ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with immense pleasure that we express my sincere sense of gratitude and

humble appreciation to Mr.P.R.Rawte.Sir for his invaluable guidance, whole-hearted
co- operation, constructive criticism and continuous encouragement in the preparation
of this thesis. Without his support and guidance, the present work would have remained
a dream.

We take this opportunity to thank all our scholar friends & family for their
valuable support and encouragement throughout the preparation of this work. We
also thank all those who have directly or indirectly helped in completion of this project
report.

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 ABSTRACT

Earthquakes constitute one of the greatest hazards of life and property on the earth. Due
to suddenness of their occurrence, they are least understood and most dreaded. The
earthquake resistant construction is considered to be very important to mitigate their
effects. This paper presents the brief essentials of earthquake resistant construction
and a few techniques to improve the resistance of building and building materials to
earthquake forces, economically.

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INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION 6
2. METHODSS OF DESIGNING
EARTHQUAKE RESISTEING BUILDING 9
3. EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDINGS 14
4. SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 15
5. REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE
LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES 17
6. REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK
(RHCBM) 22
7. MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 26
8. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY
9. INFILTRATE MAT CONCRETE (SIMCON) 29
10.TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
HOUSING 34
11.THE ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF EARTH QUAKE RESISTING
41
11. CONCLUSION 43
12. REFERENCES 44

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AIMS

To make the building earthquake proof.

OBJECTIVE

 To prevent total collapse

 To preserve the life of building
 To minimise the damage in case of earthquake

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 Introduction

Introduction of earth quake resistant Building

Building is a shelter which people occupy for their living or pursue their living functions.
The shelter should have a structure to protect its occupants from natural phenomena such as
rain, snow, heat and cold, and hazards such as strong winds and earthquakes. The intensity
of natural hazards varies from region to region on the earth. A building should also provide
its occupants with comfort for living and working space for their activities by controlling
light, temperature and humidity in severe climate and environment. The degree of desired
amenities varies from society to society according to economic conditions and personal
priority in the life of the members.

Earthquakes are caused by rupture of rock zones called faults. The earth’s surface consists
of tectonic plates which move relative to one another building strain energy along the plate
boundaries. When this energy exceeds the capacity of the rock materials along the fault
surface, the fault ruptures with seismic waves transmitted through hard bedrock layers.
Most of major earthquakes occur along the plate boundaries. The relative movement of
tectonic plates also builds up stresses within a tectonic plate. When the stress level exceeds
the capacity, the fault ruptures within the tectonic plate.

The state-of-the-art in earthquake engineering has reached a stage where earthquake

resistant building construction can reduce the casualties from earthquake disasters.
However, the application of such state-of-the-art is prohibitive in most seismically active
regions due to the economic and technical reason.

Burj Khalifa is classic example of earthquake resisting building

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Point of earth quake resistant Building

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  An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes violent to the earth’s surface that
follows a release of energy in the earth’s crust.
 This energy can be generated by a sudden dislocation of segments of the
crust, by a volcanic eruption or even by a manmade explosion.
 The dislocation of the crust causes most destructive earthquakes.

Methods of Designing Earth Quake Resisting Building

Earth quake-Proof Buildings Are Designed

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Throughout history, we’ve built impressive structure and cities only for them to encounter
the forces of nature. Earthquakes are one of the Earth’s most destructive forces — the
seismic waves throughout the ground can destroy buildings, take lives, and costs
tremendous amounts of money for loss and repair.

According to the National Earthquake Information center, there is an average

of 20,000 earth quake .each year —16 of them being major disasters. On September 20,
2017, a magnitude 7.1 rocked Mexico’s capital city and killed approximately 230 people.
As with the case with other earthquakes, the damage was not caused by the quake itself but
by the collapse of buildings with people inside them, making earthquake-proof buildings a
must.

Over the past few decades, engineers have introduced new designs to better equip buildings
to withstand earthquakes. Read on to learn how earthquake-proof buildings are designed
today.

