CE75.

07 – Performance Based Seismic Design

Module 1: Performance Based Design
CE75.07 – Lecture 1.4 : Overall Procedure of Performance-based Design

Dr. Naveed Anwar

Executive Director, AIT Solutions|Director, ACECOMS
Affiliated Faculty, Structural Engineering
 About the Lecture
• Presents a brief introduction to PBD and its requirements.

• Describes various factors to be taken into account during PBD of

structures .

• Gives an introduction to peer review for PBD.

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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 Expected Learning Outcome
• Able to understand the requirements for PBD.

• Understand factors to be considered during PBD of structures .

• Able to understand peer review for PBD.

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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 PERFORMANCE BASED-SEISMIC DESIGN
• More common in design of high-rise buildings in western United States.

• To substantiate exceptions to specific prescribed code requirements.

• To demonstrate higher performance levels for a structure.

• An integral component is nonlinear response history analysis.

• Involves significantly more effort in the analysis and design stages.

• Use of seismic force-resisting systems and Innovative designs not

prescribed by code

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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•Description of building, structural •SPT values •Earthquake hazard determination •10-year return period wind load
system •Soil stratification and properties •Ground motion characterizations •50-year or 700-year return period
•Codes, standards and references •Soil type for seismic loading •Recommended spectra (SLE, DBE, wind load
•Loading criteria •Allowable bearing capacity and MCE) •Floor accelerations (1-year, 5-year
•Materials •Sub-grade modulus return periods)
•Modeling, analysis and design •Liquefaction potential •Rotational velocity (1-year return
procedures period)
•Basement wall pressure
•Performance objectives and •Natural frequency sensitivity study
acceptance criteria

Site-specific
Geotechnical
Basis of design probabilistic seismic Wind tunnel test
investigation
assessment

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

 Geotechnical investigation
 Probabilistic seismic hazard
assessment

Preliminary design

Wind tunnel test

Detailed code-
based design

SLE Evaluation

MCE Evaluation

Peer review
 Performance Objectives
Level of Earthquake Seismic Performance Objective
Service Level Earthquake (SLE): 50% Serviceability: Structure to remain essentially
probability of exceedance in 30 years (43- elastic with minor yielding of structural
year return period), 2.5% of structural elements, minor cracking of concrete, and
damping minor damage to non-structural elements.

Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE): 2% Collapse Prevention: Structure has a low

probability of exceedance in 50 years (2475- probability of collapse which will be
year return period) demonstrated implicitly through analyses
that indicate the structure has stable,
predictable response to MCE R shaking at
response levels which do not result in loss of
gravity load carrying capacity or substantial
degradation of lateral resistance. Extensive
structural damage may occur; repairs to
structural and non-structural systems are
required and may not be economically
feasible.
CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
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 Structural Preliminary
Finite element Check overall
system member
modeling response
development sizing

•Bearing wall •Linear analysis •Modal analysis •Structural density

system models •Natural period, ratios
•Dual system •Different stiffness mode shapes, •Slab thickness
•Special moment assumptions for modal •Shear wall
Preliminary resisting frame
•Intermediate
seismic and wind
loadings
participating
mass ratios
thickness
•Coupling beam

design moment resisting •Gravity load sizes

frame response •Column sizes
•Building weight
per floor area
•Deflections
•Lateral load
response (DBE,
Wind)
•Base shear, story
drift,
displacement

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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 • Either nominal or • Apply wind loads from • Use recommended
Modeling

Wind design

Seismic design
expected material wind tunnel test in design spectra of DBE
properties are used mathematical model from PSHA
based on strength • Ultimate strength • Apply seismic load in
and service level design principal directions of
design • 50-year return the building
• Different cracked period wind load x • Scaling of base shear
section properties for Load factor from response
wind and seismic • 700-year return spectrum analysis
models period wind load • Consider accidental
• P-delta effects • Serviceability check torsion, directional
• Rigid zones and end- • Story drift ≤ 0.4%, and orthogonal
length offsets Lateral effects
displacement ≤ • 5% of critical damping
H/400 (10-year is used for un-
return period wind modeled energy
load) dissipation
• Floor acceleration • Design and detail
(1-year and 5-year reinforcement
return period wind
CE75.07 – Performance Based Seismic Design
load)
 Expected Material Strengths

