Kyambogo University

TEE4202- MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF ENERGY

SYSTEMS

Module 4- Energy Audit, Monitoring and Targeting

Year 4-Semister 2, 2024

JULIUS PLUCKER
Email: [email protected] +256705666065

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

A. Energy Auditing
Energy auditing is a critical process for identifying energy inefficiencies, recommending improvements, and
achieving cost savings and performance enhancements. By systematically assessing energy use, analyzing data,
and providing actionable recommendations, energy audits help organizations optimize their energy performance
and support sustainability goals. Real-world case studies, such as the example of MATLAB Manufacturing,
demonstrate the tangible benefits of energy auditing in various sectors.
Energy auditing is a systematic process used to evaluate energy use and efficiency within a facility or
organization. The goal of an energy audit is to identify opportunities for energy conservation, reduce energy
consumption, lower costs, and improve overall energy performance. This process involves assessing current
energy usage, identifying inefficiencies, and recommending measures to enhance energy efficiency.
1. Objectives of Energy Auditing
i. Identify Inefficiencies: Pinpoint areas where energy is being wasted or used inefficiently.
ii. Recommend Improvements: Propose measures and strategies to improve energy efficiency and reduce
consumption.
iii. Reduce Costs: Provide actionable recommendations to lower energy bills and operational costs.
iv. Enhance Performance: Improve the overall energy performance of systems and processes.
v. Support Sustainability Goals: Align with organizational or regulatory sustainability and environmental
goals.
@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 2
Energy Auditing ………………
2. Types of Energy Audits
a. Preliminary Audit (Walkthrough Audit)
• Scope: A basic assessment to identify major energy-consuming areas and obvious inefficiencies.
• Process: Conducted through visual inspection and informal interviews with facility staff.
• Outcome: Provides a general overview of potential areas for improvement and may include initial
recommendations for further investigation.
b. Detailed Audit
• Scope: A comprehensive analysis that includes data collection, measurement, and detailed evaluation of
energy use.
• Process: Involves in-depth analysis of energy consumption, performance metrics, and operational practices.
May include measurements using energy meters, temperature sensors, and other monitoring equipment.
• Outcome: Provides a detailed report with specific recommendations, cost estimates, and potential energy
savings for various measures.
c. Investment-Grade Audit
• Scope: An in-depth audit that includes detailed financial analysis and feasibility studies for proposed
energy-saving measures.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 3

Energy Auditing ………………
2. Types of Energy Audits
• Process: Provides a thorough evaluation of energy-saving opportunities with detailed cost-benefit analysis,
including return on investment (ROI) calculations and financial modeling.
• Outcome: Results in a comprehensive report with actionable recommendations, detailed financial projections,
and a clear implementation plan.
3. Energy Audit Process
a. Preparation:
• Define Objectives: Establish the goals and scope of the audit, including specific areas of focus and
expected outcomes.
• Gather Documentation: Collect relevant documents such as utility bills, equipment specifications, and
operational schedules.
• Select Audit Team: Assemble a team of energy auditors, engineers, and facility staff with expertise in
energy management and systems.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 4

Energy Auditing ………………
b. Site Assessment
• Walkthrough Inspection: Conduct a walkthrough of the facility to identify major energy-consuming systems,
observe operations, and document initial findings.
• Data Collection: Use meters, sensors, and other tools to gather data on energy consumption, equipment
performance, and environmental conditions.
c. Analysis
• Energy Use Analysis: Analyze collected data to identify patterns in energy use, peak demand periods, and
areas of inefficiency.
• Benchmarking: Compare facility performance against industry benchmarks and best practices to identify
gaps and opportunities for improvement.
• Opportunity Identification: Identify specific areas where energy-saving measures can be implemented, such
as equipment upgrades, process improvements, or operational changes.
d. Recommendations
• Energy-Saving Measures: Develop a list of recommended measures to improve energy efficiency, including cost estimates, potential
savings, and implementation timelines.
• Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluate the financial impact of each recommendation, including cost, savings, payback period, and return on
investment (ROI).
• Implementation Plan: Provide a detailed plan for implementing recommended measures, including priorities, responsibilities, and scheduling.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 5