How Earthquakes Impact Buildings

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Before we look at the features, it’s important to understand how earthquakes
impact man-made structures. When an earthquake occurs, it sends shockwaves
throughout the ground in short rapid intervals in all different directions. While
buildings are generally equipped to handle vertical forces from their weight and
gravity, they cannot handle side-to-side forces emitted by quakes.

This horizontal load vibrates walls, floors, columns, beams and the connectors that
hold them together. The difference in movement between the bottom and top of
buildings exerts extreme stress, causing the supporting frame to rupture and the
entire structure to collapse.

1. Create a Flexible Foundation

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One way to resist ground forces is to “lift” the building’s foundation above the earth. Base
isolation involves constructing a building on top of flexible pads made of steel, rubber, and
lead. When the base moves during the earthquake, the isolators vibrate while the structure
itself remains steady. This effectively helps to absorb seismic waves and prevent them from
travel through a building.

2. Counter Forces with Damping

You might be aware that cars have shock absorption. However, you might not know that
engineers also use them for making earthquake-resistant buildings. Similar to their use in

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cars, shock absorbers reduce the magnitude of shockwaves and help buildings slow down.
This is accomplished in two ways: vibrational control devices and pendulum dampers.

The first method involves placing dampers at each level of a building between a column
and beam. Each damper consists of piston heads inside a cylinder filled with silicone oil.
When an earthquake occurs, the building transfers the vibration energy into the pistons,
pushes against the oil. The energy is transformed into heat, dissipating the force of the
vibrations.

Another damping method is pendulum power, used primarily in skyscrapers. Engineers

suspend a large ball with steel cables with a system of hydraulics at the top of the building.
when the building begins the sway, the ball acts as a pendulum and moves in the opposite
direction to stabilize the direction. Like damping, these features are tuned to match and
counteract the building’s frequency in the event of an earthquake.

3. Shield Buildings from Vibrations

Instead of just counteracting forces, researchers are experimenting with ways buildings can
deflect and reroute the energy from earthquakes altogether. Dubbed the “seismic invisibility
cloak”, this innovation involves creating a cloak of 100 concentric plastic

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and concrete rings in and burying it at least three feet beneath the foundation of the
building.

As seismic waves enter the rings, they are forced to move through to the outer rings for
easier travel. As a result, they are essentially channel away from the building and dissipated
into the plates in the ground.

4. Reinforce the Building’s Structure

To withstand collapse, buildings need to redistribute the forces that travel through them
during a seismic event. Shear walls, cross braces, diaphragms, and moment-resisting frames
are central to reinforcing a building.

Shear walls are a useful building technology that helps to transfer earthquake forces. Made
of panels, these walls help a building keep its shape during movement. Shear walls are often
supported by diagonal cross braces. These steel beams have the ability to support
compression and tension, which helps to counteract the pressure and push forces back to the
foundation.

Diaphragms are a central part of a building’s structure. Consisting of the floors of the
building, the roof, and the decks placed over them, diaphragms help remove tension from
the floor and push force to the vertical structures of the building.

Moment-resisting frames provide more flexibility in a building’s design. This structure is

placed among the joints of the building and allows for the columns and beams to bend while
the joints remain rigid. Thus, the building is able to resist the larger forces of an earthquake
while allowing designers more freedom to arrange building elements.

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED

CONCRETE BUILDINGS

1. Inertia Forces in Structures

The generation of inertia forces in a structure is one of the seismic influences that
detrimentally affect the structure. When an earthquake causes ground shaking, the base of
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the building would move but the roof would be at rest. However, since the walls and
columns are attached to it, the roof is dragged with the base of the building.

The tendency of the roof structure to remain at its original position is called inertia. The
inertia forces can cause shearing of the structure which can concentrate stresses on the weak
walls or joints in the structure resulting in failure or perhaps total collapse. Finally, more
mass means higher inertia force that is why lighter buildings sustain the earthquake shaking
better.

2. Effect of Deformations in Structures

When a building experiences earthquake and ground shaking occurs, the base of the
building moves with the ground shaking. However, the roof movement would be different
from that of the base of the structure. This difference in the movement creates internal
forces in columns which tend to return the column to its original position.

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 These internal forces are termed stiffness forces. The stiffness forces would be higher as
the size of columns gets higher. The stiffness force in a column is the column stiffness
times the relative displacement between its ends.