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design Source: LATBSDC 2017

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 Component SLE/Wind (Strength) SLE/Wind (Service) DBE MCE

Structural walls Flexural – 0.75 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.7 EcIg Flexural – **
(in-plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 0.2 GcAg

Structural walls
Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg
(out-of-plane)

Basement walls Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.8 EcIg
(in-plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 0.5 GcAg

Basement walls
Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg Flexural – 0.25 EcIg
(out-of-plane)

Coupling beams Flexural – 0.07(l/h)( Flexural – 0.07(l/h)( Flexural – 0.07(l/h)(

Flexural – 0.7 EcIg
(Diagonal- EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg
Shear – 1.0 GcAg
reinforced) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg

Coupling beams Flexural – 0.07(l/h)( Flexural – 0.07(l/h)( Flexural – 0.07(l/h)(

Flexural – 0.7 EcIg
(Conventional- EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg EcIg) ≤ 0.3EcIg
Shear – 1.0 GcAg
reinforced) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg
 Component SLE/Wind (Strength) SLE/Wind (Service) DBE MCE

Non-PT transfer
Flexural – 0.5 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.1 EcIg Flexural – 0.1 EcIg
diaphragms
Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 0.1 GcAg Shear – 0.1 GcAg
(in-plane only)
PT transfer
Flexural – 0.8 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.2 EcIg Flexural – 0.2 EcIg
diaphragms
Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 0.2 GcAg Shear – 0.2 GcAg
(in-plane only)
Tower
Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.5 EcIg Flexural – 0.5 EcIg
Diaphragms
Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 0.5 GcAg Shear – 0.5 GcAg
(in-plane)

PT flat slab Flexural – 0.1 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.1 EcIg Flexural – 0.1 EcIg
(out-of-plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg

Non-PT flat slab Flexural – 0.1 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.1 EcIg Flexural – 0.1 EcIg
(out-of-plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg
 Component SLE/Wind (Strength) SLE/Wind (Service) DBE MCE

Moment frame Flexural – 0.5 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.35 EcIg Flexural – 0.3 EcIg
beams Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg

Flexural – 0.7 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.7 EcIg Flexural – 0.7 EcIg
Columns
Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg

Axial – 0.8 EcAg Axial – 1.0 EcAg Axial – 0.8 EcAg Axial – 0.5 EcAg
Mat (in-plane) Flexural – 0.8 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.8 EcIg Flexural – 0.5 EcIg
Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg

Mat (out-of- Flexural – 0.8 EcIg Flexural – 1.0 EcIg Flexural – 0.8 EcIg Flexural – 0.5 EcIg
plane) Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg Shear – 1.0 GcAg
DAMPING

Source: TBI Ver. 2.03

 Deformation-controlled Actions

• Behavior is ductile and reliable

inelastic deformations can be
reached with no substantial
strength loss.

• Results are checked for mean

value of demand from eleven sets
of ground motion records.
Force-deformation relationship for
deformation-controlled actions

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

Source: ASCE/SEI 41-17 17
 Force-controlled Actions

• Behavior is more brittle and reliable

inelastic deformations cannot be reached.

• Critical action

• Failure of which is likely to lead to

partial or total structural collapse.

• Ordinary action

• Failure of which is either unlikely to

lead to structural collapse or might
lead to local collapse comprising not
more than one bay in a single story. Force-deformation relationship for
force-controlled actions

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

Source: ASCE/SEI 41-17 18
Component Action Classification Criticality
Flexure Deformation-controlled N/A
Shear walls
Shear Force-controlled Critical
Coupling beams Flexure Deformation-controlled N/A
(Conventional) Shear Force-controlled Critical
Coupling beams (Diagonal) Shear Deformation-controlled N/A
Flexure Deformation-controlled N/A
Girders
Shear Force-controlled Critical
Axial Force-controlled Critical
Moment frame columns
Shear Force-controlled Critical
Axial-flexure Deformation-controlled N/A
Outrigger columns Axial Force-controlled Critical
Shear Force-controlled Critical
Axial-flexure Force-controlled Ordinary
Chord Force-controlled Ordinary
Collector and shear friction Force-controlled Critical
Diaphragms
Shear (Transfer diaphragms) Force-controlled Critical
Shear (Other diaphragms) Force-controlled Ordinary
Flexure Force-controlled Ordinary
Basement walls
Shear Force-controlled Ordinary
Flexure Force-controlled Ordinary
Mat foundation
Shear Force-controlled Critical
Axial Force-controlled Critical
Piles Axial-flexure Force-controlled Ordinary
Shear Force-controlled Critical
 SERVICE LEVEL EARTHQUAKE EVALUATION
Modeling and Analysis
• Use linear model and response spectrum
analysis.
Acceptance Criteria

• Accidental eccentricities are not • Member strength

considered in serviceability evaluation.

