2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

EXERCISE 2-1
y y

5 10
2. 4.

x x
–5 5 –5 5

–5 –10

y y

5 12
6. 8.

x x
–50 50 –12 12

–5 –12

10. The table specifies a function, since for each domain value there
corresponds one and only one range value.
12. The table does not specify a function, since more than one range
value corresponds to a given domain value.
(Range values 1, 2 correspond to domain value 9.)
14. This is a function.
16. The graph specifies a function; each vertical line in the plane
intersects the graph in at most one point.
18. The graph does not specify a function. There are vertical lines
which intersect the graph in more than one point. For example, the
y-axis intersects the graph in two points.
20. The graph does not specify a function.
22. y = π is a constant function.

18 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

 1
24. y = 5x - (4 – x)
2
1
= 5x – 2 + x
2
= 5.5x – 2 which is a linear function.
!
1
26. y = 3x + (5 – 6x)
! 2
5
= 3x + - 3x
2
5
=! which is a constant function.
2
! 1
28. y = . It is neither constant nor linear.
2x + 3
!
30. y = x2 – 9. It is neither constant nor linear.
y y
!
5 10
34. 36.

x x
–5 5 –5 5

–5 –10

y y

50 6
38. 40.

x x
–5 5 –6 6

–50 –6

3x2
42. f(x) = . Since the denominator is bigger than 1, we note that
x2 + 2
the values of f are between 0 and 3. Furthermore, the function f has
the property that f(-x) = f(x). So, adding points x = 3, x = 4,
x = 5, we have:
xx -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 2.78 2.67 2.45 2 1 0 1 2 2.45 2.67 2.78

EXERCISE 2-1 19
 5

The sketch is:

–5 5

–5

44. (A) x 0 5 10 15 20
f(x) 0 750 1,000 750 0
g(x) 200 450 700 950 1,200
f(x) - g(x) -200 300 300 -200 -1,200
y y = g(x)
(B)
1000

y = f(x)
500

x
5 10 15

–500

y = f(x) - g(x)
–1000

46. y = f(4) = 0 48. y = f(-2) = 3

50. f(x) = 3, x < 0 at x = -4, -2 52. f(x) = 4 at x = 5

54. f(x) = 2x - 3 56. g(x) = x2 + 2x

f(1) = 2(1) - 3 = -1 g(1) = (1)2 + 2(1) = 3

58. g(-2) = (-2)2 + 2(-2) = 0

60. f(3) - g(3) = [2(3) - 3] - [(3)2 + 2(3)] = -12

62. g(0)·f(-2) = [(0)2 - 2(0)]·[2(-2) - 3] = 0

g(!3) (!3)2 + 2(!3) 3

64. = = = 3
f(2) 2(2) ! 3 1

66. domain: all real numbers or (-∞, ∞)

68. domain: all real numbers except 2

72. f is not defined at the values of x where x2 - 9 = 0, that is, at 3

0
and -3; f is defined at x = -2, f(-2) = = 0.
!5

20 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

74. f(x) = -3x + 4 76. F(x) = -8x3 + 3 3
78. Function g multiplies the domain element by -2 and adds 7 to the
result.
!
80. Function G multiplies the square root of the domain element by 4 and
subtracts the square of the domain element from the result.

82. Given 3y - 7x = 15. Solving for y, we have:

3y = 7x + 15
7
y = x + 5
3
Since each input value x determines a unique output value y, the
equation specifies a function. The domain is R, the set of real
numbers.

84. Given x - y2 = 1. Solving for y, we have:

y2 = x - 1
y = ± x "1
This equation does not specify a function, since each value of x,
x > 1, determines two values of y. For example, corresponding to
x = 5, we have y = 2 and y = -2; corresponding to x = 10, we have
y != 3 and y = -3.

86. Given x2 + y = 10. Solving for y, we have:

y = 10 - x2
This equation specifies a function. The domain is R.

88. Given xy + y - x = 5. Solving for y, we have:

x + 5
(x + 1)y = x + 5 or y = x + 1
This equation specifies a function. The domain is all real numbers
except x = -1.

90. Given x2 - y2 = 16. Solving for y, we have:

y = x - 16 or y = ± x 2 " 16
2 2
Thus, the equation does not specify a function since, for x = 5, we
have y = ±3, when x = 6, y = ±2 5 , and so on.