3. Horizontal and Vertical Shaking

Earthquake causes shaking of the ground in all the three directions X, Y and Z, and the
ground shakes randomly back and forth along each of these axis directions. Commonly,
structures are designed to withstand vertical loads, so the vertical shaking due to
earthquakes (either adds or subtracts vertical loads) is tackled through safety factors used in
the design to support vertical loads.

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However, horizontal shaking along X and Y directions is critical for the performance of the
structure since it generates inertia forces and lateral displacement and hence adequate load
transfer path shall be provided to prevent its detrimental influences on the structure.

Proper inertia force transfer path can be created through adequate design of floor slab, walls
or columns, and connections between these structural elements. It is worth mentioning that
the walls and columns are critical structural members in transferring the inertial forces. It is
demonstrated that, masonry walls and thin reinforce concrete columns would create weak
points in the inertia force transfer path.

4. Other Effects
Apart from the direct influences of earthquakes on a structure which are discussed above,
there are other effects such as liquefaction, tsunami, and landslides. These are the indirect
effects of strong earthquakes that can cause sizable destruction.

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SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSHAPHY

Damage is unavoidable. Different types of damage (mainly visualized through

cracks; especially so in concrete and masonry buildings) occur in buildings during
earthquakes. Some of these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and
location), while others are not. For instance, in a reinforced concrete frame building
with masonry filler walls between columns, the cracks between vertical columns
and masonry filler walls are acceptable, but diagonal cracks running through the
columns are not (Figure 2). In general, qualified technical professionals are
knowledgeable of the causes and severity of damage in earthquake-resistant
buildings

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 Earthquake-resistant design is therefore concerned about ensuring that the damages
in buildings during earthquakes are of the acceptable variety, and also that they occur at
the right places and in right amounts.

This approach of earthquake-resistant design is much like the use of electrical fuses in
houses: to protect the entire electrical wiring and appliances in the house, you sacrifice
some small parts of the electrical circuit, called fuses; these fuses are easily replaced after
the electrical over current. Likewise, to save the building from collapsing, you need to
allow some pre-determined parts to undergo the acceptable type and level of damage

REMIDIAL MEASURE TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO

EARTHQUAKE
Whenever a building project is prepared and designed, the first and the most important
aspect of design is to know the zone to which this structure is likely to rest. Depending upon
these, precautionary measures in structural design calculation are considered and structure
can be constructed with sufficient amount of resistance to earthquake forces. Various
measures to be adopted are explained point wise, giving emphasis to increase earthquake
resistance of buildings.

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 1. Building planning
The records of various earthquake failures reveal that unsymmetrical structure performs
poorly during earthquake. The unsymmetrical building usually develops torsion due to
seismic forces, which causes development of crack leading to collapse of a structure.
Building therefore should be constructed rectangular and symmetrical in plan. If a building
has to be planned in irregular or unsymmetrical shape, it should be treated as the
combination of a few rectangular blocks connected with passages. It will avoid torsion and
will increase resistance of building to earthquake forces.

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 2. Foundation

IS code recommends that as far as possible entire building should be founded on uniform
soil strata. It is basically to avoid differential settlement. In case if loads transmitted on
different column and column footing varies, foundation should be designed to have uniform
settlement by changing foundation size as per code conditions to have a loading intensity
for uniform settlement.
Raft foundation performs better for seismic forces. If piles are driven to some depth over
which a raft is constructed (raft cum pile foundation), the behaviour of foundation under
seismic load will be far better. Piles will take care of differential settlement with raft and
resistance of structure to earthquake forces will be very large.

3. Provision of band

IS code recommends construction of concrete band at lintel level to resist earthquake. The
studies revealed that building with band at lintel level and one at plinth level improves load
carrying of building to earthquake tremendously. It is suggested here that if bands are plinth
level, sill level, lintel level and roof level in the case of masonry structure only, the
resistance of building to earthquake will increase tremendously. Band at sill level should go
with vertical band and door openings to meet at lintel level. Hold fast of doors can be fitted
in their sill band. In case of earthquake of very high intensity or large duration only infill
wall between walls will fail minimizing casualties and sudden collapse of structure. People
will get sufficient time to escape because of these bands.

