THERAPEUTIC

MODALITIES
MS. MELISSA G JOVES
RCRIM
THE UNITED NATIONS STANDARD MINIMUM
RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS
 (THE NELSON MANDELA RULES)
It provide states with detailed guidelines for protecting
the rights of persons deprived of their liberty.
The rules are based on an obligation to treat all prisoners
with respect for their inherent dignity and value of human
beings, and to prohibit torture and other forms of ill treatment.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE NELSON

MANDELA RULES
RULE 1
 All prisoners shall be treated with the respect due to the
inherent dignity and value as human beings. No prisoner shall
be subjected to, and all prisoners shall be protected from,
torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or
punishment, for which no circumstances whatsoever may be
invoked as a justification. The safety and security of prisoners,
staff, service providers and visitors shall be ensured at all
times.
RULE 2
The present rules shall be applied impartially. There
shall be no discrimination on the grounds of race, color, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or any other status.
RULE 3
Imprisonment and other measures that result in cutting off
persons from outside world are afflictive by the very fact of taking
from these persons the right of self- determination by depriving them
of their liberty. Therefore the prison system shall not, except as
incidental to justifiable separationor the maintenance of
discipline, aggravate suffering inherent in such a situation
RULE 4
The purposes of a sentence of imprisonment or similar measures
deprivative of person's liberty are primarily to protect society
against crime and to reduce recidivism.

RULE 5
The prison regime should seek to minimize any
differences between prison life and life at liberty that tend to
lessen the responsibility of the prisoners or the respect due to their
dignity as human beings.
 GOALS OF CRIMINAL SENTENCING
1. RETRIBUTION – act of setting a punishment for someone that fits the crime.
Based on lex talionis or the law of retaliation
2. INCAPACITATION – It refers to the act of making an individual incapable of
committing a crime by execution or banishment and in more modern times by
execution or lengthy periods of incarceration.
3. DETERRENCE – It is the use of punishment to stop potential criminals from
committing crimes.
4. REHABILITATION – It is the process of helping inmates grow and change,
allowing them to separate themselves from the environmental factors that made them
commit a crime in the first place.
5. RESTORATION – the process where victims, offenders and communities
affected by a particular offense meet to find a way to restore or make amends for the
harm resulting from an offense.

Conception of Criminal Rehabilatation

1. Rehabilitation as Anti-Recidivism - An intervention I administered by a

criminal justice system to offender O in response to O's offense is an instance of
rehabilitation just in case A.) it is intended to reduce the likelihood that O will re-
offend, B.) other than by reducing O's capacity to reoffend.
2. Rehabilitation as Harm-Reduction - An intervention I administered by a
criminal justice system to offender O in response to O's offense is an instance of
rehabilitation just in case
A) it is intended to prevent harmful conduct by O (limited to the kinds of harms
that are legitimately the business of the criminal law),
B) other than by reducing O's capacity to engage in such conduct.
disincentivizing such conduct by O, or to incentivising less harmful conduct by O
(Forsberg, and Douglas, 2022).
Punishment can be justified even when it does not have any general deterrent
effects, because it may rehabilitate the offender, that is, reduce the likelihood
that the offender will perform actions that 'either cause serious setbacks to well-
being, ng, or pose a great risk of doing so. It aims at improving offenders'
responsiveness to prudential and moral reasons (Sverdlik, 2012).
3. Rehabilitation as Therapy- An intervention I administered by a criminal
justice system to offender O in response to O's offense is an instance of
rehabilitation just in case it is intended to cure or ameliorate a mental deficit in
O that is understood by the intervener

1) to have causally contributed to O's past offense/s,

2) to predispose O to further offending (Forsberg, and Douglas, 2022). The aim of
rehabilitation overlaps with those of clinical medicine specifically, given the focus
on mental illnesses and deficits, clinical psychiatry. As with standard medical
treatments, the aim of curing or ameliorating the deficit may be instrumental to
the further aim of benefitting the individual. However, other further aims are
also possible. These may include, for example, preventing re-offending
4. Rehabilitation as Moral Improvement - An intervention I, administered by a
criminal justice system to offender in response to O's offense is an instance of
rehabilitation just in case it is intended to morally improve we O
Punishment is justified as a way to prevent wrongdoing so insofar as it can teach
both wrongdoers and the public at large be the moral reasons for choosing not
to perform an offense
5. Rehabilitation as Restoration - An intervention I, administered by a criminal
justice system to offender O in response to O's offense is an instance of
rehabilitation just in case it is intended to restore O's moral or social
relationships or standing (Forsberg, and Douglas, 2022)..
Rehabilitation is a matter of restoring the offender's social or moral
standing in society or his social or moral relations with others, or
fostering the capacities needed for such restoration. This could
include social and vocational capacities as well as moral ones.

