IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)

Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2024, pp. 3892~3899

ISSN: 2252-8938, DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v13.i4.pp3892-3899  3892

A systematic assertive wide-band routing using location and

potential aware technique

Karur Mohammed Saifuddin1, Geetha D. Devangavi2

1
School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Reva University, Bangalore, India
2
School of Computing and Information Technology, Reva University, Bangalore, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Delays occur when packets must be routed over several paths in a wireless
sensor network with multiple origins and destinations. There are several
Received May 15, 2023 causes, delays may occur everywhere, even in a multi-hop wireless network.
Revised Oct 18, 2023 Due to the broadcast nature of wireless networks, opportunistic routing was
Accepted Nov 11, 2023 able to circumvent these delays. To avoid unnecessary delays, wide-band
routing may be used to calculate the smaller path between two nodes. In this
case, we address the shortcomings of the standard approach by taking into
Keywords: account the node's power. Path routing as well as the broadcast nature of
wireless signals help mitigate the effects of shoddy wireless connections. The
Assertive routing algorithm results show that the suggested approach outperformed the baseline in both
Distance-based routing end-to-end latency and packet delivery ratio.
Potential based routing
Wide-band routing
Wireless sensor network This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Karur Mohammed Saifudddin
School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Reva University
Bangalore, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Multipath routing is indeed a technique used to increase the network's bandwidth resilience [1]. Despite
its inability to provide full or correct results, single-path routing remains the standard. The multipath may be
flow-based dependent on the five-tuple of the packet's protocol, source IP, destination IP, source port, and
destination port to choose which path to take. When using multipath routing, the traditional single-path network
metrics will not be accurate. This includes the inability of traceroute to indicate nonexistent links when packets
are sent through multiple pathways [2], [3]. With mobile adhoc networks, no infrastructure is set up in advance.
Lighter, less computationally powerful, static nodes are employed in sensor networks, which are
deployed in isolated areas to keep an eye on whatever it is they are meant to keep an eye on. Both of these
functions operate independently but in tandem. Due to the potential for data loss, their sizes are limited to very
tiny radii. It is difficult to find and keep up with routes. Rather than using precise coordinates, most routing
algorithms instead use the received signal intensity to determine the distance between nodes. GPS may also be
utilized. This, however, calls for additional gear. As a result, it became clear that distance-based routing was
inefficient. This zone based energy efficient routing protocol is a relatively new technology that uses zones to
optimize network performance [4].
If just one possible route exists for a packet to take, its arrival order will mirror the order in which it
was sent. Out-of-order delivery is a problem with multipath routing. This might be because the packets were
reordered by the intermediary nodes or because the two packets took different routes. If two probing flows use
the same way in a flow-based system, it functions similarly to a single path. Therefore, ensuring optimum path
coverage to decrease the likelihood of relying on a single route, more packets should be sent as seen in

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  3893

Figure 1. Figure 1(a) shows the graphical representation of multipath routing, Figure 1(b) shows the realization
in the transport layer along with Figure 1(c) shows the realization in the network layer. If indeed the two packets
arrive out of sequence, it could be because the intermediate router reordered them (a process known as packet
reordering) or because they took different routes to their destinations.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1. Ilustration of multipath routing, (a) graph theoretical representation, (b) realization in the
transport layer, and (c) realization the network layer

To reduce the negative effects of having an unstable wireless connection, a revolutionary routing
strategy has been developed that takes advantage of both the spatial diversity and broadcast characteristics of
wireless communication. OR stands for "opportunistic routing". In the network layer, there exists a
predetermined list of nodes that will be used as "next hops" if a packet has to be forwarded. Based on its
accessibility and availability, one of those nodes is chosen to serve as the actual relay. With more potential
recipients, there is a greater chance that some of them will successfully get the packets. Because of this, it is
more likely to be received the first time around, avoiding the need for costly retransmission.
The output and efficiency both go up because of this. The usage of OR is widespread, and most of the
time it is used as a single-rate system. Methods of vetting potential candidates and ranking them have been
used in a variety of works. Ni intends to transmit data to nd. Then set Ci of all nodes that fall within ni's range
of transmission is probed. The range of transmission and the nodes closest to ni's neighbors both vary as the
data rate increases or decreases. Take into account the group Fi: = ni1, ni2, nir. Candidates from this group will
be sent to the next. This group of things is a small subset of the larger set Ci. These would be considered to
include all the nodes that are participating in the forwarding depending on some selection process. Priority
during packet relaying determines the ordering, and everything is sent in Fi.