92. Given G(r) = 3 - 5r.! Then:

G(2 + h) - G(2) 3 - 5(2! + h) - (3 - 5 · 2)
h = h
-7 - 5h + 7 -5h
= h = h = -5

EXERCISE 2-1 21
 94. Given P(x) = 2x2 - 3x - 7. Then:
P(3 + h) - P(3) 2(3 + h)2 - 3(3 + h) - 7 - (2·32 - 3·3 - 7)
h = h
2(9 + 6h + h2) - 9 - 3h - 7 - (2)
= h
2h2 + 9h
= h = 2h + 9

96. f(x) = x2 – 1
f(-3) = (-3)2 – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
98. f(x) = x2 – 1
f(3 – 6) = f(-3) = (-3)2 – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
100. f(x) = x2 – 1
f(3) – f(6) = [(3)2 – 1] – [(6)2 – 1] = 9 – 1 – 36 + 1 = -27
102. f(x) = x2 – 1
f(f(-2)) = f((-2)2 – 1) = f(4 – 1) = f(3) = (3)2 – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
104. f(x) = x2 – 1
f(-3x) = (-3x)2 – 1 = 9x2 – 1
106. f(x) = x2 – 1
f(1 – x) = (1 – x)2 – 1 = 1 – 2x + x2 – 1 = -2x + x2 = x(x - 2)
108. (A) f(x) = -3x + 9 (B) f(x + h) = -3x - 3h + 9
f(x + h) ! f(x)
(C) f(x + h) - f(x) = -3h (D) = -3
h
110. (A) f(x) = 3x2 + 5x - 8 (B) f(x + h) = 3x2 + 6xh + 3h2 + 5x + 5h - 8
(C) f(x + h) - f(x) = 6xh + 3h2 + 5h
f(x + h) ! f(x)
(D) = 6x + 3h + 5
h
112. (A) f(x) = x(x + 40) = x2 + 40x
(B) f(x + h) = x2 + 2xh + h2 + 40x + 40h
f(x + h) ! f(x)
(C) f(x + h) - f(x) = 2xh + h2 + 40h (D) = 2x + h + 40
h
114. Given A = lw = 81.
81 " 81% 162
Thus, w = . Now P = 2l + 2w = 2l + 2 $ ' = 2l + .
l # l & l
The domain is l > 0.

! P = 2l + 2w = 160 or l + w !
116. Given = 80 and l =! 80 - w.
Now A = lw = (80 - w)w and A = 80w - w2 .
The domain is 0 ≤ w ≤ 80. [Note: w ≤ 80 since w > 80 implies l < 0.]

22 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

 p

118. $2,000

1,000
p(11) = 1,340 dollars per computer
p(18) = 920 dollars per computer
x
5 10 15 20 25

120. (A) R(x) = xp(x)

= x(2,000 - 60x) thousands of dollars
Domain: 1 ≤ x ≤ 25
R
(B) Table 11 Revenue (C) (C)
x(thousands) R(x)(thousands) $15,000
1 $1,940
5 8,500 10,000
10 14,000
15 16,500 5,000
20 16,000
25 12,500 x
5 10 15 20 25

122. (A) P(x) = R(x) - C(x)

= x(2,000 - 60x) - (4,000 + 500x) thousand dollars
= 1,500x - 60x2 - 4,000
Domain: 1 ≤ x ≤ 25
(C) P
(B) Table 13 Profit (C) $5,000
x(thousands) P(x)(thousands)
1 -$2,560
5 2,000
x
10 5,000 5 10 15 20 25
15 5,000
20 2,000
25 -4,000 –5,000

124. (A) 1.2 inches (C) x = 1.23 to two decimal

places
(B) Evaluate the volume
function for x = 1.21,
1.22, …, and choose the
value of x whose volume is
closest to 65.

EXERCISE 2-1 23
126. (A) V(x) = x2 (108 - 4x) (D)

(B) 0 ≤ x ≤ 27
(C) Table 15 Volume
x V(x)
5 2,200
10 6,800
15 10,800
20 11,200
25 5,000

128. (A) Given 5v - 2s = 1.4. Solving for v, we have:

v = 0.4s + 0.28.
If s = 0.51, then v = 0.4(0.51) + 0.28 = 0.484 or 48.4%.
(B) Solving the equation for s, we have:
s = 2.5v - 0.7.
If v = 0.51, then s = 2.5(0.51) - 0.7 = 0.575 or 57.5%.
EXERCISE 2-2
2. g(x) = -0.3x
Domain: all real numbers; range: all real numbers
4. k(x) = 4 x
Domain: [0, ∞); range: [0, ∞)
6. n(x) = -0.1x2
Domain:
! all real numbers; range: (-∞, 0]
8. S(x) = 5 3 x
Domain: all real numbers; range: all real numbers

10. ! 12. 14.

16. 18. 20.

24 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

22. The graph of h(x) = -|x - 5| 24. The graph of m(x) = (x + 3)2 + 4
is the graph of y = |x|
is the graph of y = x2 shifted 3
reflected in the x axis and
units to the left and 4 units
shifted 5 units to the
up.
right.

26. The graph of g(x) = -6 + 3

x 28. The graph of m(x) = -0.4x2 is the
is the graph of y = 3 x same as the graph of y = x2
shifted 6 units down. reflected in the x axis and
vertically contracted by a factor
!
of 0.4.
!