REHABILITATION AND REFORMATION

OF PDL
REHABILITATION
is a program of activity directed to restore a PDL self respect and
sense of responsibility to the community, there making him/her a law-
abiding citizen after serving his/her sentence
REFORMATION
is a means of amending or improving by changing an inmate’s
behavior or removing his or her faults or abuse and removing or
correcting an abuse of a wrong or error.
It refers to the acts which ensures the public that released national
inmates are no longer harmful to the community by becoming
reformed individuals prepared to live a normal and productive life upon
reintegration to the mainstream of society.
 HISTORY OF REHABILITATIVE AND
REFORMATIVE APPROACH

During the Medieval period till the 18th century, the

punishments were cruel and retributive in nature.
Punishments were designed not only just to cause pain
but also to humiliate offenders in front of the whole society.
The development of the reformative and rehabilitative approach
in criminal justice started during the ENLIGHTENMENT AGE.
 CESARE BECCARIA-(1738-1794) was a criminologist and
economist. In the early 1760s, beccaria helped the society called THE
ACADEMY OF FISTS”
SAMUEL ROMILLY- (1757-1818) was an English legal reformer
whow chief efforts were devoted to lessening the severity of
English crimin on behalf of the lower classes and worked to reform
England's crimina law by abolishing capital punishment for minor
crimes. He strongly criticized the Doctrine of Maximum Severity
(Bez, 2020).

Zebulon Brockway (1827-1920) was referred to as the Father of Prison

Reform and the Father of American Parole (Zebulon Brockwa Prison
Reacts & Quotes, 2017). He advocates a program designed to w
Histate and reform prisoners rather than punish them. He promotes
de educterminate sentencing, as well as the development of the
precursor to the modern parole system (connecticuthistory.org,
believed that rehabilitation could be achieved through Inmates who
did well in both academic and moral subjects earned early Inmse
by accumulating points. Misbehavior and poor performance in the
educational courses prolonged the individual's sentence
(encyclopedia. com, 2005). education.

Robert Martinson Robert Martinson (1927-1979) is a New York

sociologist, In 1974. he wrote an article that appeared in The Public
Interest, entitled "What Works? Questions and Answers About
Prison Reform." As the title implies, Martinson's work attempted to
assess the effectiveness of various prison reforms, particularly
 those aimed at rehabilitating criminal offenders and reducing
recidivism. To provide answers about what works in the way of
correctional rehabilitation, He reviewed the available evidence from
existing studies of offender treatment. In the end, his essay painted
a picture of modern rehabilitation that could only be characterized
by widespread failure (Martinson, 1974).

BJMP MANDATES AND FUNCTIONS

Mandates
BJMP is mandated to direct, supervise and control the administration and
operation of all district, city and municipal jails nationwide with pronged tasks of
safekeeping and development of PDL. Functions
In line with it's mission, the Jail Bureau endeavors to perform the following functions:
• Formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district, city, and
municipal jails nationwide;
• Implement strong security measures for the control of PDL;
• Provide for the basic needs of PDL;
• Conduct activities for the development of PDL;
• Improve jail facilities; and,
• Promote the general welfare and development of personnel.

PROGRAMS
Major Programs
There are four (4) major programs under the mandate of
BJMP and they are the following:
• PDL custody, security and control program
• PDL welfare and development program
• Decongestion program
• Good governance

