MATHS

EQUATI
ONS
Gi
rish Physi
cs
1
. RELATI
ON & FUNCTI
ONS
1.Re
fle
xiv
e:(
a,a
)ЄR
2
. Symme
tri
c:I
f(
a,b)ЄR═>(
b,a
)ЄR
3.
Tra
nsi
ti
ve:I
f(
a,b)ЄR,
(b,
cGi
rish Physi
)ЄR═>(
a,c
)ЄRcs
One-One
f
(x1
)=f
(x2
)═>x
1
=x
2

(
f0g)x=f
[g(
x)]
(
g 0f
)x=g[
f(
x)]
(
f0f)
x=f[
f(
x)]

a*b=b*
a

(
a*b
)*c=a*(
b*c
) Gi
rish Physi
cs
a e=e a=a

a*b=e
,the
n‘b’i
sthei
nve
rseof‘
a’

I
ff0f(
x)=x,t
henf
-1
(x)=f
(x)
I
ff0g(
x)=g
0f(
x)=x,t
henf
-1
(x)=g
(x)

2. TRI
GONOMETRY
s
in2
A+c
os2
A=1 1+c ot
2
A=cos
ec2
A s
in(
A+B)=si
nAc os
B+c os
AsinB
1-s
in2
A=c
os2
A cos
ec2
A-1=cot2
A s
in(
A-B)=s
inAcosB-c os
As i
nB
1-c
os2
A=s
in2
A c
os(
A+B)=cosAcosB-s i
nAsinB
c
osec-
1
x=si
n -
1
(1/
x)
c
os(
A-B)=cos
Ac os
B+s i
nAsinB
s
ec2
A-t
an2
A=1 s
ec-
1
x=cos-
1
(1/x)
Gi
rish Physi
cs
t
anA+t anB
1+t
an2
A=s
ec2
A c
ot-
1
x=tan
-1
(1/x
) t
an(
A+B)=--
---
--
---
---
---
-
1-tanAtanB
s
ec2
A-1=t
an2
A 1+cos
2A=2cos2
A t
anA-tanB
c
ose
cA-c
2
otA=1 2
1-c
os2A=2s
in2
A t
an(
A-B)=-
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
1+tanAtanB
 1-c os2A 2tanθ
s
in2
A=---
--
---
---
-- s
in2
θ=---
---
--
---
2 1+tan2
θ
1+c os2A
Gi
rish Physi
cs c
os2θ=cosθ-s inθ
2 2
c
os2
A=---
---
---
---
-
2 c
os2θ=1-2si
n 2
θ
3si
nA-s in3A
s
in3
A=---
---
---
---
----
--- c
os2θ=2cos
2
θ-1
4
3cos
A+c os3A 1-tan2
θ
c
os3
A=---
---
---
---
----
--- c
os2θ=--
--
---
----
4 1+tan2
θ
C+D C- D
s
inC+sinD=2 sin----
--cos---
--- s
in3θ=3
sinθ-4s
in3
θ
2 2
C+D C- D c
os3θ=4co
s3
θ-3cosθ
s
inC-sinD=2 cos----
--si
n- -
---
-
2 2
3t
anθ-ta
n 3
θ
C+D C- D t
an3θ=-
--
---
--
---
-----
c
osC+c os
D=2 co
Gi
ri
s--
sh Physi
--
--c
o s-
cs
-
---
- 1-3 t
an θ
2
2 2
C+D C- D s
in(
-x)=-
si
nx cos(
-x)=cos
x
c
osC-cosD=- 2sin---
---s
in----
--
2 2 t
an(
-x)=-
tanx c
osec
(-x)=-
cos
ecx
1
s
inAcos
B=- --[si
n(A+B)+s i
n(A-B)
] c
ot(
-x)=-
cot
x s
ec(
-x)=s
ecx
2
1
cos
Asi
nB=- --[si
n(A+B)-s in(
A-B)] 1+cos2A=2cos2
A
2
1 1-cos
2A=2sin2
A
s
inAsi
nB=- -
-[-
cos(A+B)+c os(A-B)
]
2 1+cosA=2cos2
(A/
2)
1
cos
AcosB=- -
-[cos
(A+B)+c os(
A-B)] 1-c
osA=2si
n2
(A/2)
2
I
NVERSE TRI
GONOMETRI
C FUNCTI
ONS