30. The graph of the basic function y = |x| is shifted 3 units to the
right and 2 units up. y = |x - 3| + 2

32. The graph of the basic function y = |x| is reflected in the x axis,
shifted 2 units to the left and 3 units up. Equation: y = 3 - |x + 2|

34. The graph of the basic function 3 x is reflected in the x axis and
shifted up 2 units. Equation: y = 2 - 3 x

36. The graph of the basic function

! y = x3 is reflected in the x axis,
shifted to the right 3 units and! up 1 unit. Equation: y = 1 - (x - 3)3

EXERCISE 2-2 25
 3
38. g(x) = x + 3 + 2 40. g(x) = -|x - 1| 42. g(x) = 4 - (x + 2)2

x + 1
44. g(x) = !"2 + 2x
#
if
if
x < $1
x % $1
46. h(x) = {y 4010++0.5
2x
x
if
if
0 ! x ! 20
x > 20
g
5 60

40

x
–5 5 20

x
–5 20 40

300
# 4x + 20 if 0 ! x ! 20
48. h(x) = $ 2x + 60 if 20 < x ! 100 250

%" x + 360 if x > 100 200

150
100
50
x
50 100 150 200

50. The graph of the basic function y = x is reflected in the x axis and
vertically expanded by a factor of 2. Equation: y = -2x
52. The graph of the basic function y = |x| is vertically expanded by a
factor of 4. Equation: y = 4|x|
54. The graph of the basic function y = x3 is vertically contracted by a
factor of 0.25. Equation: y = 0.25x3.
56. Vertical shift, reflection in y axis.
Reversing the order does not change the result. Consider a point
(a, b) in the plane. A vertical shift of k units followed by a
reflection in y axis moves (a, b) to (a, b + k) and then to
(-a, b + k). In the reverse order, a reflection in y axis followed
by a vertical shift of k units moves (a, b) to (-a, b) and then to
(-a, b + k). The results are the same.

26 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

58. Vertical shift, vertical expansion.
Reversing the order can change the result. For example, let (a, b)
be a point in the plane. A vertical shift of k units followed by a
vertical expansion of h (h > 1) moves (a, b) to (a, b + k) and then
to (a, bh + kh). In the reverse order, a vertical expansion of h
followed by a vertical shift of k units moves (a, b) to (a, bh) and
then to (a, bh + k); (a, bh + kh) ≠ (a, bh + k).

60. Horizontal shift, vertical contraction.

Reversing the order does not change the result. Consider a point
(a, b) in the plane. A horizontal shift of k units followed by a
vertical contraction of h (0 < h < 1) moves (a, b) to (a + k, b) and
then to (a + k, bh). In the reverse order, a vertical contraction of
h followed by a horizontal shift of k units moves (a, b) to (a, bh)
and then to (a + k, bh). The results are the same.

62. (A) The graph of the basic 64. (A) The graph of the basic
function y = x is function y = x2 is reflected in
vertically expanded by the x axis, vertically
a factor of 4. contracted by a factor of
0.013, and shifted 10 units to
! the right and 190 units up.

(B) (B)

66. (A) Let x = number of kwh used in a winter (B) W

month. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 700, the charge is
100
8.5 + .065x. At x = 700, the charge is
$54. For x > 700, the charge is
54 + .053(x - 700) = 16.9 + 0.053x.
Thus, 50
8.5 + .065x if 0 $ x $ 700
W(x) = !"
#16.9 + 0.053x if x > 700
x
700

EXERCISE 2-2 27
 T
68. (A) Let x = taxable income. (B)
3,000
If 0 ≤ x ≤ 15,000, the tax due is
$.035x. At x = 15,000, the tax due
is $525. For 15,000 < x ≤ 30,00, the 2,000
tax due is 525 + .0625(x - 15,000)
= .0625x - 412.5. For x > 30,000, 1,000
the tax due is
1,462.5 + .0645(x - 30,000)
= .0645x - 472.5. x
30,000
Thus,
#% 0.035x if 0 ' x ' 15, 000
T(x) = $0.0625x " 412.5 if 15, 000 < x ' 30, 000
%&0.0645x " 472.5 if x > 30, 000
(C) T(20,000) = $837.50
T(35,000) = $1,785
70. (A) The
! graph of the basic 72. (A) The graph of the basic
function y = x3 is vertically function y = 3 x is reflected in
expanded by a factor of 463. the x axis and shifted up 10
units.
(B) (B) !

EXERCISE 2-3
2. x2 - 2x - 5 = x2 - 2x + 1 - 6 4. -x2 + 8x - 9 = -(x2 - 8x + 9)
= (x - 1)2 - 6 = -(x2 - 8x + 16 - 7)
= -(x - 4)2 + 7
6. The graph of g(x) is the graph of y = x2 shifted right 1 unit and down
6 units.