CORE PROGRAMS
A. Provisions of Basic Needs
All PDL under custody are provided with three (3) meals
(breakfast, lunch and supper). Adequate supply of potable
water is made available to them at all times. Likewise, upon
admission, each PDL is issued his or her PDL uniform
consisting of the yellow shirt and brown jogging pants.
Hygiene kits are also distributed to the PDL on monthly or
quarterly basis. Occasionally, the provision of basic needs for the
PDL is supplemented by the food and non-food donations from
local government units, non-government organizations, business
sector and private individuals.
.
B. Health Services
Health services for PDL consist of interventions towards the
prevention, promotion, treatment of illnesses and
rehabilitation. All PDL undergo medical assessment upon
admission. During confinement, PDL are provided with health
education and counseling, medical consultations, regular health
monitoring, and provided medicines subject to availability. To
maintain the physical health of PDL, they are allowed daily
sunning and physical exercises
C. Educational Program
The educational program aims to provide opportunities
for PDL to achieve mandatory education. For this reason,
BJMP adopted the Alternative Learning System (ALS) of the
Department of Education for the PDL to earn their elementary
and high school diplomas. Teachers in the jail-based ALS
are BJMP Personnel who are professional teachers and
trained on the Instructional Method for ALS. In jails where there
are no personnel trained to handle ALS classes, the ALS
teachers would be coming from the Department of
Education. All PDL enrolled in the ALS earn their respective
Time Allowance for Teaching, Studying and Mentoring
(TASTM) pursuant to RA 10592.
D. Skills Training/ Enhancement Program
The objective of the skills training program is to equip the
PDL with technical/vocational skills which they can use in
seeking employment or starting their own business after release
from confinement. To make the PDL as competitive as other
potential job seekers, the skills trainings preferred are those
accredited by the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) so that the PDL will be able to
earn National Certifications. Thus, only the PDL who meet the
eligibility requirements of the specific skills training program being
offered can participate.
E. Livelihood Program
The livelihood program presentsincome-generating activities
to PDL during their confinement where they are able to earn for
their personal upkeep and for financial support to their families.
The capital for the livelihood project are either from BJMP for BJMP-
funded projects or from the common fund of a group of PDL for non-
BJMP funded projects. Examples of continuing and most popular
livelihood projects of PDL are bags and purses, bonsai made of
beads, pastries, rugs, paper crafts, and wood crafts. To help the
PDL earn from these livelihood projects, the jail Unit Welfare and
Development Officer (UWDO) facilitates the sale of the products
in display centers or livelihood caravans organized by the local
government units and other service providers.
In addition, online or e-marketing of PDL products
is also run by the jail unit Welfare and Development
Office. F. Behavioral Management/ Modification Program
BJMP implements the Therapeutic Community Modality
Program (TCMP) to manage and modify behaviors of PDL
with the goal of positively changing their thinking and
behavior through structured group processes. The program
endeavors to teach and model positive thinking, pro-social
values, good decision-making, and positive coping. Through
the program, PDL are trained on socially acceptable ways
of behaving and relating with their fellow PDL and with
personnel and visitors thereby fostering a therapeutic jail
environment and maintaining a peaceful communal
atmosphere.
G. Interfaith Program
PDL are provided with the opportunity to practice their faith
while under custody without discrimination, subject only
to usual safety and security measures. The BJMP chaplains
and imams provide different religious services such as but
not limited to mass celebrations, communal prayers, spiritual
counseling, catechism, and others. Religious organizations and
their respective ministers/pastors and leaders are accredited
by BJMP to facilitate their regular contact with PDL for the
provision of religious services.
H. Cultural and Sports Program
The cultural program aims to promote camaraderie among
PDL, encourage the development of self-confidence and sharing of
cultural talents as form of positive entertainment. Cultural
activities allowed in jails include dance, singing, theatre/drama,
and art workshops. Also, through this program, PDL experience
some sense of social normalcy through the communal
celebrations of socio-cultural events like birthdays, Valentine’s
Day, Mothers’ and Fathers’ Day, Christmas, Lent and Easter,
Ramadan, local festivals and other similar activities.
I. Paralegal Program
The main objective of the Paralegal Program is to address
the overcrowding in jail facilities. Through the paralegal program,
PDL are assisted in availing of the different early modes of
release.
Regional and jail paralegal officers conduct continuous
informative seminars/orientations to PDL on their rights,
modes of early release, and other paralegal/legal remedies
which can be availed of by them. Other paralegal services
include paralegal counseling and case follow-up in the courts by
the jail paralegal officers.
J. E-Dalaw
The E-DALAW service is an alternative to the traditional
face-to-face visitation between PDL and respective families.
This service enables the PDL to connect with his/her family
through a supervised video call and chat. The program is
conceptualized specifically to cater to PDL whose family
members cannot go to the jail for actual visit because of the
long distance to the jail from the residence or workplace of
the family members. However, in case of jail lockdown by
reason of public health emergency where visitation is suspended,
all PDL are allowed to use the e-dalaw to communicate with their
families on equitable rotation basis

THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
The Therapeutic Community (TC) is an environment
that helps people get help while helping others. It is a
treatment environment: the interactions of its members are
norms that
designed to be therapeutic within the context of the
require for each to play the dual role of client therapist. At a
given moment, one may be in a client role when receiving help
or support from others because of a problem behavior or
when experiencing distress. At another time, the same person
assumes a therapist role when assisting or supporting
another person in trouble.
WHAT IS THE TC MISSION?
To promote human and social transformation among our
clients and among ourselves.