4 . A r c h e s a n d d o me s

Behaviour of arches has been found very unsatisfactory during earthquake. However domes
perform very satisfactory due to symmetrical in nature. Arches during earthquake have
tendency to separate out and collapse. Mild steel ties if provided at the ends, their resistance
can be increased to a considerable extent.

5. Staircases

These are the worst affected part of any building during earthquake. Studies reveal that this
is mainly due to differential displacement of connected floors. This can be avoided by
providing open joints at each floor at the stairway to eliminate bracing effect.

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6. Beam column joints

In framed structures the monolithic beam column connections are desirable so as to

accommodate reversible deformations. The maximum moments occur at beam-column
junction. Therefore most of the ductility requirements should be provided at the ends.
Therefore spacing of ties in column is restricted to 100mm centre and in case of beam strips
and rings should be closely spaced near the joints. The spacing should be restricted to
100mm centre to centre only near the supports. In case of columns, vertical ties are
provided; performance of columns to earthquake forces
Steel columns for tall buildings is buildings more than 8 storey height should be provided as
their performance is better than concrete column due to ductility behaviour of material.

7. Masonry building.

Mortar plays an important role in masonry construction. Mortar possessing adequate

strength should only be used. Studies reveal that a cement sand ratio of 1:5 or 1:6 is quite
strong as well as economical also. If reinforcing bars are put after 8 to 10 bricklayers, their
performance to earthquake is still better. Other studies have revealed that masonry infill
should not be considered as non-structural element.

EARTH QUAKE RESISTING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCE

HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM)

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 Reinforced hollow concrete blocks are designed both as load-bearing walls for
gravity loads and also as shear walls for lateral seismic loads, to safely
withstand the earthquakes.
 This structural system of construction is known as shear wall-diaphragm
concept, which gives three-dimensional structural integrity for the buildings.

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Structural Features
Each masonry element is vertically reinforced with steel bars and concrete
grouts fill, at regular intervals, throughout the continuous vertical cavities of hollow
blocks.
Likewise, each masonry element is horizontally reinforced with steel bars and
concrete grout fills at plinth, sill, lintel and roof levels, as continuous RC bands using
U-shaped concrete blocks in the masonry course, at recurring levels.
A grid of reinforcement can be build into each masonry element without the
obligation of any extra shuttering and it reduces the scope of corrosion of the
reinforcement.
As the reinforcement bars in both vertical and horizontal directions can be
continued into the roof slab and lateral walls respectively, the structural integrity in
all three dimensions is achieved.

Structural Advantages
In this construction system, structurally, each wall and slab behaves as a shear
wall and diaphragm respectively, reducing the vulnerability of disastrous damage to
the structure during natural hazards.

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 Due to the uniform distribution of reinforcement in both vertical and
horizontal directions, through each masonry element, increased tensile resistance and
ductile behaviour of elements could be achieved.
Hence the construction system can safely resist lateral or cyclic loading, when
compared to other masonry construction systems.
This construction system has also been proved to offer better resistance under
dynamic loading, when compared to the other conventional systems of construction.

Constructional Advantages

No extra formwork or any special construction machinery is necessary for

reinforcing the hollow block masonry.
Only semi-skilled labour is required for this type of construction.
It is faster and easier construction system, when compared to the other conservative
construction systems.
It is also cost-effective. Architectural and other advantages
This type of constructional system provides better audio and thermal insulation
for the building. This system is durable and maintenance free Studies on the
comparative cost economics of RHCBM

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 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION

 This includes mid-level isolation system installed while the buildings are still
being used.
 This new method entails improving and classifying the columns on
intermediate floors of an existing building into flexible columns that
incorporate rubber bearings (base isolation systems) and rigid columns which
have been wrapped in steel plates to add to their toughness.

This is the first method of improving earthquake resistance in Japan that classifies
the columns on the same floor as flexible columns and rigid columns, and it is the
first casein west Japan the Kansai region of attaching rubber bearings by cutting
columns on the intermediate floors an existing building.