s
in-
1
x+cos-
1
x=Π/ 2 x -
y
t
an-
1
x-t
an-
1
y=ta
n-1
-----
-
1 +xy
t
an x+cot x=Π/ 2
Gi
rish Physi
cs
-
1 -
1
x+y
t
an-
1
x+tan-
1
y=t
an-1
----
--
s
ec-1
x+c
ose c
-1
x=Π/2 1 -
xy
s
in-
1
x+s
in-
1
y=s
in-
1
(x
√1-
y2
+y
√1-
x2
)

s
in-
1
x-s
in-
1
y=s
in-
1
(x√1-
y2
-y√1-
x2
)
c
os-
1
x+c
os-
1
y=c
os-
1
(xy-
√1-
x2
√1
-y2
)

Gi
rish Physi
cs
c
os-1
x-cos
-1
y=c
os-
1
(x y+√1-
x2
√1
-y2
)
s
in-
1
(si
nθ)=θ c os-1
(c
o s
θ)=θ
t
an-
1
(ta
nθ)=θ
3.MATRI
CES & DETERMI
NANTS
adjA
A-1=-
----
--
-
|
A|
AreaofaTri
angl
ewhos
eve
rti
ces(
x ,
y)(
1 1
x,y)(
2 2
x ,
y)
3 3

x y1
_

_
_

_
_

1 1

_
_

_
_

_
_

_
_

A=½ x y 1
_
_

_
Gi
rish Physi
cs
_

_
2 2
_

_
_

_
_

_
_

x y 1
_
_

_
_

_
3 3
_

_
_

_
_

I
fth
epoi
ntsa
rec
oll
ine
ar,t
henAr
ea=0.
(
AB)T
=BT.AT
(
AT) =A
Gi
rish Physi
cs
T

(
AB)-
1
=B-1.
A-1
I
fAisaSq
uar
eMat
rix,t
hen
A+Ali
sSymme
tri
xandA-Ali
sSk
ew-
symme
tri
x
I
fAisbot
hSy mmetr
icandSkew-
symmet
ri
cMa
tri
x,t
henAi
saZe
roMa
tri
x.
fAl=A,
I the
nAi sSymme t
ric
.
I
fAl=-A,t
henAi sSke
w- s
ymmetr
ic. Gi
rish Physi
cs
I
fAisnxnma tr
ix,t
hen|KA|=Kn|A|
.
|
adj
A|=|A|
n-
1
1
I
fAisaninver
ti
blema
tri
xofor
der2,t
hen| =-
A-l| -
---
|
A|

4.DERI
VATI
VES

dy dy x dy x
y=x
n
,-
--
--=nx
n-
1
y=a
x
,-
--
--=al
oga y=e
x
,-
--
--=e
dx dx dx

dy 1 dy 1 1 d y -1
y=√x,-
--
--=-
---
- y=l
ogx,
---
--=-
-- y=-
--
-,-
--
--=-
--
dx 2 √x dx x x d x x 2

dy dy dy
Gi
rish Physi
cs
y=s
inx,-
--
--=cos
x y=co
sx, -
--
--=-si
nx y=tan
x, --
--
-=s e
c2
x
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
y=s
ecx,
--
---
=se
cxt
anx y=c
ose
cx,
---
--=-cos
ecxco
tx y=c
otx,-
---
-=- c
osec2
x
dx dx dx
 dy 1 dy -
1 dy 1
y=s
in-
1
x,-
--
--=-
--
- -
-- y=cos-
1
x ,
---
--= -
--
---
- y=ta
n-1
x,-
---
-=--
---
--
dx √1 -x 2 dx √1 -x2
dx 1 +x 2

dy 1 dy -
1 dy -1
y=s
ec x,-
---
-=-
----
- -
- -
Gi
y
ri
=c
sh Physi
os
ec x,
cs
--
---=--
---
---
- y=cot x,-
--
--=--
--
---
-
1 -1 -1
dx x√x 2
-1 dx x √x2
-1 dx 1 +x 2

dy dy dy
y=x,
---
-=1 y=C,
---
-=0 y=x
2
,-
--
-=2x
dx dx dx

APPLI
CATI
ONS OF DERI
VATI
VES

dy
Sl
ope=- -
---at(
x ,y)
dx 1 1

Equa
ti
ono fTang e
nt:y-y =Slope(x-x )
Gi
rish Physi
cs
1 1
-
1
Equa
tio
no fNo rmal:y-y = --
---
---(x-x )
1
Slope 1