Energy Auditing ………………
e. Reporting
• Audit Report: Prepare a comprehensive report summarizing findings, recommendations, and financial
analyses. Include an executive summary, detailed analysis, and actionable recommendations.
• Presentation: Present findings and recommendations to stakeholders, including management, to facilitate
decision-making and secure support for implementation.
f. Follow-Up
• Implementation Support: Assist with the implementation of recommended measures, including procurement,
installation, and commissioning.
• Performance Monitoring: Monitor the performance of implemented measures to ensure they deliver the
expected energy savings and benefits.
• Review and Adjust: Conduct follow-up reviews to assess progress, address any issues, and make adjustments
as needed.
4. Benefits of Energy Auditing
1. Cost Savings: Identify opportunities to reduce energy costs through efficient use and improved operational
practices.
2. Energy Efficiency: Enhance the overall efficiency of energy systems and processes, leading to lower energy
consumption.
@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 6
Energy Auditing ………………
3. Environmental Impact: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact by improving energy use
and adopting sustainable practices.
4. Operational Performance: Improve equipment performance, reliability, and lifespan through targeted
energy-saving measures.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure compliance with energy regulations and standards by addressing
inefficiencies and implementing best practices.
Case Study: Energy Audit in a Manufacturing Facility
Background: MATLAB Manufacturing, a mid-sized industrial facility, was experiencing high energy costs and
sought to improve its energy efficiency through an energy audit.
Audit Process
1. Preparation: Defined audit objectives and collected utility bills, equipment specifications, and operational
data.
2. Site Assessment: Conducted a walkthrough inspection and collected data using energy meters and sensors.
3. Analysis: Analyzed energy consumption data and identified major inefficiencies, including outdated lighting
systems, inefficient HVAC equipment, and excessive heat losses from steam pipes.
4. Recommendations: Proposed upgrades to LED lighting, installation of energy-efficient HVAC systems, repair
of steam pipe insulation, and optimization of compressed air systems.
@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 7
Energy Auditing ………………
Reporting: Prepared a detailed report with cost estimates, potential savings, and implementation
recommendations.
Results
• Energy Savings: Achieved a 20% reduction in overall energy consumption, translating to annual savings of
$150,000.
• ROI: Demonstrated a payback period of 2.5 years for the recommended measures, with a positive return on
investment.
• Environmental Impact: Reduced greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 800 metric tons annually.
Conclusion: The energy audit provided valuable insights into energy use and helped MATLAB Manufacturing
implement effective energy-saving measures. The process led to substantial cost savings, improved energy
efficiency, and a positive environmental impact.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 8

B. Energy Monitoring
Energy monitoring is a critical component of energy management, enabling organizations to track, analyze, and
optimize their energy use within a facility or organization. It involves the collection of data on energy
consumption to identify patterns, inefficiencies, and opportunities for improvement. By implementing effective
monitoring systems, organizations can identify inefficiencies, reduce costs, and achieve energy performance
goals and improve overall energy performance. The process involves setting up monitoring equipment, collecting
and analyzing data, and making informed decisions based on insights gained. Real-world examples, such as the
case study of ABC Corp, demonstrate the tangible benefits of energy monitoring in various sectors.
1. Objectives of Energy Monitoring
Identify Inefficiencies: Detect areas of high energy consumption and inefficiencies within systems and
processes.
Optimize Energy Use: Implement strategies to optimize energy consumption and reduce waste.
Track Performance: Monitor energy performance over time to assess the impact of energy-saving measures
and track progress towards energy goals.
Cost Reduction: Identify opportunities to lower energy costs by reducing unnecessary consumption and
improving operational practices.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensure adherence to energy regulations and standards by monitoring and reporting
energy use.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 9