This method involves improving earthquake resistance while the buildings are still
being used as normal operations.
There are three types of base isolation systems, depending on the location where
rubber bearings are incorporated:
Pile-head isolation
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Foundation isolation
Mid-level isolation

Concrete foundations for greater stability

Wooden columns treated with tar or pitch to protect against humidity,
concreted into the ground with nails embedded in the wood at the base to give extra
anchorage.

 Using concrete wall bases to prevent humidity affecting the wood and the
canes in the walls.

 Careful jointing between columns and beams to improve structural integrity.

 Canes woven in a vertical fashion to provide greater stability.

 Lightweight metal sheet roofing to reduce danger of falling tiles.

 Nailing roofing material to roof beams; tying of beams and columns with roof
wires.

 Incorporating roof eaves of sufficient width to ensure protection of walls from

heavy rains.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY INFILTRATE MAT

CONCRETE (SIMCON)

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 Following the devastating earthquakes in Turkey this summer that killed as
many as 20,000 people and injured another 27,000, images of survivors
trapped beneath the rubble of collapsed buildings appeared daily in news
reports worldwide.

 Now a North Carolina State University engineer is developing a new type of

concrete to help prevent such scenes from happening again.

 This paper presents the compressive behaviour of a new type of high-

performance steel fiver reinforced concrete called slurry infiltrated mat
concrete (SIMCON).

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  SIMCON is made by infiltrating preplaced continuous steel fiver-mats with a
cement-based slurry. Because of its fiver-mat configuration, individual fivers
have a very high fiver aspect ratio, leading to a significant increase in strength,
ductility, and toughness; and fiver-mats are delivered in prepacked rolls that
can be easily cut and handled in the field, as compared with conventional short
discontinuous fiver reinforced concretes.

Hence, SIMCON is well suited for repair, retrofit, and new construction of
earthquake-resistant buildings, bridges, and other structures that require high strength
and ductility.

This paper presents stress-strain properties of SIMCON in compression that

were obtained experimentally.

After a month of curing, compressive strengths of up to 88 MPa (12.8 ksi) and

strains at ultimate stress ranging between 0.5% and 0.7% were reached with 5.39%
fiver volume fraction SIMCON.

This paper discusses the observed compressive behaviour and presents models
for predicting the entire stress-strain relationship, including the elastic modulus,
ultimate stress, strain at ultimate stress, and toughness.

Earthquake Resistance Using Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete - SIMCON

Following the devastating earthquakes in Turkey this summer that killed as many as
20,000 people and injured another 27,000, images of survivors trapped beneath the
rubble of collapsed buildings appeared daily in news reports worldwide.

However, a North Carolina a State University engineer is developing a new

type of concrete to help prevent such scenes from happening again. Because it's
reinforced with mats made of thousands of stainless steel fibers injected with special
concrete slurry, the new material, called Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete (SIMCON),
can sustain much higher stress loads and deformations than traditional concrete.

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 Tests how that concrete buildings or bridges reinforced with SIMCON are far
more earthquake- resistant and less likely to break apart in large chunks that falloff
and cause injury to people below

If extreme stresses cause SIMCON to fail, its mass of fibers and concrete doesn't
collapse in the same way traditional concrete does. Instead of large chunks breaking
and falling from a structure, the material crumbles into small, harmless flakes.

This controlled form of failure is a key advantage of SIMCON. Because

failure is inevitable in all structures, engineers must design buildings and bridges to
fail in the safest way.

In conventional concrete structures, this is achieved through the use of steel

reinforcing bars--rebars--that give the concrete tensile strength it would otherwise
lack. For safety and design reasons, the concrete is designed so that the rebars will
fail before the concrete does.

Unfortunately, many structures have not been designed to sustain the powerful
stresses caused by earthquakes. When such extreme stresses occur, the concrete can
crack, explode and break away from the rebars, causing the structure to collapse.

TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE REISTANT HOUSING

 The Pherols of Uttarkashi

 The Dhajji-Diwari buildings of Kashmir
 The Kat-Ki- Kunni Buildings of Kulu Valley
 Quincha earthquake resistant buildings

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The foundation consists of rubble masonry with lime mortar whereas, mud mortar is
used for the rest of the structure.

