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CH5 - Operational - Amplifiers EE210 Notes

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13 views

CH5 - Operational - Amplifiers EE210 Notes

Uploaded by

Rayen Cherbib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric Circuits I

ELEC-210

Chapter 5

Operational Amplifiers
Course Instructor

Dr. Maher Azzouz


Learning Objectives
By using the information and exercises in this chapter you will be able to:
1. Comprehend how real operational amplifiers (op amps) function.
2. Understand that ideal op amps function nearly identically to real ones and that
they can be used to model them effectively in a variety of circuit applications.
3. Realize how the basic inverting op amp is the workhorse of the op amp family.
4. Use the inverting op amp to create summers.
5. Use the op amp to create a difference amplifier.

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Introduction to Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
• What is an Op Amp?
o An operational amplifier, commonly called an op amp, is a fundamental building block
in circuit design.
o The op amp acts as an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage-controlled voltage
source.
o It was first introduced in 1947 by John Ragazzini and his colleagues for analog
computers after World War II, initially using vacuum tubes rather than transistors.
• Why Are Op Amps Important? Vacuum tube
vs Transistor
o Op amps are widely used because they are versatile,
inexpensive and easy to use. They offer high gain and
reliable performance.
o Op-amps are widely used in signal conditioning, filtering,
and mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
integration, and differentiation in various analog circuits.
Op amp
o Their applications include audio amplifiers, active filters,
voltage followers, oscillators, and precision rectifiers in
fields like telecommunications, biomedical devices, and
industrial control systems.
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Functional Block Diagram
• The op amp is an electronic device consisting of a complex arrangement of resistors,
transistors, and capacitors. A full discussion of what is inside the op amp is beyond the
scope of this course.
• It will suffice to treat the op amp as a circuit building block and simply study what
takes place at its terminals.

Source: LM741 Datasheet from Texas Instruments.

4
Operational Amplifiers

The op amp consists of a complex network of resistors, transistors, capacitors, and


diodes. While the internal structure is out of the course scope, we focus on the op
amp as a functional building block and examines its behavior at its terminals.

• The five important terminals are:


 The inverting input, pin 2.
 The noninverting input, pin 3.
 The output, pin 6.
 The positive power supply, pin 7.
 The negative power supply, pin 4.
• Pin or terminal 8 is unused Terminals 1 and 5 (are of little concern to us) minimize the input
offset voltage, ensuring that the output is zero when the input differential voltage is zero.
5
Operational Amplifiers
As an active element, the op amp must be powered
by a voltage supply. Although the power supplies
are often ignored in op amp circuit diagrams for the
sake of simplicity, the power supply currents must
not be overlooked. By KCL
𝑖 = 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖 + 𝑖

The equivalent circuit model of an op amp:


𝑣 = 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴 (𝑣 − 𝑣 )

∞
∞Ω

6
Operational Amplifiers

• A practical limitation of the op amp is that


the magnitude of its output voltage cannot
exceed |𝑉 |.
• Throughout this course, we assume that an
op amp operates in the linear range. Keep
in mind the voltage constraint on the op
amp in this mode.

• The concept of feedback is crucial to our understanding of op amp circuits. A negative


feedback is achieved when the output is fed back to the inverting terminal of the op
amp.
• As the next example shows, when there is a feedback path from output to input, the
ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage is called the closed-loop gain. As a
result of the negative feedback, it can be shown that the closed-loop gain is almost
insensitive to the open-loop gain A of the op amp. For this reason, op amps are used
in circuits with feedback paths.
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KCL at node 1: 1

KCL at node 0: 2

Solving (1), (2), and (3):

It is evident that working with a nonideal op amp is tedious, as we are dealing with very large numbers!
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Ideal Op Amp

• Although assuming an ideal op amp provides only an approximate analysis, most


modern amplifiers have such large gains and input impedances that the approximate
analysis is a good one. Unless stated otherwise, we will assume from now on that
every op amp is ideal.
• Two important properties of ideal op amp are:

1 𝑅 = ∞ (open circuit)

2 𝐴 = ∞ (𝑣 ≈ 0 for finite 𝑣 )

• The two characteristics can be exploited by noting that for voltage calculations the
input port behaves as a virtual short circuit, while for current calculations the input
port behaves as an open circuit.

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Rework Example 5.1
0V

𝑖 =0
𝑖 =𝑖
𝑖 =0

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Try the nonideal
(exact) op amp
model @home

Using the ideal model:


𝑖 =𝑖 +𝑖 𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑖 × 5𝑘

𝑖
𝑣
𝑖

The results obtained by the ideal model are very


close to those obtained by the exact model.
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Inverting Amplifier
• An inverting amplifier is an op-amp configuration where the input signal is applied to
the inverting input, resulting in an output that is inverted (multiplied by −1 or 180° out
of phase) and scaled by the ratio of the feedback resistor 𝑅 to the input resistor 𝑅 .

• Note there are two types of gains: (1) the


closed-loop volage gain 𝐴 = −𝑅 /𝑅 , and
(2) the open-loop voltage gain 𝐴.

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(a)

(b)

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Apply KCL at node a:

But, 𝑣 = 𝑣 = 2 V for an ideal op amp.

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Noninverting Amplifier

The voltage gain is 𝐴 = =1+ , which does not have a nega ve sign. Thus, the
output has the same polarity as the input.

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Voltage Follower (Buffer)
If the feedback resistor 𝑅 = 0 (short circuit) or 𝑅 = ∞ (open circuit) or both, the gain
becomes 1. Under these conditions (𝑅 = 0 and 𝑅 = ∞), the noninverting amplifier
becomes a voltage follower (or unity gain amplifier) because the output follows the input.

Such a circuit has a very high input impedance and is


therefore useful as an intermediate-stage (or buffer)
amplifier to isolate one circuit from another. The voltage
follower minimizes interaction between the two stages
and eliminates interstage loading.

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Apply KCL at node a:

But 𝑣 = 𝑣 = 4, and thus

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Summing Amplifier (Summer)
• A summing amplifier is an op amp circuit that combines several inputs and produces
an output that is the weighted sum of the inputs.
• The summing op amp is a variation of the
inverting amplifier as it can handle many inputs
at the same time.

• Applying KCL at node a:

We note that 𝑣 = 0, and thus

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Solution:

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Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)

The basic function of a difference amplifier can be summarized as follows:


• Input Difference: The circuit takes two input signals, and amplifies the voltage
difference between them.
• Common-Mode Rejection: If there is a signal common to both inputs (for example,
noise or interference affecting both signals equally), the amplifier will reject this
common-mode signal, so it does not appear in the output.

For the circuit shown, apply KCL to node a:

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Difference Amplifier (Subtractor)
Applying, KCL to node b:

∵ 𝑣 = 𝑣 and substituting (2) into (1) yields

or

Since a difference amplifier must reject a signal common to the two inputs, the amplifier
must have the property that 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑣 = 𝑣 . This property exists when

If 𝑅 = 𝑅 and 𝑅 = 𝑅 , the difference amplifier becomes a subtractor, with the


output

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Design 1: using one op amp Design 2: using two op amps
We may cascade an inverting amplifier, and a
two-input inverting summer as follows:

Thus,

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Thank you!

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