CLASS – VIlI

SCIENCE
GIST--CHAPTER- REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
Reproduction is essential for the continuation of a
species.
There are two modes of reproduction:
1. Sexual reproduction
2. Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction that occurs
without the fusion of gametes and doesn’t involve the
exchange of genetic information, resulting in offsprings
identical to their parents. Asexual reproduction mostly
occurs in primitive living beings like bacteria, fungi, and
primitive plants.
Sexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction involving a
complex life cycle where the formation of new organisms
occurs by union of gametes usually from two different
individuals of two different types (sexes) resulting in the
combination of genetic information.
Sexual reproduction is common in higher organisms like
multicellular animals, some fungi, and plants.
 Male reproductive system

PARTS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Front view)

• TESTES: The formation of germ-cells or sperms takes

place in the testes. These are located outside the abdominal
cavity in scrotum because sperm formation requires a lower
temperature than the normal body temperature. The testes
also secrete the hormone, Testosterone. In addition to
regulating the formation of sperms, testosterone brings
about changes in appearance seen in boys at the time of
puberty.
• VAS DEFERENS: The sperms formed are delivered
through the vas deferens which unites with a tube coming
from the urinary bladder.
• URETHRA: The urethra forms a common passage for both
the sperms and urine.
 • ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS: Along the
path of the vas deferens, glands like the prostate and the
seminal vesicles add their secretions so that the sperms are
now in a fluid which makes their transport easier and this
fluid also provides nutrition.

PARTS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (SIDE VIEW)

The testes produce male gametes called sperm.

The structure of the human sperm consists of :
A head: The head consists of primarily the nucleus with a
little bit of cytoplasm.
The middle piece: It is the middle portion of the sperm that
has spirally arranged mitochondria providing energy for
movement.
The tail: The tail is a flagellum which helps in swimming
movement of the sperm. It derives energy for movement
from the mitochondria.
Female reproductive system

STRUCTURE OF THE
FEMALEREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
OVARY: There are two ovaries present one on either
side of the uterus. It produces the egg.
FALLOPIAN TUBE(OVIDUCTS): The fallopian
tubes carry the egg from the ovaries. This is where
fertilization occurs.
UTERUS: The uterus is a muscular triangular structure
inside which the zygote develops. Its wall is made up of
muscles known as myometrium. A temporary layer of blood
vessels and connective tissue develops every month inside
the myometrium. This is known as the endometrium. The
uterus ends in the cervix.
 VAGINA: The cervix of the uterus opens into a
muscular tube known as the vagina. This is where sperms
are discharged.
VULVA: The external genitalia is known as the
vulva.
Conventionally, the motile germ cell is called the male
gamete.
The germ-cell containing the stored food is called the
female gamete.
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION_________________
THE MODE OF REPRODUCTION WHERE TWO
ORGANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN PRODUCING AN
OFFSPRING.
FERTILISATION
✓ In case of animals sperm from the male unites with the
egg from the female to form a zygote

✓ This union is called fertilization. The cells taking part

in fertilization are called gametes.
✓ The zygote gives rise to a multicellular organism by
repeated cell division.
Ovulation
❖ When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain thousands of
immature eggs. On reaching puberty, some of these start
maturing. One egg is produced every month by one of the
ovaries.
❖ The process of release of the immature egg or ova from the
ovary is known as ovulation.
❖ The egg is picked up by the fimbrae of the Fallopian tube and
directed into the Fallopian tube.
❖ The egg travels through the Fallopian tube and waits for the
sperm in the Fallopian tube.
❖ The egg can survive for 2 to 5 days in the Fallopian tube.

Fertilization in human beings

Sperm is discharged into the vaginal tract during coitus.
These sperms travel through the vagina and enter the uterus
through the cervix.
 From the uterus they travel to the Fallopian tubes in one
of which the egg is present.
During this process of transfer a number of sperms are
killed and only one finally meets and unites with the
egg.
Fertilization
1. Firstly, reproduction in animals begins when the sperm
fuses with an ovum. This process is called Fertilization.
2. The nuclei of the sperm and egg combine together and
form a single nucleus.
As a result, the zygote is formed.
3. Since the zygote is formed with the fusion of male and
female gametes the new individual possesses the
characteristics of both the parents.

Development of Embryo
The zygote divides repeatedly to give rise to a ball (mass) of
cells. The cells then begin to differentiate into various tissues.
This developing structure is called an embryo.
The embryo gets implanted within the wall of the uterus, i.e.,
endometrium for further development.
The stage of the embryo in which all the body parts are
identifiable is called a foetus.

TEST TUBE BABY

In some women, the oviducts are blocked and hence they are
unable to hold the eggs. This means that these women are not
able to bear babies because of blocked oviducts as sperms
cannot reach the egg for fertilisation. However, due to the
process of In Vitro Fertilization or IVF, the freshly released
eggs of females and the male sperms can be fertilized
externally, by keeping them together for few hours.
In this technique freshly released egg and sperms are put
together for a few hours.
In case fertilisation occurs, the zygote thus formed is allowed
to develop for a week outside the female body in safe
conditions and is then placed in the woman's uterus.
Complete development takes place in the uterus and the baby
is born like any other normal baby.
In this way, these women can bear babies.
The babies that are born with this IVF process are called Test
Tube Babies.
The term test tube baby is misleading because babies cannot
grow in test tubes.

Internal fertilization External fertilization

The fertilization process The fertilization process
takes place inside the takes place outside the
female body body of the females.
Less number of eggs are A large number of eggs are
produced by such produced by such
females as there are females as the chances of
high chances of the survival of the offspring
survival of the are very low.
offspring.
For Example, Cows, For Example, Aquatic
Human beings and animals like fishes and
hens undergo internal amphibians like frogs
fertilization. undergo external
fertilization.

Viviparous and Oviparous Animals

The animals which give birth to young ones are called
viviparous animals. Those animals which lay eggs are called
oviparous animals.
Turning into adults from young ones
As individuals are born, they continue to grow until they
turn into adults.
The young ones may or may not look like the same when
they become adults. For instance, in the case of frogs and
silkworms, the adults and young ones are completely
different.
The process in which the young ones undergo drastic changes
as they develop into an adult is called Metamorphosis.
Human beings do not undergo metamorphosis. This is
because their body parts remain the same from the
childhood to adulthood.
 Life cycle of a frog
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Budding

A bud starts as an outgrowth on the parent body.

As this bud grows, it becomes a new individual
organism.
In some organisms, the buds remain attached to the
parent’s body (example: yeast)
In some organisms, it detaches from the parent body
and develops into a complete mature individual
(Hydra).
This type of reproduction is called budding.
Binary fission
It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single-celled
organism divides into two.
Division of nucleus is followed by division of other cell
organelles in the cytoplasm and finally the cytoplasm.
Thus, two cells are produced from one parent cell.
Example: Amoeba.
Amoeba reproduces by binary fission, which is dividing
into two cells.

Cloning
◾ Cloning is the production of an exact copy of an animal
by means of asexual reproduction. Any two animals
which contain exactly the same genes are called
genetically identical.
◾ An animal which is genetically identical to its parents is
called clone.
Cloning was successfully performed for the 1st time by
Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute
in Edinburg, Scotland.
They successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly [1st
cloned mammal.