The infill materials are usually abode bricks bonded with mud mortar. The wooden
bands tie the walls of the structure with the floors and also impart ductility to a
structure that is otherwise brittle.

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  The Pherols of Uttarkashi

The Pherols are old traditionally built multistoried structures found in Uttarkashi
district
.

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 The main materials of constructions are stone and wood with mud mortar.
The construction is essentially coursed-rubble masonry type.]

The various earthquake resistant features in these types of houses are the
use of wooden tie-bands as beams and vertical timber columns as pins to tie the
inside and outside wyeths of a wall.

 Dhajji-Diwari Buildings of Kashmir

The Dhajji-Diwari buildings were the one of survive when part of the palace and
other massive old buildings collapsed in the Srinagar quake of 1885. The most
significant aspect of the Dhajji-Diwari buildings is the combination of the building
materials used.

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 These materials are locally available and have been used for generations. The
basic elements in these buildings are the load bearing masonry piers and infill walls.

There are wooden tie-bands at each floor level. The foundation consists of
rubble masonry with lime mortar whereas, mud mortar is used for the rest of the
structure.

The infill materials are usually abode bricks bonded with mud mortar. The
wooden bands tie the walls of the structure with the floors and also impart ductility
to a structure that is otherwise brittle.

The unreinforced masonry walls have stiffness but not strength. In the
absence of strength, flexibility is essential for quake resistance.
Here, the desired flexibility is provided by the combination of wood and
unreinforced masonry laid in a wear mortar.

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 The wooden beams tie the whole house together and ensure that the
entire building sway together as one unit in an earthquake

 Kat-Ki- Kunni Buildings of Kulu Valley

Similar to the Pherols and the Dhajji-Diwari buildings, the Kat-Ki-Kunni or

timber cornered buildings suffered minimal damage in the epicentral tract of Kulu
Valley during the 1905 Kangra earthquake.

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 This structure is almost identical to the Pherols of Uttarkashi. It combines the
weight, solidity an coolness of a stone building with the flexibility and earthquake-
resisting qualities of a wooden one.

The Economic Benefits of Earthquake Resistant Buildings

 These include: lower building repair and replacement costs, continuation of

building function that reduces business interruption, preservation of revenue
streams and, most importantly, improved life safety.

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 In 1971, the Anheuser-Busch brewery in Van Nuys, California, suffered
extensive damage in the 6.5-magnitude Sylmar earthquake.

 Forced to cease operations in order to rebuild the facility, the self-proclaimed

“King of Beers” took another hard financial hit as competitors made inroads
into the Anheuser-Busch market during this time. Faced with the serious
consequences of being unprepared for a natural disaster, the brewery
upgraded its 95-acre facility, built in 1954, with earthquake retrofits and new
construction designed to the latest seismic standards.

 Last summer, California received the double blow of two major earthquakes
in the Ridgecrest area, a 6.4 quake followed by a 7.1 temblor that was a
wake-up call to thousands of California businesses large and small still
deciding whether retrofitting is a wise business investment or whether it’s
better to gamble that buildings, capital and assets, and employees will
survive a major earthquake.

 A University of Southern California study reports that the eight-county region of

Southern California could suffer property damage of $113 billion in a major
earthquake, with additional business-related impacts of $68 billion or more.

 And the US Resiliency Council, a non profit organization with the mission to educate,
advocate and promote resilience-based design that considers the impacts of natural
disasters as an essential component of long-term sustainability, estimates that up to
90 percent of buildings in Los Angeles were not built to modern building codes.

 CONCLUSIONS

 There is a lack of awareness in the earthquake disaster mitigations. Avoiding

non-engineered structures with unskilled labour even in unimportant
temporary constructions can help a great way.
 Statewide awareness programmes have to be conducted by fully exploiting
the advancement in the information technology.
 Urgent steps are required to be taken to make the coral provisions regarding
earthquake resistant construction undebatable.

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REFERENCES

 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.studymafia.org
 www.bigrentz.com
 www.devalt.com

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Thanks
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