Energy Monitoring…………………….
2. Key Components of Energy Monitoring
a. Energy Meters and Sensors
Electricity Meters: Measure electrical energy consumption, often with capabilities for real-time monitoring
and data logging.
Gas Meters: Track gas consumption, providing data for both total usage and flow rates.
Water Meters: Measure water consumption, which can be relevant for energy audits involving water heating
or cooling systems.
Temperature Sensors: Monitor temperature in various parts of a facility to assess the efficiency of HVAC
systems and insulation.
b. Data Collection Systems:
Energy Management Systems (EMS): Software platforms that aggregate data from various meters and
sensors, providing real-time insights and historical analysis.
Building Management Systems (BMS): Integrated systems that control and monitor building operations,
including lighting, HVAC, and other energy-consuming systems.
c. Data Analysis Tools
Energy Dashboards: Visual interfaces that display real-time and historical energy data, allowing users to quickly identify
trends and anomalies.
@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 10
Energy Monitoring……………….
Analytics Software: Tools for in-depth analysis of energy data, including performance benchmarking, load
profiling, and energy forecasting.
3. Process of Energy Monitoring
a. Setup and Calibration
Install Meters and Sensors: Deploy appropriate meters and sensors to monitor energy consumption across
different systems and processes.
Calibrate Equipment: Ensure that all monitoring equipment is accurately calibrated for precise data
collection.
b. Data Collection
Real-Time Monitoring: Continuously collect data on energy usage, load profiles, and system performance.
Data Logging: Store data over time for historical analysis and trend identification.
c. Data Analysis
Identify Patterns: Analyze data to identify patterns in energy use, such as peak demand periods and seasonal
variations.
Detect Anomalies: Spot deviations from normal energy use that may indicate inefficiencies or equipment
malfunctions.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 11

Energy Monitoring……………..
d. Reporting and Visualization
Generate Reports: Create regular reports summarizing energy consumption, performance metrics, and cost
implications.
Visualize Data: Use charts, graphs, and dashboards to present data in an easily interpretable format for
stakeholders.
e. Decision-Making
Actionable Insights: Use analysis results to make informed decisions about energy management strategies,
equipment upgrades, and process improvements.
Set Targets: Establish energy reduction targets based on monitoring data and track progress towards these
goals.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 12

Energy Monitoring…………………………..
4. Benefits of Energy Monitoring
Enhanced Efficiency: Identify and address inefficiencies in energy use, leading to improved operational
efficiency and reduced energy waste.
Cost Savings: Lower energy costs by optimizing energy use and implementing energy-saving measures based
on monitoring insights.
Performance Tracking: Monitor the effectiveness of energy-saving initiatives and adjust strategies as
needed to achieve desired outcomes.
Proactive Maintenance: Detect early signs of equipment issues or system malfunctions, enabling timely
maintenance and reducing downtime.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensure compliance with energy regulations and standards by maintaining accurate
records of energy use and performance.
5. Examples of Energy Monitoring Applications
a. Industrial Facilities
Manufacturing Plants: Monitor energy use of production lines, HVAC systems, and lighting to identify
opportunities for process optimization and cost reduction.
Data Centers: Track energy consumption of servers, cooling systems, and power supplies to manage
efficiency and reduce operational costs.
@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 13
Energy Monitoring……………..
b. Commercial Buildings
Office Buildings: Use energy monitoring to manage lighting, HVAC, and other systems, optimizing energy use
and enhancing building performance.
Retail Stores: Monitor energy use of refrigeration, lighting, and heating systems to identify savings
opportunities and improve store operations.
c. Residential Buildings
Smart Homes: Implement energy monitoring systems to track household energy use, optimize heating and
cooling, and reduce utility bills.
Multi-Family Dwellings: Monitor energy consumption across multiple units to identify patterns and implement
energy-saving measures.