WHAT IS THE TC VISION?

By the end of this decade, TC shall have become the
corporate culture of the Parole and Probation Administration
permeating its plans, programs, and practices, and confirming its
status as a model component of the Philippine Correctional
System.
DEVELOPMENT OF BJMP THERAPEUTIC
COMMUNITY PROGRAM
1. THE AMERICAN DRUG-FREE HEIRARCHICAL CONCEPTBASED
TC
Concept based TC has the following principles:
COMMUNITY – living together in a group and showing responsible
concern and belonging is the main agent for therapeutic change and
social learning.
HIERARCHY – daily activities take place in a structured setting
CONFRONTATION – negative behaviors, which interferes with the
community concepts values and philosophy is confronted and put into
limit.
SELf HELP- the resident is the protagonist of his own treatment
process. Other group members can only act as facilitators
2. THE BRITISH DEMOCRATIC MAXWELL JONES-TYPE
TC Democratic TC has 4 central principles:
PERMISSIVENESS – residents can freely express their
thoughts and emotions without any negative repercussions
DEMOCRACY – all residents and staff members have equal
chance and opportunities to participate in the organization of
 TC
COMMUNALISM – face to face communication and free
interaction to create a feeling of sharing and belonging REALITY
TESTING – residents can be, and should be, continually confronted
with their own image as perceived by other clients and staff
members.

THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODALITY

PROGRAM (TCMP)
Is a self help social learning treatment model which utilizes
the community as the primary therapeutic vehicle to foster
behavioral and attitudinal change. In this modality, the person
learns and practices skills and responsibilities through structured
activities that they can transfer to the society upon their release.
Each participant is expected to be a contributing member of the
community and develops the impetus to change by being a member of
the community.

At present, TCMP is recognized as the backbone program

of the BJMP for inmate development and is being implemented in
majority of the jails nationwide.
 OBJECTIVES
1. To introduce and institutionalize TCMP as the backbone
program of the BJMP for inmate development
2. To provide the jail TCMP implementers with a manual that
will serve as a guide in the proper implementation of the program
3. To attain uniformity and standardization in the
implementation of TCMP and ensure its fidelity to the core essence
of the program
 CARDINAL RULES IN TC
*No sex or sexual acting out
*No drugs/ Alcohol
*No violence or threat of violence
*No stealing

PHASES OF TREATMENT
Phase I- Entry/Orientation Phase
Phase II- Primary Treatment
Phase III- Pre Re-entry
Phase IV- Re-entry
Phase IV- Aftercare

PHASE I- ENTRY/ORIENTATION
PHASE
Once an inmate is committed to jail, he undergoes a series of
examination to determine his physical, social and psychological status.
Upon his commitment, a resident is placed on orientation at the
Reception and Diagnostic room/ Orientation Room.
He is then assigned a static group and a big brother who will
provide him with support and will walk him through the orientation phase. At
this phase, the resident is handled gently and is expected to commit
mistakes in the process of learning the program. Sanctions on negative
behavior are usually light with emphasis on teaching.

THE STATIC GROUP is a permanent group of peers and leaders that meet
regularly while the residents are in treatment. It is a sort of “home” group
who provides support for one another and to the new members of the
community.
BIG BROTHER an older member of the community tasked to provide
guidance to the newly committed residents

PHASE II- PRIMARY TREATMENT

After proper orientation on the different TC concepts and tools,
the norms and rules of the community and the staff members, the
resident is now ready to undergo the treatment proper. He
 becomes a part of the community starting as a crew member of
the Housekeeping department until he gradually ascends in the
hierarchy.
He must be knowledgeable on the following:
Proper use of the different tools to address personal issues and
concerns and shape behavior
Managing own feelings and learning how to express self
appropriately
Learning how to follow the rules and norms of the community
Maximize participation in activities that are appropriate to the
resident’s need for growth
Learning how to trust the environment by disclosing self to the
community and develop insight in the process
 Developing positive coping skills to deal with difficult life situations
Enhancing educational and vocational skills to make him
productive
Improve social skills and recognize the importance of other people’s
help in shaping behavior

PHASE III- PRE RE-ENTRY

Under regular circumstances, the resident is expected at
this stage to have internalized the TC values and concept to
start life afresh.
However, in the jail setting where entry and release are not
within the jail control, residents may not have reached this
phase of treatment before they even leave the jail facility.
 Regardless of the resident’s length of stay, he is expected
to undergo this phase prior to release into society. At this phase,
the resident is expected to have proven his ability to take on
more responsibility hence needs lesser supervision. He is
considered a role model in the TC community.

