CE75.

07: Performance Based Seismic Design

Module 1: Performance-Based Design
CE75.07 - Lecture 1.3: Capacity Based Design

Dr. Naveed Anwar

Executive Director, AIT Solutions|Director, ACECOMS
Affiliated Faculty, Structural Engineering
 About This Lecture

• Describes concept and philosophy of capacity based

design method.

• Highlights the importance and need for capacity based

design method

• Describes fundamental principle for the design of special

moment resisting frame

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 Learning Outcomes

• Able to understand the concept and philosophy of

capacity based design method.

• Able to understand concept ductile link analogy

• Able to understand fundamental concept of design of

special moment resisting frame

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Capacity Design Approach – General Concepts

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 What is Capacity Design?
• Capacity Design is a design process in which it is decided which
objects within a structural system will be permitted to yield (ductile
components) and which objects will remain elastic (brittle
components).

• Once ductile and brittle systems are decided upon, design

proceeds according to the following guidelines:

• Ductile components are designed with sufficient deformation capacity such

that they may satisfy displacement-based demand-capacity ratio.

• Brittle components are designed to achieve sufficient strength levels such that
they may satisfy strength-based demand-capacity ratio.

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 Why Capacity Design?

• It is best to implement Capacity Design because structural performance is then a

deliberate intention of the designer, and not revealed in a secondary manner by
computational tools.

• Further, because of the many sources of uncertainty inherent to structural

modeling and analysis, unless ductile systems are predetermined, a
computational tool may not accurately indicate which systems will achieve
inelastic response.

• In summary, Capacity Design enables the creation of a more reliable

computational model, which should lead to better structural design.

• Saves computational time – Pre decide what is non-linear and what is linear

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 Capacity Design Philosophy
• Structures are designed for many limit states

• Load Design = all limit states must occur beyond a minimum load
level

• Capacity Design = same as above, except now we choose that

one limit state is to occur before any other

• Difficult part is choosing the Limit State that should govern

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 Where is Capacity Design Used?

• Seismic Design Guidelines

• Seismic design guidelines (UBC) are written with a specific intent of
capacity design

• Special Moment Resisting Frame = hinges should form in beam

• Special Concentric Braced Frame = braces should yield in tension

• Eccentric Braced Frame = link region of beam to yield in shear

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Ductile Link
Analogy

Ductile Chain Design

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Source: C.V.R.Murty, 2002 10
 The beams must be the weakest links and not the columns – this can be achieved by
appropriately sizing the members and providing correct amount of steel reinforcement
in them.

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Source: C.V.R.Murty, 2002 11
Two Distinct design of buildings that result in different earthquake performances –
Columns should be stronger than beams
CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design Source: C.V.R.Murty, 2002 12
 Example – A
Hanging Rope

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 Example – A
Hanging Rope

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Seismic
Design

Source: FEMA P695 / June 2009

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 Moment Resisting Frame

• Ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF)

• Intermediate moment resisting frame (IMRF)

• Special moment resisting frame (SMRF)

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Special Moment Resisting Frame

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 Principles for Design of SMRF
• Proportioning and detailing requirements are intended to
ensure that inelastic response is ductile.

• Three main goals

1. To achieve a strong-column/weak-beam design that spreads

inelastic response over several stories

2. To avoid shear failure

3. To provide details that enable ductile flexural response in

yielding regions
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Design a Strong-column / Weak-beam Frame

• If the building has weak columns, drift tends to concentrate in one

or a few stories, and may exceed the drift capacity of the columns.
If columns provide a stiff and strong spine over the building height,
drift will be more uniformly distributed and localized damage will be
reduced.

• Additionally, it is important to recognize that the columns in a given

story support the weight of the entire building above those columns,
whereas the beams only support the gravity loads of the floor of
which they form a part; therefore, failure of a column is of greater
consequence than failure of a beam.

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Design a Strong-column / Weak-beam Frame
• ACI 318 adopts the strong-column/weak-beam principle by
requiring that the sum of column strengths exceed the sum of beam
strengths at each beam-column connection of a special moment
frame. Studies have shown that the full structural mechanism can
only be achieved if the column-to-beam strength ratio is relatively
large (on the order of four).

• As this is impractical in most cases, a lower strength ratio of 1.2 is

adopted by ACI 318. Some column yielding associated with an
intermediate mechanism is to be expected, and columns must be
detailed accordingly.

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 Strong-Column/Weak Beam Frame

Strong-Column/Weak Beam Frame Requirement for SMRF

Source: NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 1

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 Strong-Column/Weak Beam Frame

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 Avoid Shear Failure
Ductile response requires that members yield in flexure, and that
shear failure be avoided.

Shear failure is avoided through use of a capacity-design

approach.

The general approach is to identify flexural yielding regions,

design those regions for code-required moment strengths, and
then calculate design shears based on equilibrium assuming
the flexural yielding regions develop probable moment
strengths.

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 Avoid Shear Failure

• Probable moment strength is calculated from

conventional flexural theory considering the as-
designed cross section, using φ = 1.0, and
assuming reinforcement yield strength equal to at
least 1.25 fy.

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 Detail for Ductile Behavior
• Plain concrete has relatively small usable compressive strain capacity
(around 0.003), and this might limit the deformability of beams and
columns of special moment frames.

• Strain capacity can be increased ten-fold by confining the concrete with

reinforcing spirals or closed hoops.