6. Case Study: Energy Monitoring in a Commercial Building

Background:
ABC Corp, a commercial office building, faced rising energy costs and sought to improve its energy
performance. The company decided to implement an energy monitoring system to gain insights into its energy
use and identify areas for improvement.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 14

Energy Monitoring ..................
Implementation:
System Installation: Deployed energy meters for electricity, HVAC systems, and lighting. Installed
temperature sensors in key areas of the building.
Data Collection: Collected real-time data on energy consumption, temperature, and system performance.
Analysis: Identified high energy use in lighting during off-hours and inefficiencies in HVAC systems.
Recommendations: Suggested upgrading to energy-efficient lighting, installing programmable thermostats,
and optimizing HVAC operations.
Results:
Energy Savings: Reduced lighting energy consumption by 18% and HVAC energy use by 12%.
Cost Reduction: Achieved annual savings of $45,000.
Improved Comfort: Enhanced building comfort by optimizing temperature control and reducing energy
fluctuations.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 15

Energy Monitoring ………………………….
b. Commercial Buildings
Office Buildings: Use energy monitoring to manage lighting, HVAC, and other systems, optimizing energy use
and enhancing building performance.
Retail Stores: Monitor energy use of refrigeration, lighting, and heating systems to identify savings
opportunities and improve store operations.
c. Residential Buildings
Smart Homes: Implement energy monitoring systems to track household energy use, optimize heating and
cooling, and reduce utility bills.
Multi-Family Dwellings: Monitor energy consumption across multiple units to identify patterns and implement
energy-saving measures.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 16

Energy Monitoring
6. Case Study: Energy Monitoring in a Commercial Building
Background:
ABC Corp, a commercial office building, faced rising energy costs and sought to improve its energy performance. The company
decided to implement an energy monitoring system to gain insights into its energy use and identify areas for improvement.
Implementation:
System Installation: Deployed energy meters for electricity, HVAC systems, and lighting. Installed temperature sensors in
key areas of the building.
Data Collection: Collected real-time data on energy consumption, temperature, and system performance.
Analysis: Identified high energy use in lighting during off-hours and inefficiencies in HVAC systems.
Recommendations: Suggested upgrading to energy-efficient lighting, installing programmable thermostats, and optimizing
HVAC operations.
Results:
Energy Savings: Reduced lighting energy consumption by 18% and HVAC energy use by 12%.
Cost Reduction: Achieved annual savings of $45,000.
Improved Comfort: Enhanced building comfort by optimizing temperature control and reducing energy fluctuations.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 17

C. Energy Targets
Energy targeting is the process of setting specific, measurable goals for reducing energy consumption and improving energy
efficiency. It involves analyzing energy use data to establish performance benchmarks and identify areas where energy
savings can be achieved. Effective energy targeting helps organizations focus their efforts on high-impact areas, track
progress, and achieve significant improvements in energy efficiency.
1. Objectives of Energy Targeting
1. Achieve Efficiency Goals: Set clear objectives for reducing energy consumption and improving efficiency based on
historical data and performance benchmarks.
2. Prioritize Actions: Identify and prioritize energy-saving measures that will have the greatest impact on overall energy use
and cost.
3. Track Progress: Monitor progress towards energy reduction targets and make adjustments as needed to stay on track.
4. Enhance Accountability: Assign responsibility and accountability for achieving energy targets within the organization.
5. Drive Continuous Improvement: Foster a culture of continuous improvement by regularly reviewing and updating energy
targets.
2. Steps in Energy Targeting
a. Data Collection and Analysis
• Gather Energy Data: Collect historical energy consumption data from utility bills, energy meters, and monitoring systems.
• Analyze Consumption Patterns: Evaluate energy use patterns to identify trends, peak demand periods, and areas of high
consumption.
@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 18
• Benchmark Performance: Compare energy performance against industry standards, best practices, and similar facilities
to identify opportunities for improvement.
b. Setting Targets
• Baseline Measurement: Establish a baseline for current energy consumption to measure progress and performance.
• Define Objectives: Set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) energy targets based on the
analysis of energy data and performance benchmarks.
o Example Target: Reduce overall energy consumption by 15% over the next three years.
• Align with Goals: Ensure that energy targets align with broader organizational goals, such as cost reduction,
sustainability, or regulatory compliance.
c. Developing Action Plans
• Identify Measures: Determine specific energy-saving measures and initiatives that will help achieve the set targets.
These may include equipment upgrades, process improvements, or behavioral changes.
• Allocate Resources: Assign necessary resources, including budget, personnel, and technology, to support the
implementation of energy-saving measures.
• Set Milestones: Define interim milestones and deadlines for achieving specific targets to track progress and ensure
timely implementation.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 19

