Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

Sorsogon City Campus
Magsaysay St. Sorsogon City

Name/s:
Banaag, Alexis Novie T. Bolda, Christian Paul D.
Bendaña, Clarence G. Buenaobra, Joliana Earl C.
Bolaños, Raymond D. Cantalejo, Nicole H.
Section: BEED-2A
Subject: GOOD MANNERS AND RIGHT CONDUCTS
Instructor: Shane D. Escalante
Topic Title: Major Approaches to Values Education
_______________________________________________________________________________________

I. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to;
A. Understand the various approaches to values education. They will be able to identify
and explain the key principles of the ten major approaches to values education, such as
trait development, values clarification, and moral dilemma.
B. Develop empathy and understanding for diverse perspectives. They will be able to
recognize and appreciate different moral viewpoints and perspectives, fostering
empathy and understanding for individuals with differing values.
C. Apply values-based decision-making skills. They will be able to use the knowledge
gained from exploring various values education approaches to make informed and
ethical decisions in real-life situations.
II. INTRODUCTION
Early in childhood, children acquire values from a variety of sources, including their families, friends,
playgroups, playgroup instructors, local communities, and other organizations. Research indicates that
children probably develop moral awareness during the initial two years of their lives (Kagan & Lamb,
1987; Buzelli, 1992). This development is closely linked to the emotional and social growth of the child
(Dunn, 1988; Kuebli, 1994).

Values education, a cornerstone of human development, is the process of nurturing and instilling moral
and ethical principles within individuals. As a fundamental aspect of human activity, values education
extends beyond the traditional classroom setting, permeating various environments such as homes,
colleges, universities, correctional facilities, and voluntary youth organizations.

Beyond intellectual development, values education aims to shape the individual's character, providing
a moral compass to guide decisions and actions. It is a transformative process that fosters personal
growth, ethical decision-making, and a sense of purpose. By understanding the diverse approaches to
values education, educators, parents, and individuals can navigate the complex landscape of moral
development with greater insight and effectiveness.

This introduction will delve into ten major approaches to values education, highlighting their key
principles and contributions to fostering ethical behavior, character development, and a strong moral
foundation.

III. PRE-TEST
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Values education aims to cultivate:
a) Intellectual skills
b) Moral and ethical principles
c) Physical fitness
d) Artistic abilities
2. Values education can take place in all of the following settings
EXCEPT:
 a) Home
b) Schools
c) Hospitals
d) Universities
3. The trait approach in values education emphasizes:
a) Developing cognitive skills
b) Instilling moral characteristics
c) Promoting creativity
d) Enhancing physical health

4. The purpose of values clarification is to:

a) Teach specific values
b) Help individuals identify their own values
c) Promote group consensus
d) Encourage conformity

5. Which of the following is NOT a component of cognitive

development?
a) Object permanence
b) Symbolic thought
c) Moral reasoning
d) Logical thought

6. A moral dilemma is a situation where:

a) There is only one correct answer
b) There are no ethical considerations
c) There are conflicting ethical choices
d) There is no decision to be made

7. Problem-based learning focuses on:

a) Teaching facts and information
b) Solving real-world problems
c) Memorization and recall
d) Passive learning

8. Reflective teaching involves:

a) Critically examining one's own teaching practices
b) Following a strict lesson plan
c) Using only traditional methods
d) Avoiding feedback

9. Role-playing can help students develop:

a) Empathy and critical thinking
b) Physical strength
c) Artistic skills
d) Mathematical abilities

10. Inculcation is a method of values education that emphasizes:

a) Student-centered learning
b) Direct instruction
c) Spontaneous activities
d) Critical thinking

11. Which of the following approaches to values education emphasizes

the cognitive and psychological processes involved in moral
reasoning and decision-making?

A. Values analysis
B. Moral development
C. Inculcation
D. Role-playing

12. What is the primary goal of reflective teaching?

A. To instill specific values in students through direct instruction

B. To promote empathy and understanding of diverse perspectives
 C. To examine one's own teaching practices and improve them
D. To develop a sense of right and wrong in students

13. Which of the following is a key component of the moral

development approach?

A. The use of role-playing scenarios to teach ethical principles

B. The direct instruction of specific values
C. The identification and examination of one's own values
D. The progression of moral reasoning through various stages

14. The values analysis approach places a strong emphasis on:

A. Emotional intelligence
B. Reason and rational thought
C. Role-playing and simulation
D. Direct instruction of specific values

15. Which of the following approaches to values education is most likely

to involve the use of hypothetical situations to assess individuals'
moral reasoning?