PHASE IV- RE-ENTRY

In the ideal setting, a resident at this stage is now ready to be
released back to society as he has demonstrated adequate self

control and discipline. The inmate is now preparing for his life
outside of jail and is focused on making himself a productive
citizen.
 He may start planning for job hunting and rebuilding family
ties and relationships.
The resident must focus on the following:
Transition to life outside of jail.
Creating a new lifestyle applying the tools and concept of
TC.
Learning positive coping skills to deal with day to day situations. Re-
establishing and strengthening family ties and support group.
Reintegration into the mainstream of society.
Developing realistic and attainable goals in life.
 PHASE IV- AFTERCARE
Aftercare is an outpatient program that requires clients to
report twice a week to an outreach center. They are required to
attend group sessions to ensure their adjustment to life outside
jail to reduce recidivism. For clients released from jail, they are
referredto the Parole and Probation
Administration and Local Government
Units for follow up and aftercare. The clients are focused on
the following:
Maintaining positive behavior and prevent
recidivism Strengthening coping mechanism
 Maintaining relationships and support mechanism
Sustaining interest in job or vocation to maintain livelihood
Integration into society
The Therapeutic Community Modality Program and the
Four Interconnected Development Aspects:

• Behavior Management;
• Emotional and Psychological;
• Intellectual and Spiritual; and
• Vocational and Survival Skills.
BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOR
MANAGEMENT
The Behavior Management is a component of Therapeutic
Community Modality Program (TCMP) that introduces the
concept and mechanics of the various shaping tools to include
Morning Meeting in order to facilitate the management of and
shape the behavior of the residents.

TOOLS
*Pre Morning Meeting
*Morning Meeting
 *Talk To
*Pull Up
*Dealt With
*Haircut
*Learning Experience/ Bans
*General Meeting
*Expulsion

PRE MORNING MEETING

Duration/ Frequency: Fifteen minutes daily
Participants: Senior residents, Counselor
Pre-Morning Meeting is done early in the morning prior to the Morning
Meeting. Senior members of the community will meet for about fifteen (15)
minutes to discuss the attitude of the house the previous day.

The attendees will also discuss the activities to be engaged in the

Morning Meeting and make sure that all participants are ready with their
corresponding parts and determine the amount of time to be allotted for
each part

The group will agree on the theme or concept of the day.

THEME/CONCEPT OF THE DAY

It refers to a word or saying that will serve as a guide for the community to
ponder upon in relation to their day to day interactions and behaviors.
 MORNING MEETING
Duration/ frequency: One hour daily
Participants: All residents, Counselor

Morning Meeting is a daily ritual that starts the day in a

TC facility. It is attended by the whole community and lasts for
an hour.
It commences with the Opening Prayer, Singing of the
Philippine National Anthem and the recitation of the TC
Philosophy.
It is divided into two (2) parts namely:
(1) public announcements and community concerns and
(2) community-spirit building or up rituals

PARTS OF THE MORNING MEETING

I. COMMUNITY ANNOUNCEMENT/CONCERNS
a. Opening Prayer (Ecumenical)
b. Singing of the Philippine National Anthem (Flag must
bedisplayed)
c. TC Philosophy (Adopted translation)
d. Announcements Staff (Director, Asst. Director, Counselor &
other personnel) Residents (Coordinators, Dep’t Heads,
Expediters) Report on Dorm Inspection by Chief Expediter
e. Community Concerns Pull-ups/ elaboration Affirmations
f. Concept of the Day
g. Verse of the Day
II. UP – RITUALS
h. News casting (Local, Nat’l, International, Sports and Weather
News)
i. Entertainment (Choose either Song, Dance, Skit, Humorous
Story)
j. Community Singing (Any song that has relation to the Concept
of the Day)
k. Greetings

HIERARCHY OF BEHAVIOR SHAPING

TOOLS
Behavior Shaping Tools (BST) is employed to strengthen
the learning process and the practice of more adaptive
behaviors within the social learning environment.