2. RELATED WORK
Early on, devised an OR system for multihop networks that makes use of many radio frequency (RF)
channels [5]. Multi-channel exceptionally opportunistic routing (MCExOR) is indeed a routing protocol that
minimizes the number of hops required by wireless multi-hop networks. The total throughput grew as even the
number of active RF channels rose. However, this required unique algorithms both route finding and packet
forwarding, as well as an RF transceiver for each device. Tiny sensors only need a weak, non-rechargeable
battery power to operate. There is a strong reliance on ambient conditions on the sensors. Therefore, making
the most efficient use of energy is a primary priority in any routing approach.
They suggested just such a book. Multihop and OR theory was used, while optimization was carried
out with the disparity in energy levels and the distance between nodes taken into account [6]. Minimal power
consumption was shown using OR, which also boosted network performance by keeping nodes safe. If it were
a node with a longer lifespan, this would be impossible. Unfortunately, this does not work while the nodes are
in their sleep state. As part of OR, nodes that both overhear and take part in transmission are added to something
like a forwarder list, which also includes nodes of varying priority. When a packet is sent from a higher-priority
node to something like a lower-priority node, that packet would be dropped. Thus, setting priorities is difficult.
They paid special attention to the process of narrowing down and ranking the options [7]–[9]. They presented
a computationally cheap OR strategy that conserves energy. Active probing was utilized to decide on a network
architecture for a dispersed set of hosts [10]. Approaches are used, both with and without the usage of routers.
No mechanism can reliably generate an optimal route topology [11]. Help from the router was easy to use and
practical in practice. Unfortunately, the prevalent tree-based topology was inapplicable here [12], [13].
The three modules large scale live update, multipath proactive source routing, as well as small scale
re-transmission, were utilized [14]. Multiple pathways to the destination are discovered whenever the source
initiates contact with that as well. It takes into account all of the potential routes, generates a matrix, and counts
how many of those routes are completely separate from one another. The packets are routed to their final

A systematic assertive wide-band routing using location and potential … (Karur Mohammed Saifuddin)
3894  ISSN: 2252-8938

destination once all possible independent routes have been identified. When a packet is forwarded, it is done
so because the forwarding node stands closer to the destination than that the source node and thus has more
up-to-date routing information. If the nodes are moving swiftly and the network has a vast diameter, there is a
danger that information will be lost, even by the time it reaches another distant node. In this instance, the
forwarding node may update the portion of the forwarder list inside the packets based on its knowledge. If a
data transmission fails between two forwarders, then data might be resent by any intermediate nodes that are
not on the list. Researchers also demonstrated that multipath routing with mobile ad hoc networks (MANET)
has better performance than other routing protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, network latency (latency),
and delay jitters [15].
They employed transmission interference and conflict to send the packet without any problems. For the
signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) just at the receiver to be met, the sum of the powers of each of the receivers as well
as the noise power must be less than a specified value [2], [16]. When numerous nodes are broadcasting at once,
concurrent transmitter sets are utilized for efficient, low-energy transmission. Effective forwarding across all
links is achieved by the implementation of OR. Finding the expedited forwarding (EF) link rate for each emitter
[17]. Both the forwarding candidate list as well as the transmission rate determine the EF rate. When there is
just one forwarding candidate for every node, the OR technique is abandoned in favor of more conventional
routing algorithms. They suggested location-based associativity routing to minimize the distance traveled
throughout route discovery [18]. It is difficult to guarantee upkeep when linkages are broken. An associativity-
based routing algorithm chooses the path between nodes based on their associativity states. With the whole
network as just a potential destination, finding the optimal path takes a lot of time and uses a lot of bandwidth.
This location based opportunistic routing protocol (LOR) was proposed to ensure the timely and
reliable delivery of packets in highly dynamic MANET [19]. It exploits the broadcasting property and the
geographical routing of wireless media. When packets are sent out, the intermediate nodes act as forwarders
even though the intended nodes do not forward them. Duplicate relaying due to packet rerouting may be
reduced and the overheads associated with route recovery could be removed. To facilitate anonymous reactive
routing within MANETs, they suggested a privacy-friendly routing in suspicious MANETs (PRISM) protocol
[20]. It ensures the security of transmitted communications by authenticating nodes with the use of group
signatures and blocking tracking of individual nodes. Under some traffic conditions, it performed better than
link-specific state routing.
Scientists share the public’s worry about city traffic. Dijkstra's method, which locates the quickest
route, is often used by driver assistance systems. Defrawy and Tsudik [21] shows object-oriented principles
and has been tested utilizing microcontrollers to take into account the density of cars on the road and offer a
speedy way. They used a data fusion method to further refine it [22]. The use of geographic routing helps to
enhance the routing of vehicles in a city. However, signal loss might occur due to human error or natural
disasters. They presented a geo-routing system that uses OR and takes into account the local road network [23].
After one packet arrives through a wireless broadcast, it is forwarded via OR. As just a result, there was less
collision and a smaller channel loss. They created a low-cost, wireless, loop-less, and camera-less algorithm
for regulating the traffic light using a wireless sensor network [24], [25]. The goal of this article was to develop
an intelligent system that complements existing traffic management technology and shortens typical traffic-
light wait times. Current technology determines the presence of multipath routing by tracking the reverse path
of such a packet's journey. The final information would be a jumble of packets from several paths, in an
unpredictable sequence. Metrics may also reveal whether routing was flow-based or packet-based. In the past,
protocols have exclusively regarded wired connections. Wi-Fi, however, relies on a local area network (LAN)
to function, and wireless usage has increased in recent years. Since the benefits of considering wireless
communication are so great.

