage at the non-reference node equal to the
voltage of the voltage source. In fig 5 for example
𝑣1=10V ….(1)
Case 2: If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is connected
between two non-reference nodes, the two non-reference nodes form a
generalized node or supernode; we apply both KCL and KVL to determine the node
voltages.
In fig 5 node 2 and 3 forms a supernode. KCL must be satisfied at supernode like
any other node. KCL at super node gives
𝑖1+ 𝑖4= 𝑖2 + 𝑖3

𝑣 −𝑣 𝑣 −𝑣 𝑣 −0 𝑣 −0
or 1
2
2
+ 1
4
3
= 1
8
+ 3
6
…. (2)
By applying KVL at super node going around the clock wise direction gives
−𝑣2 + 5 + 𝑣3 = 0 𝑣3 − 𝑣2 = 5 …. (3)
Properties of super node
 The voltage source inside the supernode provides a constraint equation needed to solve for the node voltages.
 A supernode has no voltage of its own.
 A supernode requires the application of both KCL and KVL.

.
Example

The supernode contains the 2-V source, nodes 1 and 2, and the 10-ohm
resistor. Applying KCL to the supernode as shown in Fig

𝑣 −0 𝑣 −0
2= 1 + 2 +7 𝑣2 = −2𝑣1 − 20… (1)
2 4
To get the relation between 𝑣1and 𝑣2 apply KVL across the super node
We get 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 2 .. (2)
By solving (1) and (2) we get 𝑣1 = −7.333V and 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 + 2 = −5.333𝑉.

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