8. The graph of n(x) is the graph of y = x2 reflected in the x axis, then

shifted right 4 units and up 7 units.
10. (A) g (B) m (C) n (D) f

28 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

12. (A) x intercepts: -5, -1; y intercept: -5 (B) Vertex: (-3, 4)
(C) Maximum: 4 (D) Range: y ≤ 4 or (-∞, 4]
(E) Increasing interval: x ≤ -3 or (-∞, -3]
(F) Decreasing interval: x ≥ -3 or [-3, ∞)

14. (A) x intercepts: 1, 5; y intercept: 5 (B) Vertex: (3, -4)

(C) Minimum: -4 (D) Range: y ≥ 4 or [-4, ∞)
(E) Increasing interval: x ≥ 3 or [3, ∞)
(F) Decreasing interval: x ≤ 3 or (-∞, 3]

16. g(x) = -(x + 2)2 + 3

(A) x intercepts: -(x + 2)2 + 3 = 0
(x + 2)2 = 3
x + 2= ± 3
x = -2 - 3 , -2 + 3
y intercept: -1
(B) Vertex: (-2, 3) (C) Maximum:
! 3 (D) Range: y ≤ 3 or (-∞, 3]
! !
18. n(x) = (x - 4)2 - 3
(A) x intercepts: (x - 4)2 - 3 = 0
(x - 4)2 = 3
x - 4= ± 3
x = 4 - 3, 4 + 3
y intercept: 13
(B) Vertex: (4, -3) (C) !Minimum: -3 (D) Range: y ≥ -3 or [-3, ∞)
! !
20. y = -(x - 4)2 + 2

22. y = [x - (-3)]2 + 1 or y = (x + 3)2 + 1

24. g(x) = x2 - 6x + 5 = x2 - 6x + 9 - 4 = (x - 3)2 - 4

(A) x intercepts: (x - 3)2 - 4 = 0
(x - 3)2 = 4
x - 3 = ±2
x = 1, 5
y intercept: 5
(B) Vertex: (3, -4) (C) Minimum: -4 (D) Range: y ≥ -4 or [-4, ∞)

EXERCISE 2-3 29
 " 3% # 1&
26. S(x) = -4x2 - 8x - 3 = -4 $x 2 + 2x + ' = -4 %x 2 + 2x + 1 " (
# 4& $ 4'
# 1&
= -4 %(x + 1)2 " ( = -4(x + 1)2 + 1
$ 4'
2
(A) x intercepts: -4(
! x + 1) + 1 = 0!
4(x + 1)2 = 1
1
(x + 1)2 = !
4
1
x + 1= ±
2
3 1
x = - , -
2 2
y intercept: -3
(B) Vertex: (-1, 1) (C) Maximum: 1 (D) Range: y ≤ 1 or (-∞, 1]

28. V(x) = .5x2 + 4x + 10 = .5[x2 + 8x + 20] = .5[x2 + 8x + 16 + 4]

= .5[(x + 4)2 + 4]
= .5(x + 4)2 + 2
(A) x intercepts: none
y intercept: 10
(B) Vertex: (-4, 2) (C) Minimum: 2 (D) Range: y ≥ 2 or [2, ∞)

30. g(x) = -0.6x2 + 3x + 4 (B) g(x) = 5: -0.6x2 + 3x + 4 = 5

(A) g(x) = -2: -0.6x2 + 3x + 4 = -2 -0.6x2 + 3x - 1 = 0
0.6x2 - 3x - 6 = 0 0.6x2 - 3x + 1 = 0
10 10

-10 10 -10 10

-10 -10
x = -1.53, 6.53 x = 0.36, 4.64
(C) g(x) = 8: -0.6x2 + 3x + 4 = 8
-0.6x2 + 3x - 4 = 0
0.6x2 - 3x + 4 = 0
5

-2 6

-1
No solution

30 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

32. Using a graphing utility with y = 100x - 7x2 - 10 and the calculus
option with maximum command, we obtain 347.1429 as the maximum value.
34. The graph is entirely above or below the x axis.

36. m(x) = 0.20x2 - 1.6x - 1 = 0.20(x2 - 8x - 5)

= 0.20[(x - 4)2 - 21]
= 0.20(x - 4)2 - 4.2
(A) x intercepts: 0.20(x - 4)2 - 4.2 = 0
(x - 4)2 = 21
x - 4= ± 21
x= 4 - 21 = -0.6, 4 + 21 = 8.6;
y intercept: -1
(B) Vertex: (4, -4.2) (C) Minimum:
! -4.2
(D) Range: y ≥ -4.2 or [-4.2, ∞)
! !