A. Inculcation
B. Role-playing
C. Moral development
D. Values analysis

IV. DISCUSSION

For centuries, values education, or the process of assisting people in developing moral and ethical principles,
has been an essential component of human societies. This education was created by human teachers and
learners.Home, school, college, university, jail, and volunteer youth organizations are all places where values
education can be taught. Education that encompasses the whole person and is geared toward "becoming" "Man
making" and "character building" are basically what it is.

Parents, teachers, and anyone attempting to negotiate the challenging terrain of moral development must
comprehend these methods. These ten (10) Major Approaches in values education will be examined in this
introduction, with a focus on their central ideas.

A. TRAIT APPROACH
The trait approach in values education focuses on developing and nurturing positive traits or virtues
in individuals. This approach emphasizes instilling moral characteristics such as honesty, integrity,
responsibility, respect, and empathy. The trait approach believes that education should not only focus
on intellectual development but also on cultivating good character and ethical behavior. It assumes that
certain traits are essential for ethical behavior and these traits can be developed through various
methods.

B. VALUES CLARIFICATION

Our attitudes and beliefs are reflected in our values. Clarifying our values helps us connect our thoughts
and feelings, leading to a better understanding of our own values. The goal of the values clarification
approach is not to impart specific values, but to raise awareness of our personally held values and how
they compare to the values of friends, adults, and various societal groups.

NEED FOR VALUE CLARIFICATION:

Incorporating value clarification into our education system is essential for helping children recognize
their fundamental characteristics and guiding them toward choosing the kind of individuals they aspire
to become. Value clarification serves as a model for students, not just for external influences, but for
their internal selves as well. It offers a deeper understanding of one's own character.

VALUE CLARIFICATION AS EXERCISE:

Therapists typically offer value clarification, but in schools, experienced teachers familiar with
counseling students can provide this service. At times, children may struggle to recognize their core
values, so teachers can utilize worksheets and brainstorming activities to assist them.
 PROCEDURES USING THE STRATEGY
● The teacher leads "opening up" exercises at the beginning of the lesson, focusing on low-risk
topics.
● Students must express their opinions on a given topic in an overt and explicit way as part of
the activities.
● The instructor welcomes student comments without passing judgment or assigning grades, and
she forbids students from trying to refute or make fun of one another's opinions.
● It is advisable to ask the students to justify or explain why they believe in a particular value.
This is the strategy's explanation component.
● The activities should ideally pertain to historical or contemporary social and political issues as
closely as possible.
● This will aid students in cultivating a deeper comprehension of their thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors.

WORKSHEET FOR VALUE CLARIFICATION:

Using worksheets is a useful way to identify your fundamental beliefs and the areas you hold in high
regard. Students who struggle to identify their values benefit from value clarification in the classroom.
Worksheets must be designed to meet the needs of the particular scenario and the characteristics of the
child who is confused about values. The following is an example of a value clarification worksheet:

BRAINSTORMING

We are aware that the brainstorming process works well for solving problems. One way to help us
understand a student's values is to employ brainstorming. This is an illustration of brainstorming for
value clarification.

1. When do you plan to complete your homework?

2. What other activities do you engage in while reading?

3. What is your process for maintaining personal hygiene?

4. With whom did you used to play?

5. What hobby do you enjoy the most?

The counselor can use Worksheet and Brainstorming questions, Sharing in small groups, and Warmup
exercises to help clarify the values of his students, just like the examples provided above.

VALUE CLARIFICATION AS THERAPY:

The technique of value clarification is beneficial in assisting individuals in recognizing their own
personal values.Students who are unable to recognize or identify their own values in the classroom
perform poorly in both their extracurricular and academic endeavors. Value confusion frequently
results in poor behavioral traits that cause stress, anxiety, and depression.

Students who receive value clarification are better able to recognize what is valuable in various contexts
and come to understand that other people may have different but still valid values. Children's behavior
is greatly influenced by their education and the school environment. Therefore, value clarification must
be taught in schools.

C. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL

Cognitive progress is the growth of mental processes, such as basic memory, critical thinking, and
leadership from childhood through adolescence and maturity. The various shifts of emotions that occur
across the life range, in connection with growing experiences and physiological maturity (development)
(Sternberg, 2003). All mental operations that could be described as matters of knowledge (such as
counting, recognizing one's own sight, perception, consideration, and thought processes through
experience with emotion or volition (Britannica, 2006). The focus of psychological development is on
children's learning and gathering information.

Stage Age Goal

 Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence

Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought

Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought

Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning

Children learn to preserve during the concrete operational period, which spans from ages 7 to
11. In this stage learners understand that the world does not revolve around them, that there are other
perspectives, this affects their decisions and critical thinking as an individual.