Ta
ngentis//e
ltoxa xis
,Slope=0 .
Ta
ngentisperpenti
cula
rtox -
axis
,Slope=∞

5.I
NTEGRATI
ON
xn+1
ax
∫
xd
n
x=-
--
---+C ∫
(1/
x)dx=l
ogx+C ∫
ed
x
x=e+C ∫
x
adx=-
-
x
-
----+C
n+1 loga

∫
si
nxdx=-
cos
x+C ∫
cos
ecxd
x=l
og(
cos
ecx-c
otx)+C
∫
cos
xdx=s
inx+C ∫
sec
xdx=l
og(se
cx+t
anx)
+C
∫
ta
nxdx=l
ogse
cx+C ∫
cot
xdx=logsinx+C
or-l
ogc
osx+CGi
rish Physi
cs or-
logc
osecx+C

∫
sec
2
xdx=t
anx+C ∫
ces
ec2
xdx=-
cot
x+C ∫
sec
xta
nxdx=s
ecx+C
∫
cos
ecxc
otxdx=-
cos
ecx+C

x3/
2
1
∫
√xdx=-
--
- -+C ∫
1dx=x+C ∫--
--dx=2√x+C
3/
2 √x
∫
logxdx=x(
logx-1
)+C
 1
∫-
_-
-
_-
__--d x=si
n-1
x+Co r-cos-1
x+C
√1-x 2

1
∫--
--
_
---
___
-dx=sec-1
x+Co r- cose c-
1
x+C
x√x- 2
1

Gi
rish Physi
cs
1
∫--
- ---d x=ta
n-1
x+Co r-c ot
-
1
x+C
1+x 2

_ _ __ x_ _ __ 2 ____
2 2 a
∫√x-
2 2
ad x=--
2
-
√x- a---
2
-log| x+√x- a|
2 2
+C
_ _ __ ____ 2 ____
x 2 2 a
∫√x+ad
2 2
x=-
2
-
-√x+a+- -
2
-log| x+√x+a|
2 2
+C
_ _ _ _ x_ _ __ a
1 x
2

∫√a-
2 2
xd x=--
2
-√a- x +-
2 2
-
-
2
-s i
n -
((
--
a
-+C

1 1 x 1 1 x -a
x=((

_
∫ ∫

_
---
--
--d --
-ta
n --
--+C ---
--
--dx=-
--
--l
og-
--
--
-+C

_
-1

_
_
x+a a a x- a 2a x +a

_
2 2 2 2

_
1 1 a+x 1
Gi
rish Physi
cs
1 x
∫-
------dx=--
---l
og ---- -
-+C -
∫-
_
_--
_
_-
_-
_-dx=s
in-
(( - +C
_

-
--
_

a -x
2 2
2a a -x √a- x
2 2 a
_

_
_

1 _______
1 ______
∫ ∫
_

-
------dx=l
ogx +√x -a+C

_
-
------dx=logx+√x +a+C
_

_
____
___ 2 2 ______ 2 2
_

_
_

_
_

√x- a

_
√x+a
_

_
2 2 2 2
_

_
_

∫(
Is
t
xIInd
)=I
s
∫
II -∫
t nd
(De r
.ofI
s
)
t
(I
nte
gra
lofI
Ind
)
R
fl(x)
∫--
----d x=log|
f(x)|
+C
f(x)
∫ex
[f
(x)+fl(x)]
dx=e x
f(
xGi
ri
)+Csh Physi
cs
I
Ind I
st
s(
+) 9 0+ 9 0- s
(+)
c(-
) 1 80- 3 60+ c
(+)
t(
-) 9 0
0 t
(+)
00

1800
3600
I
II
rd I
Vth
27 00

s(
-) s(-
)
c(
-)1 80+ 2 70+ c(+)
0- 3 60-
Gi
rish Physi
cs
27 t(
-)
t
(+)
 DEFI
NITE I
NTEGRALS
b a

s
∫
f(
x)dx=-
∫f
(x)dx

c
a b

i
a a

s
∫
f(
x)dx=-
∫f
(a-
x)dx
0 0

y
b b

h
∫
f(
x)dx=∫
f(
a+b-
x)dx
a a

P
a
∫
f(
x)dx=0,
iff
(x)i
sod
d.