38. n(x) = -0.15x2 - 0.90x + 3.3

= -0.15(x2 + 6x - 22)
= -0.15[(x + 3)2 - 31]
= -0.15(x + 3)2 + 4.65

(A) x intercepts: -0.15(x + 3)2 + 4.65 = 0

(x + 3)2 = 31
x + 3 = ± 31
x = -3 - 31 = -8.6, -3 + 31
= 2.6;
y intercept: 3.30 !
(B) Vertex: (-3, 4.65) (C) Maximum:!3.30 !
(D) Range: x ≤ 4.65 or (-∞, 4.65]

40. 10 42. 10 44. 10

-10 10 -10 10 -10 10

-10 -10 -10

x = -1.27, 2.77 -0.88 ≤ x ≤ 3.52 x < -1 or x > 2.72

46. f is a quadratic function and max f(x) = f(-3) = -5

Axis: x = -3
Vertex: (-3, -5)
Range: y ≤ -5 or (-∞, -5]
x intercepts: None

EXERCISE 2-3 31
 48. (A)

(B) f(x) = g(x): -0.7x(x - 7) = 0.5x + 3.5

-0.7x2 + 4.4x - 3.5 = 0
"4.4 ± (4.4)2 " (0.7)(3.5)
x = = 0.93, 5.35
"1.4
(C) f(x) > g(x) for 0.93 < x < 5.35
(D) f(x) < g(x) for 0 ≤ x < 0.93 or 5.35 < x ≤ 7
!
50. (A)

(B) f(x) = g(x): -0.7x2 + 6.3x = 1.1x + 4.8

-0.7x2 - 5.2x - 4.8 = 0
0.7x2 + 5.2x + 4.8 = 0
"5.2 ± (5.2)2 " (0.7)(4.8)
x = = 1.08, 6.35
1.4

(C) f(x) > g(x) for 1.08 < x < 6.35

(D) f(x) < g(x) !for 0 ≤ x < 1.08 or 6.35 < x ≤ 9

52. f(x) = x2 and g(x) = -(x - 4)2 are two examples. The vertex of the
graph is on the x axis.

54. f(x) = -0.0206x2 + 0.548x + 16.9

(A) x 0 5 10 15 20 25
Market share 17.2 18.8 20.0 20.7 20.2 17.4
f(x) 16.9 19.1 20.3 20.5 19.6 17.7

32 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

 y

(B)
20

15

10

x
0 5 10 15 20 25
Years since 1980

(C) For 2010, x = 30 and

f(30) = -0.0206(30)2 + 0.548(30) + 16.9 = 14.8%
For 2015, x = 35 and
f(35) = -0.0206(35)2 + 0.548(30) + 16.9 = 10.8%

58. (A) R (B) R(x) = 2,000x - 60x2

16,000 # 100 &
= -60 %x 2 " x(
$ 3 '
12,000
# 100 2500 2500&
8,000 = -60 %x 2 " x + "
$ 3 9 9 ('
4,000 )# 2500,
2
! 50&
x
= -60 +% x " ( " .
5 10 15 20 25 +*$ 3' 9 .-
! # 50& 50, 000
= -60 %x " ( +
$ 3' 3
16.667
! thousand computers( 16,667 computers);
16,666.667 thousand dollars ($16,666,667)
" 50% " 50% ! !
(C) p $ ' = 2,000 - 60 $ ' = $1,000
#3& #3&

60. (A) y (B) R(x) = C(x)

! 16,000 ! C x(2,000 - 60x) = 4,000 + 500x
2,000x - 60x2 = 4,000 + 500x
12,000 R
60x2 - 1,500x + 4,000 = 0
8,000 6x2 - 150x + 400 = 0
4,000 x= 3.035, 21.965
Break-even at 3.035 thousands (3,035)
x
5 10 15 20 25
and 21.965 thousand (21,965)
(C) Loss: 1 ≤ x < 3.035 or 21.965 < x ≤ 25;
Profit: 3.035 < x < 21.965

EXERCISE 2-3 33
 62. (A) P(x) = R(x) - C(x)
= 1,500x - 60x2 - 4,000
y
16,000 C (C) Intercepts and break-even
R
points: 3,035 computers and
12,000
21,965 computers
8,000
(E) Maximum profit is $5,375,000
4,000 when 12,500 computers are
x produced. This is much smaller
5 10 15 20 25 than the maximum revenue of
–4,000 P $16,666,667.

64. (A) Solve: f(x) =1,000(0.04 - x2) = 30 (B) 40

40 - 1000x2 = 30
1000x2 = 10
0 0.2
x2 = 0.01
x = 0.10 cm
0
66.

For x = 2,300, the estimated fuel consumption

is y = a(2,300)2 + b(2,300) + c = 5.6 mpg.

EXERCISE 2-4

2. (A) g (B) f (C) h (D) k

"1%x
4. y = 3x, -3 ≤ x ≤ 3 6. y = $ ' = 3-x, -3 ≤ x ≤ 3
# 3&
x y x y
"3 1 "3 27
27 "1 3
"1 1
3 ! 0 1
1 1
0 1 3
1 3 3 1
3 27 9

! !

34 CHAPTER 1 A BEGINNING LIBRARY OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

 8. g(x) = -3-x, -3 ≤ x ≤ 3 10. y = -ex, -3 ≤ x ≤ 3

x y x y
"3 "27 "3 # "0.05
"1 "3 "1 # "0.4
0 "1 0 # "1
1 " 12 1 # "2.7
3 1
" 27 3 # "20

! !