The major tools of the BST, such as the Talk To, Pull–up,
Dealt With, Haircut, Learning Experience, General Meeting and
Expulsion were developed as a means to correct behaviors of the
residents that violated the TC norms.
 TALK TO
A “Talk To” is an outright correction done by any member
of the TC community to another member who has done a
minor infraction but is not aware of it. It is a friendly
reminder/advice about an unacceptable behavior and must be
done privately.
During a “Talk To”, the resident is made aware of his/her
negative behavior and the results it may have on others and
the environment.
The feedback given to the resident who committed
mistake is done in a positive way.
 This is to evoke awareness on the part of the violators
to avoid committing the same mistake and be given heavier
sanctions if done in the future.

PULL-UP
A Pull-up is done as a result of lack, missed or lapses in
awareness in a resident.
All the members of the community are responsible to
pull-up minor infractions done by peers. It encourages
honesty, demeanor awareness and owning up to one’s
mistakes.
 This is done when the violator is unknown and must be
validated first prior to bringing up in the Morning Meeting

DEALT WITH
Dealt With is done when negative behaviors or infractions to
the House Rules/Norms are done for the second time of same
offense by a resident.
A panel of three (3) composed of a senior resident, peer and
a friend are tasked to deliver a serious and stern reprimand to the
subjected resident.
 Although the tool does not strictly require the presence of a staff,
to attain its purpose, the staff should monitor its conduct to ensure
that the panel assigned to the task really acted
appropriately.

It is done privately in a room or an area with no other else

hearing the conversation.

HAIRCUT
Haircut is done when negative behaviors or infractions
to the House Rules/Norms in same offense are done for the
third time or more or for first time grave offenses.
 The tone is more serious and can be loud, more harsh
and exaggerated.
This is done to induce anxiety and eventually change
the person’s behavior.
The haircut gives emphasis on the behavior of the resident
and the severity of the haircut should be appropriate to the
gravity of the offense.
Each member of panel is given ample time to express
himself without interruption from the other members.
 LEARNING EXPERIENCE
A Learning Experience (LE) is an action or activity given
to a resident who was subjected to Haircut or General
Meeting who did an infraction to correct or modify a behavior.
Since TCMP is educational rather than punitive in its
approach to behavioral change, the LE should be done in a
way that would remind the person of the negative attitude he
has done without compromising his human dignity.

CATEGORIES OF LEARNING
EXPERIENCES:
a. Task-Oriented LE
Pots and Pans
Grounds and Landscaping
Cleaning and Maintenance
Time keeping (wake up calls, lights out calls)
b. Written tasks
Composition or Essay
Reproduction of TCMP Materials

c. Peer Interaction
Reading and reporting of topic
Announcements (Morning Meeting or House
Meeting) Bans

BANS
Bans are sanctions to members who commit repeatedly infractions or
violation to the Cardinal Rules by prohibiting, disallowing or limiting
an activity or affiliation to a group.

GENERAL MEETING
A repeated breach to the Cardinal Rules necessitates a
General Meeting. Such issue should be discussed with the
community to point out to the violator the negative effect the
behavior had on the Community
 Such offense includes sexual acting-out with a fellow
resident, taking drugs and engaging in physical fight with another
resident. Other facilities include stealing or even smoking as part of the
Cardinal Rules.

These behaviors pose a threat to the community because

they violate the established order and safety of the facility.

EXPULSION
In extreme cases, when a resident is incorrigible and
becomes a threat to the community (Instigator, initiator of jail
disturbances), the Director with the recommendation of the
Disciplinary Board may transfer him/her to the nearest jail
facility with an appropriate Court Order.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL

ASPECT
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL
ASPECT
BJMP residents who are detained are basically
psychologically and emotionally challenged.
 They shareone thing in common, that is being
incarcerated with uncertainties as to the outcome of their
individual cases.

They feel isolated, helpless and at times hopeless

brought about by separation from their loved ones and
society in general and all other issues that confront them while
incarcerated.
Such emotional turmoil needs to be addressed to help
them bounce back and experience a life of normalcy despite their
unique situation.
 COUNSELING
Counseling is defined as a professional activity of helping
individuals, groups or communities enhance or restore their
capacity for psychological, emotional and social functioning
and creating an environment favorable for the attainment of these
goals.