h
-
a

s
a a

i
∫
f(
x)dx=2∫
f(
x)d
x,i
ff(
x)i
seve
n.

r
-
a 0

i
DI
FFERENTI
AL EQUATI
ONS

1.
-
dy
--
-+Py=Q
dx
I.
F=e∫Pdx
G
Solut
ioni sy(
I.F)=∫Q(
I.
F)dx+C

ics
s
dy

y
2.
---
-+Px=Q
dx
I.
F=e∫Pdy
Solut
ioni sy(
I.F)=∫Q(
I.
F)d
y+C
Ph
6.VECTORS
s
i h
a
ir
G
1.Uni
tVe
ctorofa=-
--
---
|a|
2.a=a
i+bj+c
k,|
a|=√a
2
+b
2
+c
2

ics
s
a+b

y
3
. Uni
tVec
torpara
lle
ltos umo fthevec
tors=----
---
--
-
_ _| a+b|

h
_ _ axb

P
4.Uni
tVect
orpe
rpenti
cula
rtoaa n
db=- -_
-
---
-_
--
--
|axb|

h
_ _ __
_ _

s
_ _ (a+b )x(a-b)

i
Uni
tVect
or┴artobotha+b&a-b=- -_
-
---
-_
-
----
-_
-
--_
-
--
--

r
|
(a+b )x(a-b)|
5.Twove
ctor
sarepara
l
G
l
i
e
l,the
_ _
naxb=0
__
 __
_ _ a.b 1 _ _
7.Proj
ectionofaonb=--_
-
---
- 8
.Ar
eao
fTr
ian
g l
e=-
--
-|axb|
|b_|_ 2
9.AreaofPa ral
le
logr
am=| axb|
_
10.a
_=a1
i+b 1
j+c1
k

Gi
rish Physi
cs
___________
b=a i+b j+c k i jk

___________
2 2 2
_ _
Thenaxb= a bc
1 1 1

a bc
2 2 2

=i
(bc-b
12
c)-j
21
(ac-a
12
c)+k
21
(ab -a
12
b)
21

7.THREE DI
MENSI
ONAL GEOMETRY

Dir
ect
ionrat
iosofl
inej
oini
ngt
wop
o i
nts(
x y z)&(
1 1 1
x y z)
2 2 2

ar
ex 2
-x ,y -y
1 2
,z-z
1 2 1

Di
t
h
r
e
ec
t
nd
i
o
i
r
nr
ec
t
a
i
o
t
io
nc
s
:a
os
,
i
n
b
e
,c
sar
Gi
e
,
rish Physi
cs
__________ __________ __________

_ _
Gi
rish Physi
cs
_ _
_ _
_ _
b . b
2.
Angl
ebet
weent
wol i
nes
,cosθ=-_
--1 _
----
-2
--
|
b | |
b |
_
1
_2
n .n
3.
Angl
ebet
weent
wop l
ane
s,cosθ=-_
-
--1
- _
-
-2
--- Gi
rish Physi
cs
|n1
| |n2
|
__
b.n
4.
Angl
ebe
twee
nplane&li
ne,s
inθ=--_
----
-_
----
|b| |n|

_ _ Gi
rish Physi
_ _
c_s_
mb+n a mb-na a+b
I
nte
rna
ll
y:r=-
--
--
--
--
-- Ext
erna
ll
y:r=-
--
--
--
--
-- Mi
dpoi
nt:r=-
--
---
--
m+n m-n 2
 _ _ _
a=a
1
i+b
1
j+c
1
k b=ai+bj+ck c=a
3
i+b
3
j+c
3
k
__ _
2 2 2