12. y = 10e0.2x, -10 ≤ x ≤ 10 14. f(t) = 100e-0.1t, -5 ≤ t ≤ 5

x y x y
"10 # 1.4 "5 # 165
"8 # 2.0 "3 # 135
"6 # 3.0 x "1 y# 111
0 10.0 0 100
6 # 33.2 1 # 90
8 # 49.5 3 # 74
10 # 73.9 5 # 60

! !

ex
16. 102x + 3 18. 1" x
= ex-(1-x) = e2x - 1 20. (3e-1.4x)2 = 9e-2.8x
e

22. g(x) = f(x - 2); the graph of g is the graph of f shifted 2 units to
the right.
!
5 5

-5 5 -5 5

-5 -5
f(x) = 2x g(x) = 2x- 2

EXERCISE 2-4 35
 24. g(x) = -f(x); the graph of g is the graph of f reflected in the x
axis.
5 5

-5 5 -5 5

-5 -5
f(x) = 3x g(x) = -3x

26. g(x) = f(x) - 2; the graph of g is the graph of f shifted two units
down.
5 5

-5 5 -5 5

-5 -5
f(x) = e x g(x) = e x - 2

28. g(x) = 0.5f(x - 1); the graph of g is the graph of f vertically

contracted by a factor of 0.5 and shifted to the right 1 unit.
5 5

-5 5 -5 5

-5 -5
f(x) = e -x g(x) = 0.5e-( x -1)

30. (A) (B) (C) (D)

y y y y

5 5 5 5

x x x x
–5 5 –5 5 –5 5 –5 5

–5 –5 –5 –5

36 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

 32. G(t) = 3t/100, -200 ≤ t ≤ 200 34. y = 2 + ex-2, -1 ≤ x ≤ 5
x y x y
"200 1 "1 # 2.0
9 0 # 2.1
"100 1
3 1 # 2.4
0 1 3 # 4.7
100 3 5 # 22.0
200 9

!
!

36. y = e! x , -3 ≤ x ≤ 3 38. M(x) = ex/2 + e-x/2, -5 ≤ x ≤ 5

x y x y
"3 # 0 "5 # 12.2
"1 # 0.4 x y "3 # 4.7
0 1 "1 # 2.3
1 # 0.4 0 2
3 # 0 1 # 2.3
3 # 4.7
5 # 12.2

!
2
40. y = 2-x , -3 ≤ x ≤ 3
!
x h(x)
"3 1
512
"1 1
2
0 1
1 1
2
3 1
512

42. a = 2, b = -2 for example. The exponential function property: For

x ≠ 0, ax = bx if and only if a = b assumes a > 0, b > 0.
!
44. 53x = 54x-2 implies 3x = 4x - 2 or x = 2
2
46. 7x = 72x + 3 implies x2 = 2x + 3
x2 - 2x - 3 = 0
(x - 3)(x + 1) = 0 or x = -1, 3
1
48. (1 - x)5 = (2x - 1)5 implies 1 - x = 2x - 1 if x < 1 and x > .
2
2 1 2
So 3x = 2 or x = is a solution since < x - < 1.
3 2 3

EXERCISE 2-4 37
 50. 2xe-x = 0 52. x2ex - 5xex = 0
2x = 0 (since e-x ≠ 0) x(x - 5)ex = 0
x= 0 x(x - 5) = 0 (since ex ≠ 0)
x = 0, 5

54. m(x) = x(3-x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 200

56. N(t) = , 0 ≤ t ≤ 5
1 + 3e-t

x!!!!m(x)
0 0
1
1 3 !t! N(t)!!
2
2 9 0 50!!
1
3 9 1 " 95
2 " 142
3 " 174
5 " 196

58. f(x) = 5 - 3-x 60. f(x) = 7 - 2x2 + 2-x

Solve 5 - 3-x = 0 Solve 7 - 2x2 + 2-x = 0
x = -1.46 x = -6.05, -2.53, 1.91

! r mt
62. A = P " 1 + #$ , we have:
m
1
(A) P = 4,000, r = 0.07, m = 52, t = 2
! 0.07#(52)(1 / 2)
A = 4,000 " 1 + = 4,142.38
52 $
Thus, A = $4,142.38.

! 0.07#(52)(10)
(B) A = 4,000 " 1 + = 8,051.22
52 $
Thus, A = $8,051.22.

64. A = Pert with P = 5,250, r = 0.0745, we have:

(A) A = 5,250e(0.0745)(6.25) = 8,363.30.
Thus, there will be $8,363.30 in the account after 6.25 years.
(B) A = 5,250e(0.0745)(17) = 18,629.16
Thus, there will be $18,629.16 in the account after 17 years.

