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CH4 - Circuit - Theorems ELEC210 Notes

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CH4 - Circuit - Theorems ELEC210 Notes

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Rayen Cherbib
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ELEC-210 Electric Circuits

Chapter 4

Circuit Theorems
Course Instructor

Dr. Maher Azzouz

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Learning Objectives
By using the information and exercises in this chapter you will be able to:
1. Understand how linearity works with basic circuits.
2. Explain the principle of superposition and how it can be used to help analyze
circuits.
3. Understand the value of source transformation and how it can be used to
simplify circuits.
4. Recognize Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems and know how they can lead to
greatly simplified circuits.
5. Explain the maximum power transfer concept.

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Linearity Property
Linearity is the property of an element describing a linear
relationship between cause and effect. The property is a combination
of both the homogeneity (scaling) property and the additivity
property.

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Linearity Property

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Linearity Property

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Superposition

Note: Analyzing a circuit using superposition has one major disadvantage; it may very
likely involve more work. However, superposition does help reduce a complex circuit
to simpler circuits. Further, it can be used to analyze circuits with DC and AC sources.

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+

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Source Transformation
• Source transformation is another tool for simplifying circuits similar to series-parallel
combination and wye-delta transformation.
• A pair of two terminal networks (circuits) are equivalent if they have the same terminal
𝑣 − 𝑖 characteristics.

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Thevenin’s Theorem
• It often occurs in practice that a particular element in a
circuit is variable (usually called the load) while other
elements are fixed.
• Each time the variable element is changed, the entire
circuit has to be analyzed all over again. To avoid this
problem, Thevenin’s theorem provides a technique by
which the fixed part of the circuit is replaced by an Leon Charles Thévenin
(1857-1926), a French
equivalent circuit. telegraph engineer

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Thevenin’s Theorem

Two circuits are said to be equivalent if they have the same voltage-current relation at
their terminals.

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Thevenin’s Theorem
To apply this idea in finding the Thevenin resistance 𝑅 , we need to consider two cases.
■ CASE 1 If the network has no dependent sources, we turn off all independent sources. is the input
resistance of the network looking between terminals a and b.

■ CASE 2 If the network has dependent sources, we turn off all independent sources. As with
superposition, dependent sources are not to be turned off because they are controlled by circuit
variables. We apply a voltage source at terminals a and b and determine the resulting current, as
shown in Fig. (a). Alternatively, we may insert a current source at terminals a-b as shown in
Fig. (b) and find the terminal voltage.

(a) (b)

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Using nodal analysis:

Or, using mesh analysis:

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UBC’s 1A/2A method Explained by Dr. Luis Linares from UBC.

𝑉 + 1 𝑅 =𝐸 → (1)

𝑉 + 2 𝑅 =𝐸 → (2)

Steps:

1) Connect a 1 A current source between


terminals a – b, and calculate 𝐸 .
2) Repeat Step 1 to calculate 𝐸 when the
current is 2 A.
3) Solve equations (1) and (2) to get 𝑉 and
𝑅 .

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Resolving Practice Problem 4.9

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Norton’s Theorem
In 1926, about 43 years after Thevenin published his theorem, E. L.
Norton, an American engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories, proposed
a similar theorem.

The main idea is source transformation.


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Norton’s Theorem
• Based source transformation, the Thevenin and Norton resistances are equal; that is,

• Dependent and independent sources are treated the same


way as in Thevenin’s theorem.

• Thus,

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Maximum Power Transfer
There are applications in areas, such as power and communication systems, where it is
desirable to maximize the power delivered to a load.

Proof: solve

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After finding 𝑖 and 𝑖 using mesh analysis, apply KVL around the outer loop
𝑉 = 12 − 6𝑖 − 3𝑖 = 22 𝑉

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What happens if 𝑻𝒉 can be varied
If the load resistance is fixed and 𝑹𝑻𝒉 can be varied, the maximum power happens when
𝑅 is minimum or ideally equals to zero. Why!

𝑃=

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Example
Compute the value of R that results in maximum power transfer to the 10-Ω resistor
in the following circuit. Also, find the maximum power.

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Thank you!

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