I
fa,b,ca
reCopl
ana
r,t
hen

a b c
__________________

__________________
1 1 1
___
[a,b,c]= a
2
b
2
c
2 =0 ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
a
3
b
3
c
3

1.Equa
ti
ono
fpl
anepa
ssi
ngt
hro
u gh(
x y z)(
1 1 1
x y z)(
2 2 2
x y z)i
3 3 3
s
___________

x-
x y
-y z
-z
___________

1 1 1

x-x y-y z-z =0

x-
2 1

x y-
2 1

y z-z
ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
3 1 3 1 3 1

2
. Equa
ti
ono fpl
anepas
singthr
ough(
x y z)(
1 1 1
x y z)p
2 2 2
e
rpe
nti
cul
art
othe
p l
anea1
x+b1
y+c1
z+d1
=0is
___________

x-
x y-
y z
-z
___________

1 1 1

x-x y
2 1
-y z
2 1
-z =0
2 1 ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
a
1
b
1
c
1

3.Eq ua
ti
o nofpla
nepas
singt
hrough(x y z)a
1 1 1
ndpe
rpe
nti
cul
art
othepl
ane
s
a1
x+b 1
y+c1
z+d1
=0&a 2
x+b 2
y+c 2
z+d2
=0is
___________

x-
x1 y
-y1 z
-z
___________

a
1
b1 c
1
=0
a
2
b2 c
2
ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
4.Equat
ionoff a
mil
yo fpl
anespa
ss i
ngt
h r
oughtheint
ers
ecti
ono
foft
wo
pl
an e
sa1
x+b1
y+c 1
z+d1
=0&a 2
x+b2
y+c2
z+d 2
=0i s
(a1
x+b1
y+c 1
z+d1
)+λ(a 2
x+b2
y+c2
z+d 2
)=0
5.Di
st
anc
eb/
wtwo/
/e
lpl
ane
sax
+by+c
z+d
1
=0&a
x+b
y+c
z+d
2
=0
__d_
-d__
_
_

1 2
-
--
---
--
--
--
--
_
_

ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
_
_

a
2
+b2+c
2
_
_

_
_

→ → → → →
r=a+λb → →
r=a+λ(b-a )
x-x y-y z-
z

ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
-
--
--
--=-
1
--
---
-=-
1
--
--
1 x-x y- y z
-z
a b c -
--
---
-=-
1
--
- -
-
1
-=--
---
-
1

x -
x
2 1
y -
y
2 1
z -
z
2 1

→ →
|b .
b|
c
osθ=-
--
→---
--
1 2
→ --
|b ||
b
1 2
|
aa+b b +c
1 2_
c
c
osθ=-_
-
-_
-_
--_
-
-_
12
-_
--_
_
--
-_
-__
-
---
-_
--_
1
-
-_
-_
2
--_
-_
-
-_
-_
√a1
2
+b2
1
+c1
2
√a2
2
+b2
2
+c2
2
ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
→
___________
___________ ___________

→ → →
(b1
xb 2
).(a2
-a1
)
Shor
tes
tDi
st
anc
eS.
D= -
--
----
---
→ →--
--
- -
---
--
-
|b1
xb 2
|

ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
___________

→ →
(bx(a2
-→
a1
)
Shor
tes
tDi
st
anc
eS.
D= -
--
--
--
-
→----
--
---
-
|
b|

I
ftwoli
nesarep a
ral
le
l,t
hen
a b c
-
-
1
-
-=---
1
-=--
-
1

a
2
b2
c2

I
ftwol
ine
sar
epe
rpe
nti
cul
ar,t
hen
aa +bb +cc=0
ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
12 12 12
7.PROBABI
LITY

n(A)
P(
A)=-
--
---
-
n(S)

P(
AUB)=P(
A)+P(
B)-P(
A
ri
Gi U
cs
sh Physi
B)

U
P(E F)
1.P(
E/F)=-
--
---
--
--
---
P(F)
P(
U
E F)
ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
2.P(
F/E)=-
--
---
--
--
---
P(F)

3.IfA&Baret
woinde
pende
nte
vent
s,t
hen
U
P(A B)=P(A)xP(
B)
ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
P(Ei).P(A/Ei)
P(
Ei/
A)=-
--
--
n----
---
---
---
----
--
∑P( Ej).P(A/Ej)
j
=1

i=1,
2,3,
..
..
..
..
..
.
.,n
Sumo
fpr
obabi
li
tyofar
and
omv
ari
abl
e=1 ri
Gi cs
sh Physi

______
_ _

ri
Gi cs
sh Physi
x

Wh
ere
p=P(as
ucc
ess
)& q=1-p