Fluid Mechanics I

Third Year, Mechanical Department.

Course Coordinator:
Dr. Mohamed Sayed Soliman
Mechanical Power Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Port-Said University.
1
Port-Said 2023-2024
 Lecture 7-8

Chapter 3 Fluid Dynamics

2
 1- Introduction

 Fluid mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the behavior of the
fluids at rest (chapter 2), as well as in motion.

 The study of fluids in motion, where pressure forces are not considered, is
called fluid kinematics and,

 If the pressure forces are also considered for the fluids in motion, that branch
of science is called fluid dynamics.

3
 2- Basic Laws of Fluid Motion

The chapter will be presented in three basic laws, dealing with the topics of:

1- Conservation of mass
(continuity equation)
2- Conservation of momentum
(Newton's second law or linear momentum equation)
3- Conservation of energy
(first law of thermodynamics or energy equation)
4
 Fluid flow
Flow:
The word flow means that the fluid particles changes their positions
continuously relative to one another under the effect of a shear force.

Flow

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 Types of Flow Lines
 Streamline
A streamline is a line drawn so as to be
always tangent to the velocity vectors of
the fluid particles in a flow.

The fluid mass bounded by a group of

streamlines, but the streamlines are not
cross is called Stream Tube.

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 Path line
A path line is the actual path traversed by a given fluid particle.

 Streak line
A streak line is the position of particles which have earlier passed through a
specified point.
Streak line

Streamlines, path lines, and streak lines are

identical in steady flow.
Smoke
generator

Streak line of smoke issuing from a nozzle

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 Classification of Fluid Flow
Flow

Viscous Inviscid
Laminar Turbulent
Compressible Incompressible
Steady Unsteady
Uniform Non-Uniform
One-Dimension Multi-Dimension
Single Phase Multi Phase 8
 Classification of Fluid Flow
 Viscous Flow:
The type of flow in which the viscous effect cannot be
neglected. Viscous effects leads to energy losses when
a fluid flow through pipes.

 Inviscid Flow:
The type of flow in which the viscous effect
can be neglected.

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 Classification of Fluid Flow
Laminar flow:
In laminar flow the motion of the particles of fluid is very
orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel
to the pipe walls.
𝜌𝜌. 𝑉𝑉. 𝑑𝑑
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = ≤ 2,300
𝜇𝜇
𝜌𝜌. 𝑉𝑉. 𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉. 𝑑𝑑
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
𝜇𝜇 𝜈𝜈
Turbulent flow:
The type of flow in which the particles motions are very irregular.

𝜌𝜌. 𝑉𝑉. 𝑑𝑑
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = > 4,000
𝜇𝜇
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 Classification of Fluid Flow

 Incompressible flow [Liquids]:

The type of flow in which the fluid density is constant.
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ℎ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. , 𝑀𝑀 = < 0.3
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

 Compressible flow [Gases]:

The type of flow in which the fluid density changes are significant.
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ℎ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. , 𝑀𝑀 = ≥ 0.3
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 11
 Classification of Fluid Flow
 Steady flow:
The type of flow in which all the fluid properties at any point are
constant with respect to time.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 0, or 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

 Unsteady flow:
The type of flow in which the fluid properties change with respect to
time.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
≠ 0, or 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

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 Classification of Fluid Flow
 Uniform flow:
The type of flow in which the flow velocity is the same magnitude and
direction at every point in the fluid.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 0, or 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

 Non-Uniform flow:
The type of flow in which the velocity is not the same at every point
the flow.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
≠ 0, or 𝐸𝐸 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑠𝑠, 𝑡𝑡)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
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 Classification of Fluid Flow
 Single phase flow:
The flow of a single-phase material such as gas, liquid, or solid, but
not in a combination of them.

 Multi phase flow:

The flow of a
combination of two or
more phases of matter.

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 Classification of Fluid Flow

 One-Dimension flow:
The flow in which the fluid properties varies in one direction only.

 Multi-Dimension flow:
The flow in which the fluid properties varies in more than one
direction.

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 Fluid Flow Characterization
 Flow rate, [Q]:
• For ideal fluid through pipe, the velocity is constant in all pipe section.
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑚𝑚3 u=U

𝑄𝑄 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
4 𝑠𝑠 d

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝜌𝑄𝑄 = 𝜌𝜌. 𝐴𝐴. 𝑢𝑢
𝑠𝑠

• For real fluid through pipe, the velocity changes

through the pipe section. u
r
dr

d
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

𝑄𝑄 = �𝑢𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑 𝐴𝐴 = �𝑢𝑢 ⋅ 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑄𝑄 = 2𝜋𝜋 �𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 & 𝑚𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠 16

 1- Continuity:
Matter cannot be created or destroyed - (it is
simply changed into a different form of matter).
This principle is known as the conservation of
mass, and we use it in the analysis of flowing
fluids.
• For steady flow:
Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time
𝑚𝑚̇ = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. = 𝜌𝜌1 𝑢𝑢1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝜌𝜌2 𝑢𝑢2 𝐴𝐴2
For incompressible flow: 𝜌𝜌1 = 𝜌𝜌2
𝑄𝑄1 = 𝑄𝑄2
𝑢𝑢1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝑢𝑢2 𝐴𝐴2 17
Example 1
A pipe flow is divided as shown, section 1 has a volume flow rate of 25 liters per second.
The average velocity at section 2 is 5 m/s.
Determine the volume flow rate (discharge) and velocity at section 3.
Data: 𝑑𝑑1 = 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑2 = 75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑3 = 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑄𝑄1 = 25 𝐿𝐿/𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉2 = 5 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

