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Bio 121 Le2 Notes

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13 views

Bio 121 Le2 Notes

Uploaded by

Jeff Herrera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cellular Respiration

Photoassimilates: oxidized by aerobic organisms for ATP and C

Stages:

1. Glycolysis

2. Citric acid cycle

3. Respiratory ETC*

O is the terminal e- acceptor*

Respiratory quotient: used to determine substrate

· CO2 evolved/ O2 consumed

Starch Mobilization

Path/Enzyme : Product

hydrolytic : glucose

phosphorolytic : hexose phosphates

a-amylase: breakdown of amyl-anything

B-amylase: also cleaves starch

disaccharide maltose common product w/ gluc and limit dextrans

limit dextrinase: cleaves amylopectin a-1>6

a-glucosidase: maltose into 2 glu

starch phosphorylase: catalyst

inorganic phosphate high dictates starch degradation

products to cytosol

glucose: by hexose transporter

gluc-1-phosphate: into triose phosphate/by phosphate transporter


Fructan Mobilization

in vacuole by fructan exohydrolase

hydrolysis by vacuolar invertase

Glycolysis (NET ATP: 2 ATP PER HEXOSE)

in cytosol and plastid

2 reacts:

hexose > triose-P

Triose-P > pyruvate

Hexose phosophorylation by ATP, ultimately fruc-1,6-bisphos

· fruc-1,6-bisphos into 2 triose-P

triose phosphates: DHAP and G-3-P*

*into pyruvate

energy yield: (reducing potential) NADH/G-3-P and (sub phosphorylation) 2 ATP/G-3-P

Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Path (NADPH, PENTOSE-P, ERYTHROSE-4-P)

Glu-6-Phosphate initial to NADPH by 6-phosphogluconate

CO2 group removal: ribulose-5-phosphate and NADPH

both form G-3-P and Fruc-6-P to Glycolysis

Stages:

4. Glycolysis

5. Citric acid cycle

6. Respiratory ETC*

What happens to pyruvate?

mitochondria CAC if O2 OK
Fermentation otherwise

Fermentation Paths (NAD+ for C metabolism):

LDH : Lactate

ADH : Ethanol* + CO2

*consumes NADH

Citric Acid Cycle (NADH & FADH2)

pyruvate dehydrogenase: acetate* and CO2, NADH

*linked to CoA

citrate synthase: unlinks acetyl-CoA-oxaloacetate complex, CoA release

citrate form into isocitrate then decarboxylated (2 NADH)

CAC Steps:

7. 4C molecule (acetate) to CoA

8. Succinyl-CoA to succinate (ATP)

9. Oxaloacetate regen from succinate (NADH and FADH2)

10. 2nd turn completes oxidation of a hexose

Stages:

11. Glycolysis

12. Citric acid cycle

13. Respiratory ETC*

ETC

e- flow through Complexes:

e- from NADH & FADH2

I- NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase + flavin mononucleotide (3H+)*

*against ecg
ubiquinone pool

II- succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase

III- cytochrome c reductase (4H+) ENERGY UP!

cyto-c transfers e-

IV-cytochrome c oxidase (2H+)

proton motive force (PMF) generated is released by ATP synthase

used to make ATP

Adenine Nucleotide Transporter: ATP-to-ADP exchange facilitator

Alternative ETC

Dehydrogenase path: fewer ATP

Rotenone-insensitive Dehydrogenase (NADH oxidation to ATP)

Cyanide-resistant Respiration (ubiquinone oxidoreductase stand-in)

if cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited

Seed Oil (trigly into sucrose)

in glyoxysome, mitochondria, cytosol

isocitrate lyase & malate synthase (unique)

C Skeleton

Anaplerotic pathway (oxaloacetate replacement by malate transpo)

NAD-malic enzyme (malate to pyruvate)

Light Dependent Reactions

Happens in thylakoid membranes (in eukaryotes):

14. PSII-P680 (oxidant)

15. Plastoquinone

16. cytochrome b6F complex


17. Plastocyanin

18. PSI-P700* (reductant)

19. ATP synthase

aka Z scheme

*independent of PSII, but will not release O or NADPH

Electrical and H+ gradient driven

PSII is in appressed

PSI is unappressed

Q-cycle

PQH2 two protons to lumen, one e- to PC

PQ returns to PSII

PQH2 repeats step 1

PQ 2e-, and 2H+ regenerates PQH2, cycles


Carbon-Fixing Reactions (Light Independent)

Calvin-Benson Cycle

In stroma

3CO2:1GAP

Rubisco (crucial catalyst)

carboxylates RuBP > 2 3-PGA

oxygenates RuBP > 1 3-PGA and 1 2-PG*

*photorespiration recovers carbon from this

does not discriminate well between O2 AND CO2

Is stored in huge amounts due to inefficiency

Is heat labile (limited at high temp)

RuBP vs Stages of Calvin-Benson


Steady state (3C in and out) : RuBP constant

Capacity building (Carbon into RuBP) : RuBP up

Capacity declining (C removed faster than replenished) : RuBP down

PEPC-based Carboxylation

C4- spatially separates carboxylases, avoids photorespiration

CAM - temporaly separates carboxylases, conserves water (stomata opens night) + avoids pr

Secondary Metabolism

Terpene (for viscosity and stability)

from isoprene
active isoprene + isomer of the first

Mevalonic Acid Pathway

Types:

20. Terpenoid

· pyrethroids - insect toxin from chrysanthemum

· essential oils

· volatile organic carbon

21. Steroids and Sterol (cyclic terpenoid <30C)

22. Polyterpene (>40C)

latex in laticifers

Glycosides (Herbivory deterrents)

Types:

Saponin

Cardiac Glycosides/Cardenolides

Cyanogenic Glycosides

Glucosinolates

Phenylpropanoid (phenol derivative)

made by shikimic acid pathway

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