Energy Targets………………
d. Implementing Measures
• Execute Action Plans: Implement the identified energy-saving measures according to the developed action plans.
• Monitor Implementation: Track the progress of implementation to ensure that measures are executed as planned and
within budget.
e. Monitoring and Review
• Track Performance: Continuously monitor energy consumption and compare it against the established targets to assess
progress.
• Review Results: Regularly review performance data to determine if targets are being met and identify any deviations or
issues.
• Adjust Targets: Make adjustments to targets or action plans as needed based on performance reviews and evolving
organizational goals.
f. Reporting and Communication
• Report Progress: Provide regular updates on progress towards energy targets to stakeholders, including management and
staff.
• Communicate Successes: Highlight achievements and successes to reinforce the importance of energy efficiency and
motivate continued efforts.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 20

3. Benefits of Energy Targeting
1. Focused Efforts: Direct resources and efforts towards areas with the greatest potential for energy savings.
2. Improved Efficiency: Achieve significant improvements in energy efficiency and reduce overall energy consumption.
3. Cost Savings: Lower energy bills and operational costs by implementing effective energy-saving measures.
4. Enhanced Performance: Drive performance improvements and foster a culture of continuous energy management.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Meet regulatory requirements and sustainability goals by setting and achieving energy
targets.
4. Examples of Energy Targeting
a. Industrial Sector:
• Manufacturing Facility: Set a target to reduce energy consumption by 20% over five years by upgrading to energy-
efficient machinery, optimizing production processes, and implementing energy-saving practices.
b. Commercial Sector:
• Office Building: Aim to reduce energy use by 15% over three years by installing LED lighting, upgrading HVAC systems,
and implementing building management systems (BMS) to optimize energy use.
c. Residential Sector:
• Smart Home: Set a target to lower energy bills by 10% within one year by using energy-efficient appliances, improving
insulation, and implementing smart home technologies for better energy management.

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 21

5. Case Study: Energy Targeting in a Retail Store
Background: MATLAB Retail, a chain of retail stores, sought to improve its energy efficiency and reduce operational costs.
The company decided to set specific energy targets and develop an action plan to achieve them.
Implementation:
1. Data Collection: Analyzed historical energy consumption data and identified high-energy-use areas, including lighting and
refrigeration systems.
2. Setting Targets: Set a target to reduce overall energy consumption by 12% over the next two years.
3. Action Plan: Developed an action plan including:
o Upgrading to LED lighting in all stores.
o Implementing energy-efficient refrigeration systems.
o Installing programmable thermostats and energy management systems.
4. Execution: Rolled out the upgrades and systems across all retail locations according to the action plan.
Results:
• Energy Savings: Achieved a 14% reduction in overall energy consumption, exceeding the initial target.
• Cost Reduction: Realized annual savings of $200,000 from reduced energy bills.
• Environmental Impact: Reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 1,000 metric tons annually.
Conclusion: Energy targeting enabled MATLAB Retail to significantly improve its energy efficiency, achieve cost savings, and
contribute to environmental sustainability. The success of the energy-targeting initiative underscored the importance of
setting clear goals and implementing effective measures to achieve them.
@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 22
END

@KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY 2024 23