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Euclid Geometry - Short Notes (Mathematics)

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24 views

Euclid Geometry - Short Notes (Mathematics)

notes

Uploaded by

aalekh0304
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLASS 9th

MATHEMATICS

Short Note
Chapter 5 − Euclid Geometery
Euclid’s Definitions:
1. A point is that which has no part.
2. A line is breadthless length.
3. The ends of a line are points.
4. A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself.
5. A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
6. The edges of a surface are lines.
7. A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight lines on itself.

Euclid’s Axioms and Postulates:


• Euclid assumed some properties which were not be proved. These assumptions are actually ‘obvious
universal truth’.
• He divided obvious universal truth in two types: Axioms and postulates.
• Common notions (Axioms) are assumptions used throughout mathematics and not specifically linked to
geometry.
• The assumptions which are specific to geometry are called Postulates.

Euclid’s Axioms:
1. Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.

2. If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.

3. If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.

4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.

5. The whole is greater than the part.

6. Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.

7. Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another.
Euclid’s five Postulates:
Postulate 1: A straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other point.
Axiom 5.1: Given two distinct points, there is a unique line that passes through them.

Postulate 2: A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.

Postulate 3: A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius.

Postulate 4: All right angles are equal to one another.

Postulate 5: If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it taken together
less than two right angles, then the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which the sum of
angles is less than two right angles.
For example, the line PQ in Figure falls on lines AB and CD such that the sum of the interior angles 1 and 2 is less
than 180° on the left side of PQ. Therefore, the lines AB and CD will eventually intersect on the left side of PQ.

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