Req. 𝑄𝑄3 , 𝑉𝑉3

Solution 𝑄𝑄1 = 𝑄𝑄2 + 𝑄𝑄3

−3
𝜋𝜋 2
25 × 10 = 𝐴𝐴2 𝑉𝑉2 + 𝑄𝑄3 = . 0.075 × 5 + 𝑄𝑄3
4
𝑄𝑄3 = 0.025 − 0.022078 = 0.002922 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 = 2.922 [𝐿𝐿/𝑠𝑠]
𝑄𝑄3 0.002922
𝑄𝑄3 = 𝐴𝐴3 𝑉𝑉3 𝑉𝑉3 = = 𝜋𝜋 2
= 1.489 [𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠]
𝐴𝐴3 . 0.05 18
4
 Fluid Flow Characterization
2- Conservation of Energy, Energy equation (Euler’s equation):
Consider an element of fluid with a stream tube as shown. The motion of such element is
influenced by three different forces.

1- Normal force due to pressure difference:

𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

2- Tangential force due to viscous shear :

` dy
𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 = −𝜏𝜏𝜏𝜏𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3- Body force due to weight :

𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑔 = −𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 sin 𝜃𝜃 = −𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 W=ρgdAds

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 Fluid Flow Characterization
2- Energy equation:
The total force is given by:

𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = −𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 − 𝜏𝜏𝜏𝜏𝑃𝑃` 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Applying the Newton’s second law of motion:
𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 − 𝜏𝜏𝜏𝜏𝑃𝑃` 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 × 𝑎𝑎𝑠𝑠
The velocity of fluid particle is:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑠𝑠, 𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= + = 𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
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 Fluid Flow Characterization
2- Energy equation:

Then:
−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 − 𝜏𝜏𝜏𝜏𝑃𝑃` 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 × 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

Dividing throughout by ρdA and rearranging :

` (0)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜏𝜏 𝑑𝑑𝑃𝑃
+ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

For ideal fluid, the frictional force is vanished.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 0
𝜌𝜌
This is the Euler’s equation of a fluid within a stream tube. 21
 Energy equation (Bernoulli's equation) :
Integrating the Euler's equation gives:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� + � 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + � 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝜌𝜌

for incompressible flow, ρ= constant, so:

𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢2
+ + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = constant ÷ 𝑔𝑔
𝜌𝜌 2

𝑝𝑝1 𝑢𝑢1 2 𝑝𝑝2 𝑢𝑢2 2

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

This is the Bernoulli’s equation, energy equation without any losses

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For incompressible fluid and steady flow with no heat transfer and other works
(shaft, pump, and turbine) the energy equation is:

𝑝𝑝1 𝑢𝑢1 2 𝑝𝑝2 𝑢𝑢2 2

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔
where
𝑃𝑃
, pressure energy per unit weight or pressure head, [m]
𝛾𝛾
𝑢𝑢2
, kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head, [m]
2𝑔𝑔
𝑍𝑍, potential energy per unit weight or potential head, [m]
ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 , friction losses head, [m]

23
24
 Fluid Flow Characterization
Bernoulli’s equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they are:

1. Flow is steady;
2. Density is constant (which also means the fluid is
incompressible);
3. Friction losses are negligible;
4. The equation relates the states at two points along a single
streamline, (not conditions on two different streamlines).

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 Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
It is often convenient to represent the level of mechanical energy graphically using heights to facilitate
visualization of the various terms of the Bernoulli’s or energy equation. This equation is (z + p/γ )+ u2/(2g) =
H = constant , where H is the total head for the flow.
 The hydraulic grade line (HGL) is defined as the height of the elevation and the pressure
head (z + p/γ )from the datum.
 The Energy grade line (EGL) is defined as the height of HGL and velocity head z + p/γ +
u2/(2g) from the datum.
EGL = H H
EGL hlosses
HGL u2 / 2g
HGL u2 / 2g

p/γ H H
p/γ

z z
Datum

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Hydraulic and energy grade lines for: (a) frictionless flow , (b) friction flow
EXAMPLE 2
An incompressible liquid flows steadily along the pipe. Determine the direction of flow and the
head loss over the 6-m length of pipe.
Req. Flow direction, ( up or down), losses
Solution
𝑝𝑝1
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻1 = + 𝑧𝑧1 = 3 + 0.0 = 3 [𝑚𝑚]
𝛾𝛾
𝑝𝑝2
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻2 = + 𝑧𝑧2 = 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 [𝑚𝑚]
𝛾𝛾
∵ 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻1 > 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻2 ∴ 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (1) 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 (2)
Applying the Energy equation at sections 1 and 2, we get
2 2
p1 u1 p u
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 + hlosses
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
From the continuity equation Q = u1A1 = u2A2 , A1 = A2 …u1 = u2

∴ hlosses = 0.5 m
 Quiz
A 3 m high, 6 m wide rectangular gate is hinged at the top edge at A and is
restrained by a fixed ridge at B. Determine:
a) The hydrostatic force exerted on the gate
by the 5 m high water,
b) The location of the pressure center
c) The force at B.

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