3. PROPOSED WORK
Delays can occur everywhere, even in multi-hop wireless networks, when there are multiple causes.
Due to the broadcast nature of wireless networks, OR was able to circumvent these delays. Using location data
for routing boosts a network's routing job throughput while reducing its power consumption and cost. Updating
of node locations and routing tables are maintained by software agents. Unfortunately, packet loss and
re-transmission will occur due to the subpar route quality. As packet forwarding is trustworthy, the path quality
must be high. This network's survival period is determined by the total remaining energy of all mobile nodes.
Therefore, it is not sufficient to only count hops when judging the efficacy of a network's routing. When
evaluating transmission quality and improving its dependability, transmission delay and residual energy are
indeed taken into account. Global optimum pathways are built from the source to the destination based on the
computed residual energy of the cluster heads. Once data packets have been sent from their originating node,
they are reported to the cluster leader. The ideal route for data transmission is determined by the cluster head,

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  3895

which selects the node with the shortest distance between it and the next hop. An exception is thrown in.
Figure 2 shows flowchart of the proposed model whenever a new message is produced and the neighbor of the
sending node must verify a single medium access control (MAC). Nonetheless, it is simple to insert and
arbitrate messages along the route. Here, an attacker must assault not just one hop, but also two to succeed.
Figure 2 shows this is the suggested model's flowchart. Constructed, and then its size is assessed.
Initially, the network formation is done then neighbor estimation is carried out and broadcasting of the ‘Hello’
message is done and energy details are received at the receiving location. After checking, the energy details
and distance if it is ‘Yes” the details are updated to the routing table and if it is ‘No’ then the energy details
and distance are given back as feedback to the network estimation block for further verification. From the
routing table the shortest path is selected and then checked if the check is failed the ‘Yes’ message is sent for
which updating of the table, resending of route request (RREQ), and resting of Rtable is carried out and if the
‘No’ message is sent the packets are forwarded.

Figure 2. Suggested model's flowchart

Transmission has been made. Information on the energy and database specifics of reception are stored.
The best way may be chosen by first calculating the energy and distance involved, and then updating the route.
The required energy for data packets in the course of action of sending and collecting more than the distance d
is described in (1) and (2):

𝐸𝑡 (𝑙, 𝑑) = 𝑙 × (𝐸 + ε𝑑α) (1)

𝐸𝑟 (𝑙) = 𝑙 × 𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 (2)

Where 𝐸𝑡 and 𝐸𝑟 are the required energy for sending and collecting energy progressively, 𝐸𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 is the energy
dissipation due to the cathodic loops, and 𝑙 is the data packet size. ε is forms the energy consumption amplifier,
α is the amplifying factor, α=2 is for the rarefaction model, when d ≤ d0 and wide-band fading model, α=4
when d > 𝑑0 as shown in the beneath equation. Where, and with forms the amplifier energy for unoccupied or
rarefaction (fs) and wide-band design, here we consider the rarefaction model. Figure 3 shows the network of
nodes.