38 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

 ! r mt
66. (A) A = P " 1 + #$ .
m
Here P = $10,000, r = 0.055, m = 4, t = 5 years.
20
" 0.055%
Thus, A = 10,000 $1 + ' = $13,140.67.
# 4 &
! r mt
(B) A = P " 1 + #$ , where P and t are as in (A) and r = 0.0512,
m
! " 60
0.0512%
m = 12. Thus, A = 10,000 $1 + ' = $12,910.49.
# 12 &
! r mt
(C) A = P " 1 + #$ , where P and t are as before and r = 0.0486,
m
! " 5(365)
0.0486%
m = 365. Thus, A = 10,000 $1 + ' = $12,750.48.
# 365 &

68. Given N = 40(1 - e-0.12t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 30

t N !
0 0
10 ! 28
20 ! 36
30 ! 40

Maximum number of boards an average employee can be expected to

produce in 1 day is 40.

70. (A) (B) The model gives an average

salary of $2,039,000 in 1997.
Inclusion of the data for 1997 gives
an average of 20,400,000 in 2015.

72. Given I = I0e-0.00942d

(A) I = I0e-0.00942(50) = I0e-0.471 ≈ I0(0.62)
Thus, about 62% of the surface light will reach a depth of 50 ft.
(B) I = I0e-0.00942(100) = I0e-0.942 ≈ I0(0.39)
Thus, about 39% of the surface light will reach a depth of 100 ft.

EXERCISE 2-4 39
 74. (A) N = N0ert, where N0 = 25, r = 0.01. Thus
N = 25e0.01t
(B) Since 2006 is year 0, for 2002 we need to take t = -4. Thus
N = 25e(0.01)(-4) ≈ 24,000,000
For 2014, t = 8 and
N = 25e0.01(8) ≈ 27,000,000
N

(C) 30

20

10

t
0 2 4 6 8
Years since 2006

76. (A) P = 75e0.023t

(B) For 2015, t = 9 (since 2006 is year 0) we have:
P = 75e0.023(9) ≈ 92 million.
For 2030, t = 24 and
P = 75e0.023(24) ≈ 130 million.
P

(C) 150

100

50

t
0 6 12 18 24
Years since 2006

78.

For x = 45, we have

y = ab45 ≈ 79.9 years

40 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

EXERCISE 2-5
2. 32 = 25 4. e0 = 1 6. 27 = 93/2
2
8. log6 36 = 2 10. log27 9 = 3 12. logb M = x

14. loge 1 = y is equivalent to e y = 1; y = 0.

16. log10 10 = y is equivalent to 10y = 10; y = 1.

18. log13 13 = y is equivalent to 13y = 13; y = 1.

20. log10 10-5 = -5 22. log3 35 = 5 24. log6 36 = log6 62 = 2

26. logb FG = logb F + logb G 28. logb w15 = 15 logb w

30. Log3 P = (LogR P)(Log3 R) (change of base formula)

Log 3P
or LogR P =
Log 3R

32. log2 x = 2 34. log3 27 = y

x = 22 log3 27 = log3 33 = 3 log3 3 = 3
x = 4 Thus, y = 3

logb e-2 = -2 !1
36.
38. log25 x = 2
1 40. log49 " #$ = y
7
-2 logb e = -2 or logb e = 1
x = 251/2 1 y
Thus, b = e x = 5 7 = 49
1
y = -2
2
42. logb 4 = 3
4 = b2/3 Taking square root from both sides, we have
b1/3 = 2 Cubing both sides yields
b = 8

44. False. Take f(x) = x3 - x, then f(-1) = f(0) = f(1) = 0.

46. True. Indeed the graph of every function (not necessarily one-to-one)
intersects each vertical line exactly once.

48. False. x = -1 is in the domain of f, but cannot be in the range of g.

50. True. y = logb x implies that x = by. If b > 1, then as y increases so

does by. Therefore, the inverse of x = by which is y = logb x must be
increasing as well.

EXERCISE 2-5 41
 52. True. Since g is the inverse of f, then (a, b) is on the graph of f
if and only if (b, a) is on the graph of g. Therefore, f is also the
inverse of g.
2
54. logb x = logb 27 + 2 logb 2 - logb 3
3
2
= logb 33 + 2 logb 2 - logb 3
3
= 2 logb 3 + 2 logb 2 - logb 3 = logb 3 + 2 logb 2
= logb 12
Thus, x = 12.
1
56. logb x = 3 logb 2 + logb 25 - logb 20
2
= logb 8 + logb 5 - logb 20
40
= logb 40 - logb 20 = logb 20 = log 2
Thus, x = 2.
58. logb(x + 2) + logb x = logb 24
logb x(x + 2) = logb 24
x(x + 2) = 24 or x2 + 2x - 24 = 0 or (x - 4)(x + 6) = 4
Thus, x = 4. [Note: x = -6 is not a solution since logb(-6) is not
defined.]
60. log10(x + 6) - log10(x - 3) = 1
x + 6 x + 6
log10 x - 3 = 1 implies that x - 3 = 10 or
x + 6 = 10x - 30 or 9x = 36 or x = 4.
x y
62. y = log3 (x + 2) 53
" 27 "3
y
x + 2 = 3 " 17
9
"2
y
x = 3 - 2 " 5 "13
"1 0
1 1
7 2
25 3

64. The graph of y = log3(x + 2) is the graph of y = log3 x shifted to the

left 2 units. !