COUNSELING THEORIES AND

APPROACHES
1. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
 It holds that people have within themselves all the
resources they need to live healthy and functional lives, and
that problems occur as a result of restricted or unavailable
problem-solving resources. Humanistic therapists care most
about the present and helping their clients achieve their
highest potential. Instead of energy spent on the past or on
negative behaviors, humanists believe in the goodness of all
people and emphasize a person’s self-growth and self
actualization
2. COGNITIVE APPROACH
-This counseling theory focusesonhow people’s
thinking can change feeling and behaviors. It holds that people
experience psychological and emotional difficulties when their
thinking in out of sync with reality. Cognitive counselors work to
challenge their clients’ faulty thinking patterns so clients are
able to derive solutions that accurately address the problems they
are experiencing.
3. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
It is also known as the historical perspective and has its
roots with Sigmund Freud, who believed there were
unconscious forces that drive behavior.
4. CONSTRUCTIONIST APPROACH
While actual events in the world can trigger people’s
meaning-making processes, it is those meaning-making
processes, rather than the events themselves, that determine how
people think, feel and behave.

PSYCHOSOCIAL SKILLS
AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF COUNSELING:
*Empathy
is the ability to perceive the client’s feelings and to
demonstrate accurate perception of the client. It is merely
“putting oneself in the client’s shoes”. When the client feels
understood, a sense of trust or “rapport” is developed.
Rapport paves the way to a more meaningful communication
and may enable the client to understand and accept more of his
or her complexity of feelings.
*Warmth
is also called “unconditional positive regard”. It involves
accepting and caring about the client as a person, regardless
of any evaluation or prejudices on the client’s behavior or
thoughts. It is most often conveyed through our non-verbal
behavior or bodily gestures.
*Respect
is our belief in the client’s ability to make appropriate
decisions and deal appropriately with his or her life
situation, when given a safe and supportive environment in
which to do so. It is often showed best by not offering advice
or cheap comfort.
The counselor shows his utmost respect to the client by
listening in silence and giving him the opportunity to design
his own solutions to the problem. A similar term for this is
“empowerment” as the counselor likewise demonstrates that he
values the integrity of the client.
*Congruence or genuineness
is being honest and authentic in dealing with the client. It is
showing real concern rather than focusing on techniques
during sessions. It is also being aware of the counselor’s own
 unmet needs and how it may affect his relationship with the
client.

*Confidentiality
means that anything discussed during counseling sessions is
held absolutely private and not to be discussed anywhere.
This contract should be held sacred so as to maintain the client’s
trust and enable him to disclose sensitive matters to the
counselor without fear of any breach of confidentiality
INITIAL INTERVIEW/ INTAKE INTERVIEW
INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING/ ONE TO ONE COUNSELING
GROUPS
*Static Group
*Peer Confrontation Group
*Secrets
*Encounter Group
*Extended Group

SPECIALIZED GROUPS
*Women’s Group
*Men’s Group
*Anger Management
*Loss and Bereavement
*Medication Support Group

PATTERN OF COUNSELING SESSION:

1. Introduction: First 10 minutes
Greet the client warmly.
Smile and shake hands.
Escort to the counseling room.
Explain how the session is going to be to alleviate
fears. This is the time to develop rapport.
Assure client on confidentiality.

2. Information gathering: About 20 minutes Know the reason for

consultation.
Client can start anywhere.
Counselor may take notes.
Client needs to do almost all of the talking.
 Counselor may ask open questions or use techniques like clarifying,
rephrasing, focusing, reflecting, reality testing, etc.
3. Discussion/ Counselor Input:
Counselor tells the client what he thinks the client is
saying. Counselor develops a list of concerns.
Client would concur or not to the counselor’s
understanding. Prioritize problems and which one to work
on first.
Client will provide plans of action to work on specific
problem. Counselor will assist in mapping out plans.
4. Conclusion:
Motivate the client that “he can do it”. If not, he may need to be referred to
a Professional.
 Brief client on what to expect the next session (progress based on plan of
action).
End session on a positive note.
Client should be able to list down things that he has to look forward to
over the next few days. If not, this is a red flag for suicide.

WHEN TO BREAK CONFIDENTIALITY?

1. Children are being neglected or abused
2. Appearance in court as a witness
3. Client expressed plan to commit suicide
4. Client expressed plan to harm others
 INITIAL INTERVIEW/ INTAKE
INTERVIEW
The intake interview in the jail setting is done by a Counselor to
newly admitted residents. The main purpose is to elicit
information about the resident and provide information
about the program and what the expectations are on both
parties. Full and honest disclosure is expected on the
resident to elicit adequate and elaborate information and come
up with the proper treatment plan.
 ONE TO ONE COUNSELLING/INDIVIDUAL
COUNSELING
Objectives:
1. To promote individual explorations and help surface
complicated and troubled feelings among the residents. 2. To
provide a regular source of counseled guidance to residents.
3. To assist the residents to develop better coping skills and
improve self-esteem.
promote
4. To explore the different psychological tools which
the development of insight and increase self efficacy among
the resident