A systematic assertive wide-band routing using location and potential … (Karur Mohammed Saifuddin)
3896  ISSN: 2252-8938

𝜀
𝑥 = √ 𝑓𝑠 (3)
𝜀 𝑚𝑝

Figure 3. Network of nodes

4. RESULTS
Figure 3 shows a network with 100 nodes. The NS2 simulator was used to get these results. The
image's red dots represent the senders as well as the recipients. There will be some lag time introduced by the
multipath routing used in a wireless sensor network with multiple origins and destinations. In OR, opportunities
are weighed. One way to achieve low-delay routing is to take into account the physical distance between nodes.
In this case, we address the shortcomings of the standard approach by taking into account the node's power.
Because of using the broadcast aspect of wireless signals, OR mitigates the effect of bad wireless connectivity
on the routing strategy. There are two types of data delays: queuing delays and propagation delays. It is possible
to use hop count instead of propagation delay when the queuing delay was disregarded. These results of time
vs end-to-end delay are shown in Figure 4. The green line represents the improved method, while the red one
displays the results of the current algorithm. As can be seen from the outcomes, optimal multilayer perceptron
(OMLP) has a little smaller latency than the other schemes. The graph shows that the proposed system has a
very low end-end delay compared to the existing method and the plot is between simulation time and end-end
delay.

Figure 4. End-end delay

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  3897

4.1. Packet delivery ratio

The number of packages received by the receiver as a percentage of total packets sent seems to be the
packet delivery ratio. Figure 5 shows the packet delivery ratio. The much more effective approaches are those
that ensure the message arrives at its intended recipient, neighbor, without any collisions. Figure 6 demonstrates
that packet delivery ratio was concentrated greater in OMLP. The graph shows that the proposed system has a
better packet delivery ratio compared to the existing method and the plot is between simulation time and packet
delivery ratio.

Figure 5. Packet delivery ratio

4.2. Packet loss

Packet loss occurs when data packets traveling across a network fail to reach their destination,
resulting in incomplete or missing information. It can be caused by network congestion, faulty hardware, or
interference. Packet loss can degrade the quality of communications and lead to issues like slower speeds,
reduced performance, or interrupted services. Figure 6 shows that the proposed system has a lower packet loss
rate compared to the existing method and the plot is between packet size and packet loss rate.

Figure 6. Shows that OMLP has a lower packet loss rate

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3898  ISSN: 2252-8938

4.3. Throughput
Throughput is the rate at which data is successfully transmitted over a network or communication
channel within a given period. It is often measured in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (kbps), or
megabits per second (Mbps). High throughput indicates efficient data transfer and better network performance,
whereas low throughput can lead to slow speeds and reduced service quality. Figure 7 displays the throughput
data for just a simulation lasting 100, 200, 500 seconds with 100 nodes. There is no doubt that our OLMP
system is more efficient.

Figure 7. Throughput

5. CONCLUSION
The study offers a notion of multipath routing with a focus on its potential uses in wireless ad hoc and
mesh networks. In this work, we highlight the primary advantages of multipath routing algorithms and describe
its three basic components: i) discovery, ii) traffic distribution, and iii) path maintenance. Multiple multipath
routing systems and ad hoc networks are also shown to illustrate the many approaches to implementing such
networks, both wirelessly and through wired connections. These simulation results obtained using the network
simulation tool (NS 2.34) demonstrate that the suggested protocol provides high throughput with low latency,
as seen in the accompanying graph. Employing opportunistic multipath routing location and power as such a
routing protocol may lead to a fast packet delivery rate, low latency, and high throughput. The difficulty of
routing packets through a multi-hop network with various wireless connections from different origins while
guaranteeing limited anticipated latency and traffic is taken into account. It is recommended that multi-hop
wireless ad-hoc networks use OR to compensate for the shortcomings of traditional routing. Exploiting the
broadcast aspect of wireless broadcasts and route diversity to mitigate the effect of poor-performing wireless
connections here on the routing process.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHOR

Karur Mohammed Saifuddin is working at SRIT College as an assistant

professor in electronics and communication domain, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. He is a
research scholar at Reva University. His areas of interest are wireless sensor network and
sensor network. He can be contacted at this email: [email protected].

Geetha D. Devangavi is working at Reva University as a professor in School

of Computing and Information Technology. She has 15 years of teaching experience. Her
areas of interest are sensor networks and wireless sensor network. She can be contacted at
this email: [email protected].

A systematic assertive wide-band routing using location and potential … (Karur Mohammed Saifuddin)