66. Since logarithmic functions are defined only for positive "inputs",
we must have x - 1 > 0 or x > 1; domain: (1, ∞). The range of
y = log(x - 1) - 1 is the set of all real numbers.

42 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

68. (A) 1.86096 70. (A) log x = 2.0832
(B) -1.48095 x = 121.1156
(C) 10.60304 (B) log x = -1.1577
(D) -5.12836 x= 0.0696
(C) ln x = 3.1336
x = 22.9565
(D) ln x = -4.3281
x = 0.0132

72. 10x = 153 (Take common logarithms of both sides)

log 10x = log 153 = 2.1847
x = 2.1847 (log 10x = x log 10 = x; log 10 = 1)

74. ex = 0.3059 (Take natural logarithms of both sides)

ln ex = ln 0.3059 = -1.1845
x = -1.1845 (ln ex = x ln e = x; ln e = 1)

76. 1.075x = 1.837 (Take either common or natural logarithms of both sides.)
We use natural logarithms.
x
ln 1.075 = ln 1.837
ln 1.837
x = ln 1.075 = 8.4089

78. 1.024t = 2 (Take either common or natural logarithms of both sides.)

Here we'll use common logarithms.
4t
log 1.02 = log 2
log 2
t = 4 log 1.02 = 8.7507

80. y = -ln x, x > 0 82. y = ln|x|

x y x y
0.5 ! 0.69 !5 " 1.61
1 0 !2 0.69
2 ! "0.69 1 0
4 ! "1.39 2 " 0.69
5 ! "1.61 5 " 1.61

decreasing (0, ∞) decreasing (-∞, 0)

increasing (0, ∞)

EXERCISE 2-5 43
 84. y = 2 ln x + 2 86. y = 4 ln(x - 3)
x y x y
0.5 ! 0.62 4 0
1 2 6 ! 2.77
2 ! 3.38 8 ! 6.44
4 ! 4.78 10 ! 7.78
5 ! 5.52 12 ! 8.79

increasing (3, ∞)

increasing (0, ∞)

88. It is not possible to find a power of 1 that is an arbitrarily

selected real number, because 1 raised to any power is 1.

90. loge x - loge 25 = 0.2t

x
loge 25 = 0.2t
x
Therefore, 25 = e0.2t, and x = 25e0.2t

5
92. A function f is "larger than" a
function g on an interval [a, b] if
16
f(x) > g(x) for a ≤ x ≤ b.
1
r(x) > q(x) > p(x) for 1 < x ≤ 16,
that is x > 3 x > log x.
0
1 < x ≤ 16
!
94. From the compound interest formula A = P(1 + r)t, we have:
2P = P(1 + 0.0958)t or (1.0958)t = 2
Take the natural log of both sides of this equation:
ln(1.0958)t = ln 2 [Note: The common log could have been used
instead of the natural log.]
t ln(1.0958) = ln 2
ln 2 0.69315
t = ≈ ≈ 8 years
ln(1.0958) 0.09148

44 CHAPTER 2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

 ! r # mt
96. A = P " 1 + $ .
m
For P = $5,000, A = $7,500, r = 0.08, m = 2, we have:
2t
" 0.08%
7,500 = 5,000 $1 + '
# 2 &
7, 500
(1 + 0.04)2t = = 1.5
5, 000
2t ln(1.04) = ln(1.5)
!
ln(1.5)
t= ≈ 5.17 years
2 ln(1.04)
!
If compounded monthly, then m = 12 and
12t
" 0.08%
!
7,500 = 5,000 $1 + '
# 2 &
12t
" 0.08%
$1 + ' = 1.5
# 2 &
" 0.08% !
12t ln $1 + ' = ln(1.5)
# 2 &
! ln(1.5)
≈ 5.09 years
( )
t=
12 ln 1 + 0.08
12
!
98. 6,145 screwdrivers at $46.77 each.

!
I 10-13
100. (A) N = 10 log I = 10 log = 10 log 103 = 30
0 10-16
3.16 × 10-10
(B) N = 10 log = 10 log 3.16 × 106 ≈ 65
10-16
10-8
(C) N = 10 log = 10 log 108 = 80
10-16
10-1
(D) N = 10 log = 10 log 1015 = 150
10-16
102.

For 2015, x = 115 and

y = -39,370.20369 + 10,572.08468(115) ≈ 10,794 million bushels.

EXERCISE 2-5 45