• The hoops act to restrain dilation of the core concrete as it is loaded in

compression, and this confining action leads to increased strength and
strain capacity.

• Hoops typically are provided at the ends of columns, as well as through

beam-column joints, and at the ends of beams.

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Beams in SMRF

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 Beams in SMRF
• Typical economical beam span, 6 to 9 m

• Resulting beam depth that will support typical gravity loads and
requisite seismic forces without overloading adjacent beam-column
joints and columns.

• Clear span > 4 x effective depth (ACI 21.5.1.2)

• Beams are allowed to be wider than supporting columns, but beam

width normally does not exceed column width.

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 Beams in SMRF

Ref: ACI 318-08 Fig. R21.5.1

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 Beams in SMRF
• Divided into three different zones when considering where hoops
and stirrups can be placed:

• At each end of the beam (2h) where flexural yielding is expected to

occur

• Needs to be well confined because this is where the beam is expected to

undergo flexural yielding and this is the location with the highest shear.
Therefore, closely spaced, closed hoops are required in this zone

• The zone along lap-spliced bars, if any;

• The remaining length of the beam

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Beams in
SMRF

Hoops and Stirrups Locations and Spacing Requirements

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Beams in
SMRF

Hoop Reinforcement Details

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 Capacity Design Approach in Beams

• Assuming beam is yielding in flexure,

beam end moments are set equal to
probable moment strengths.

• Design shear is based on the

probable moment to maintain the
moment equilibrium.

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 Shear Capacity of Beams

• Shear Capacity

• Assume Vc = 0 when both (a) and (b) occur:

a) The earthquake-induced shear force calculated in accordance with ACI

21.5.4.1 represents one-half or more of the maximum required shear
strength within yielding zones;

b) The factored axial compressive force, Pu, including earthquake effects is

less than Agfc′ /20.

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 Shear Capacity of Beams
• Experimental studies of reinforced concrete members subjected to
cyclic loading have demonstrated that more shear reinforcement is
required to ensure a flexural failure if the member is subjected to
alternating nonlinear displacements than if the member is loaded in
only one direction: the necessary increase of shear reinforcement
being higher in the case of no axial load.

• The added conservatism on shear is deemed necessary in locations

where potential flexural hinging may occur.

• However, this stratagem, chosen for its relative simplicity, should not
be interpreted to mean that no concrete is required to resist shear.

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Columns in SMRF

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 Columns in SMRF

• Ratio of shortest cross-sectional dimension to perpendicular

dimension not less than 0.4 (ACI 318-21.6.1.2)

• Limiting cross-section to a more compact section rather than a long

rectangle.

• Minimum column dimension = 300 mm

• Preferable minimum dimension = 400 mm, except for unusual cases

or low-rise buildings.

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 Columns in SMRF

• First approximation, the columns can be designed for the maximum

factored gravity loads while limiting the area of reinforcement to
between 1 % and 3 %.

• ACI 318 allows the longitudinal reinforcement to reach 6 % of the

gross section area, but this amount of reinforcement results in very
congested splice locations.

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 Nominal
Flexural
Strength of
Strong-
column/Wea
k-beam

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 Strong-column / Weak-beam Requirements

• In some cases it may not be practical to satisfy the strong-column/

weak-beam provisions for a small number of columns.

• The strength and stiffness of such columns cannot be considered as

part of the special moment frame.

• These columns must also satisfy the requirements of ACI 318 - 21.13,
that is, columns not designated as part of the seismic force-resisting
system.

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 Transverse Reinforcement

• The column transverse reinforcement should initially be selected

based on the confinement requirements of ACI 318 - 21.6.4.

• For rectangular cross sections, the total cross-sectional area of

rectangular hoop reinforcement is not to be less than that required
by either of the following two equations, whichever gives the larger
amount.

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 Transverse
Reinforcement

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 Column Design Shear
The column design shear is defined as the larger of the shear from
procedure a and the shear from either procedure b or procedure c.

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 Probable
Moment for
Column

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 Shear Capacity of Columns

• Assuming Vc = 0 when both (a) and (b) occur:

a) The earthquake-induced shear force, calculated in accordance

with 21.6.5.1, represents one-half or more of the maximum required
shear strength within lo;

b) The factored axial compressive force, Pu, including earthquake

effects is less than Agfc′ /20.

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 Shear Capacity of Columns

Length lo shall not be less than the largest of (a), (b),and

(c):

a) The depth of the member at the joint face or at the section

where flexural yielding is likely to occur

b) One-sixth of the clear span of the member;

c) 450 mm.

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 Column
Transverse
Reinforcement
Spacing
Requirements

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Beam-column Joints in SMRF

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 Beam-Column Joints
The frame yielding mechanism determines the forces acting
on the column and beam-column joint.

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 Beam-column Joint Dimensions
• Aj is the effective cross-sectional area within a joint computed from
joint depth times effective joint width. Joint depth shall be the
overall depth of the column, h.

• Effective joint width shall be the overall width of the column, except
where a beam frames into a wider column, effective joint width shall
not exceed the smaller of (a) and (b):

a) Beam width plus joint depth

b) Twice the smaller perpendicular distance from longitudinal axis of beam to

column side.

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Beam-column
Joint
Dimensions

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Determination
of Column
Shear

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 Determination of Joint Shear

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 Joint Shear Strength

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Thank you
for watching