GROUP COUNSELING

*Static Group
*Peer Confrontation Group
*Secrets
*Encounter Group
*Extended Group
 STATIC GROUPS
The Static Group is a permanent group of peers and
leaders that meet regularly while the residents are in
treatment.
It is a sort of “home” group who provides support for
one another and to the new members of the community. This is
designed to provide a forum for self-expression and
disclosure. It is usually facilitated by senior members of the
group. It focuses on group relationship and patterns of behavior.
 PEER CONFRONTATION GROUP
The group participants in Peer Confrontation group are selected
by the staff and group according to peers like adult members
will go with the same date of entry in the facility and same goes
with the middle and young members.

It is done in a more compassionate way where each

resident try to help one another. Participants confront each
other on what they do for themselves while in the facility and ask
how they are coping with it.
 SECRETS
Secrets are a group activity where participants are given
the opportunity to unload emotional baggage and thus
experience freedom from internal psychological conflicts. It
promotes trust among the participants knowing that each will
reveal his utmost secrets to the group. It also aims to deepen
mutual respect among the participants.
 ENCOUNTER GROUPS
The Encounter Group serves as a “safety valve” within the
community whichis usually high pressured and structured.
It is a forum for members of the community to verbally
express pent-up or negative emotions within a structured and
safe environment without resorting to violence or aggression
and without fear of reprisal.

THE FLOW OF THE ENCOUNTER SHOULD

PASS THROUGH THE FOUR (4) PHASES:
Confrontation: This phase involves verbalization of concerns or
honest disclosure of emotions that has been provoked during
interpersonal interactions with another resident.
The focus should always be about how one feels because of the
behavior of the other

Exploration: In this phase, all the feelings that were expressed are
further examined and explored and find out how it could have
resulted in such way in order to evoke awareness on the connection of
behavior, feelings and attitude.
In this phase, blaming or finger pointing at one party is avoided. It
will only cause resentment form one party.
Resolution and Commitment: After some realizations and attaining
some insights into their behaviors, the residents are now ready to
move to the last phase to practice new behaviors. From the feedbacks
received, the resident involved will now express how he feels
about the whole thing and may own up his behavior which has
caused the conflict. He then goes on to make commitments to
avoid such occurrence in the future. Such commitment made by
the residents will be monitored to make sure that they are being
put to practice to avoid lapses.
Socialization: This is a structured social event where all those
involved in an encounter will have ample time to mend fences
with those they have offended or hurt in the past. The purpose is to
achieve closure, reaffirm relationship and maintain the unity of
the community so that all those involved can move on and leave the
past behind.

EXTENDED GROUP
The Extended Groups (Probe, Marathon) are usually
composed of 5- 12 residents and is being facilitated by 2
highly trained staff members.
It may last for 8-72 hours. The participants must have at
least 4 months in the program and have shown adequate
stability before he can be included in the activity.
It is a potentially intimate and intense session which
needs a significant amount of preparation. It focuses on the “here
and now” but allows a deeper exploration of issues that
affects new behavior. Special subjects may be the focus such
as sexuality, trauma, etc.

SPECIALIZED GROUPS

*Women’s Group
*Men’s Group
*Anger Management
*Loss and Bereavement
*Medication Support Group
 LOSS AND BEREAVEMENT
Duration/frequency: one hour once a week
Participants: 10 – 15 residents Procedure:
1. Facilitator is knowledgeable in conducting the sessions
andmanaging the time.
2. The group is very supportive and compassionate.
3. Facilitator discusses the process of grieving and the impact of
losses, mad feeling, attitudes and behavior derived from the loss
of a loved one.
4. Counselor gives some suggestions on how they would handle
the situation appropriately when there was another similar situation.
5. At the last sessions, each participant was required to write a
 letter to someone or a buddy to tell about the past and what they
will do in the future regarding losses.

WOMEN’S GROUP
Duration/ frequency: one hour once a week/ might last for six
sessions Participants: 8-15 residents, Counselor Procedure:
1. Held once a week and run by TC personnel. It provides an opportunity for all
female residents to share and discuss their feelings on women’s issues:
family, relationship, self-identity, self-image, societal role and reproductive
issues.
2. Issues to be tackled are gender specific problems and aims to help
female residents identify their challenges and needs.
3. Residents are helped to explore and understand the relationship
between women’s issues and their influences on them. It enhances self

understanding among women. 4. They can also help each other through
mutual support and concern.