• D/C ≤ 1.5 (Deformation-controlled)

• 2.5% of critical damping

• Load combinations • D/C ≤ 0.7 (Force-controlled)

• 1.0D + Lexp ± 1.0ESLEX ± 0.3ESLEY • Strength calculation

• 1.0D + Lexp ± 0.3ESLEX ± 1.0ESLEY • Use nominal material properties

• Lexp = Expected service live load

which is 25% of unreduced live load • Strength reduction factor = 1

• R, Ω0, ρ, and Cd are all taken as unity. • Story drift ≤ 0.5%

 ASCE 7-16: Section 12.8.4.3

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CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
 Torsional Sensitivity Check

[LATBSDC 2017]

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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 Torsional Sensitivity Check
[TBI Ver. 2.03]

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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 MCE Evaluation
• Use nonlinear model and nonlinear response history analysis.

• Eleven pairs of site-specific ground motions are used.

• Generally, 2.4% of constant modal damping is used with small

fraction of Rayleigh damping for un-modeled energy dissipation.

• Average of demands from eleven ground motions approach is

used.

• Capacities are calculated using expected material properties and

strength reduction factor of 1.0 for deformation-controlled actions.

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 MATERIAL NONLINEARITY
Concrete stress-strain curves
60

50

40

Stress (MPa)
30
Unconfined
20
Fully confined
10

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Strain
CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
 • Analytical solution fails to converge.

• Predicted demands on deformation-controlled

or force-controlled elements exceed the valid
Unacceptable range of modeling.
Response to
MCE Evaluation • Predicted deformation demands on elements
not explicitly modeled exceed the deformation
limits at which the members are no longer able
to carry their gravity loads.

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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 Acceptance Criteria (Force-controlled Actions)
Critical Actions

• 1.0IeQNS + 1.3Ie (QT – QNS) ≤ ØsBRn (a)

• 1.0IeQNS + 1.5Ie (QT – QNS) ≤ ØsBRnem (b)

Ordinary Actions

• 1.0IeQNS + 0.9Ie (QT – QNS) ≤ ØsBRn (c)

• 1.0IeQNS + 1.0Ie (QT – QNS) ≤ ØsBRnem (d)

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 Acceptance Criteria (Force-controlled Actions)
Ie = Seismic importance factor appropriate to the Risk Category as
defined in ASCE 7

QT = Mean of the maximum values of the action calculated for each

ground motion

QNS = Non-seismic portion of QT

B = Factor to account for conservatism in nominal resistance Rn, normally

taken as having a value of 1.0. Alternatively, it can be taken as 0.9(Rne/Rn)
for Eq. 4a and 4c and (Rne/Rnem) for Eq. 4b and 4d.

Rn = Nominal strength of the force-controlled action, in accordance with

the applicable material standard
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CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
 Acceptance Criteria (Force-controlled Actions)

Øs = Resistance factor

Rnem = Nominal strength for the action, determined in accordance with

the applicable material standard using expected material properties

Rne = Expected value of component resistance determined from test

results using expected material properties

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CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
 Seismic Resistance Factors

Action Type Øs

Ø as specified in the
Critical force-controlled element
applicable material standard

Ordinary force-controlled element 0.9

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 Item Value
Maximum of mean values shall not exceed 3%.
Peak transient drift
Maximum drift shall not exceed 4.5%.
Maximum of mean values shall not exceed 1%.
Residual drift
Maximum drift shall not exceed 1.5%.
Coupling beam inelastic rotation ≤ASCE 41-17 limits

Column (Axial-flexural interaction and Flexural rotation ≤ASCE 41-17 limits

shear) Remain elastic for shear response.

Shear wall reinforcement axial strain ≤0.05 in tension and ≤0.02 in compression
Unconfined concrete ≤ 0.003
Shear wall concrete axial compressive Intermediately confined concrete ≤ 0.004 + 0.1 ρ (fy /
strain f'c)
Fully confined concrete ≤ 0.015
Shear wall shear Remain elastic
Girder inelastic rotation ≤ASCE 41-17 limits
Girders shear Remain elastic.

Mat foundation (Flexure and shear) Remain elastic.

Diaphragm (In-plane response) Remain elastic.

Piles (Axial-flexural interaction and
Remain elastic.
shear)
 Backstay Effect

BOUNDING THE RESULTS

Upper bound stiffness modifier = 0.35
Lower bound stiffness modifier = 0.1

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

 Evaluation of Analysis Results

• Results extraction, processing

and converting them into
presentable form takes
additional time.

• Results interpretation i.e.

converting “numbers we have
already crunched” into
“meaningful outcome for
decision-making”.

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

 Base Shear
300,000 16.0
14.67
269,170
14.0
250,000

12.0
201,762 11.00
200,000
10.0
Base shear (kN)

Base shear (%)

160,409 8.74

150,000 133,233 8.0 7.26

6.0
100,000 4.42
81,161
4.0 3.15
57,826
50,000 39,137 2.13
30,878 1.68
2.0

0 0.0
X Y X Y
Along direction Along direction
Wind (50-yr) x 1.6 Elastic MCE Inelastic MCE-NLTHA Elastic SLE Wind (50-yr) x 1.6 Elastic MCE Inelastic MCE-NLTHA Elastic SLE

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CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
 Transient Drift

70

60

Story level 50

40

30

20

10

0
-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Drift ratio

35
CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
 Residual Drift

70

60

50
Story level

40

30

20

10

0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
Drift ratio

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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 Lateral Displacement
70

60

50
Story level

40

30

20

10

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Lateral displacement (m)

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

 70
Floor Acceleration
60

50
Story level

40

30

20

10

0
-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0
Absolute acceleration (g)

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

 Energy dissipation Energy Dissipation

Energy dissipation
Total dissipated
(%)

(%)
Total dissipated energy
energy

Dissipated energy from conventional

Dissipated energy from shear walls reinforced coupling beams

Time Time
(sec) (sec)

Total dissipated
energy
Energy dissipation
(%)

Dissipated energy from diagonal

reinforced coupling beams

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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Time
(sec)
 Shear Walls
• Flexure deformation
• Axial strain
• Shear capacity

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

 Coupling Beams
• Conventional reinforced coupling beams
• Flexural rotation (Deformation-controlled)
• Shear (Critical force-controlled)
• Diagonal reinforced coupling beams
• Shear deformation (Deformation-controlled)
CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
Moment Frames
• Beams
• Flexural rotation
• Shear capacity
• Columns
• Axial capacity
• Axial-flexure rotation (Deformation-
controlled)
• Shear capacity
Flat Slab (Slab-column
connections)
• Flexural rotation
• Punching shear
Diaphragms
• Collector, shear friction
• Chord
• Axial, shear
Mat Foundation
• Bearing capacity
• Flexure capacity
• Shear capacity
Basement Walls
• Flexure capacity
• Shear capacity
• In-plane
• Out-of-plane
 Peer Review

• Helps develop confidence in design and encourages knowledge-

sharing between peer reviewer and EOR.

• Exchange of ideas has led to a significant enhancement in the body of

knowledge for firms practicing PBD.

• Involve as early in the structural design phase

• Establish the frequency and timing of peer review milestones

CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design

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 • Earthquake hazard determination

• Ground motion characterizations

• Seismic design methodology

Peer Review
• Seismic performance goals
Scope
• Acceptance criteria

• Mathematical modeling and simulation

• Seismic design and results, drawings and

specifications
CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
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 Peer Review
• Peer reviewer provides written comments to EOR

• EOR shall provide written responses

• Peer review maintains the log that summarizes reviewer’s

comments, EOR responses to comments, and resolution of
comments

• At the conclusion of the review, peer reviewer shall submit the

references the scope of the review, includes the comment log, and
indicates the professional opinions of the peer reviewer regarding
the design’s general conformance to the requirements and
guidelines in this document
CE75.07 - Performance Based Seismic Design
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Thank you for
watching