D. MORAL DILEMMA

In Freud's theory, he states that the superego functions as a moral conscience, the ego is the realistic
portion that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego, and the id is the primitive and
instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives as well as hidden memories. In
this way, we are now going to discover our morality as an individual. When you are assigned to select
between two or more options and you have a moral motive to pick one over the other, you are faced
with a moral dilemma. Regardless of the decision you have chosen in these circumstances, you will
always get value.

E. PROBLEM-BASED APPROACH

PBL, or problem-based learning, is a teaching method that encourages students to take control of their
education. Through the use of difficult, real-world problems as the curriculum, problem-based learning
encourages students to learn concepts and problem-solving techniques rather than just memorizing
facts.

F. REFLECTIVE TEACHING

Examining one's fundamental ideas about education and learning as well as how well they match up
with real-world classroom practices before, during, and after a course is taught are all part of reflective
teaching. Reflective teachers examine their own instruction critically and seek out examples of
successful instruction.

G. ROLE PLAYING
 Role playing is an educational approach where students actively engage in acting out situations,
characters, or scenarios to explore different perspectives, feelings, and ethical dilemmas. It is a
dynamic, experiential method that encourages empathy, critical thinking, and understanding of diverse
values.

HOW DOES IT BENEFIT THE STUDENTS?

➢ Through role-playing, students develop empathy by understanding and experiencing different

viewpoints and emotions. It enhances their moral reasoning skills by prompting them to think
critically about ethical dilemmas and make decisions about right and wrong.
➢ Additionally, role-playing promotes active participation and engagement, which can help
reinforce positive values more effectively than passive learning methods. By immersing
themselves in real-life scenarios, students learn to apply values in practical situations,
improving their decision-making skills and preparing them for complex social interactions.

H. INCULCATION

Inculcation is an approach focused on instilling specific values in students through direct instruction,
repetition, reinforcement, and consistent practice. It is a more traditional, teacher-centered method
aimed at helping students internalize values so that they become habitual and automatic.

HOW DOES IT BENEFIT THE STUDENTS?

➢ Students benefit from inculcation by developing a clear understanding of expected values and
behaviors, which fosters moral development and helps establish positive habits. The consistent
reinforcement and modeling of values provide students with concrete examples to emulate,
enhancing their ability to make ethical decisions. Additionally, inculcation promotes social
harmony by guiding

I. MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Values education, a critical component of holistic development, aims to instill ethical principles and
positive character traits in individuals. Two prominent approaches within this field are moral dilemma
and values analysis. These methods offer distinct perspectives and strategies for cultivating moral
reasoning and decision-making skills.

What is Moral Development?

The development of morals involves creating an awareness of ethical distinctions between right and
wrong. It encompasses the expansion of moral reasoning, which entails the capacity to thoughtfully
consider ethical dilemmas and reach well-informed choices.

Kohlberg's levels of moral development are as follows:

❖ Children respect other people's authority and morality before it is conventional. If a behavior
is punished, it must be improper. If something results in a reward, it must be beneficial.
Furthermore, our best interests seem to serve as the foundation for our decisions about what is
right.
❖ At the Conventional level, children decide on acceptable or unacceptable behavior by
considering the expectations of others and the standards set by society. Because society values
interpersonal responsibilities and maintaining social order, our understanding of morality is
shaped by the social framework.
❖ An individual's interpretation of universal ethical principles determines what is morally correct
on a post-conventional level.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

● PRE-CONVENTIONAL
Stage 1: Obedience Orientation
To avoid punishment, children follow the rules.
Stage 2: Instrumental Exchange Orientation
For rewards or favors, children obey the rules.

● CONVENTIONAL
Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Orientation
Children try to be good and look for
 other people's approval.
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
To preserve social order, children abide by
the laws and regulations.

● POST-CONVENTIONAL
Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
People understand that laws are flexible
social contracts.
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
Orientation
Despite legal requirements or societal
conventions, people adhere to universal
ethical principles.

Moral Development Approach

The moral development approach focuses on the cognitive and psychological processes involved in
moral reasoning and decision-making. It is heavily influenced by the theories of developmental
psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. Key concepts within this approach include:

Moral stages: The progression of moral reasoning through various stages, from pre-conventional to
conventional and post-conventional.

Cognitive development: The relationship between cognitive development and moral development,
suggesting that as individuals develop intellectually, they also become more capable of complex moral
reasoning.

Moral dilemmas: The use of hypothetical situations to assess individuals' moral reasoning and identify
their stage of moral development.

Example: Kohlberg's moral dilemma scenarios, such as the Heinz dilemma, present individuals with
hypothetical situations involving conflicting moral choices to gauge their level of moral reasoning.

J. VALUES ANALYSIS

Teachers of social science were the primary developers of the values analysis approach to values
education. The strategy places a strong emphasis on reason and rational thought. The analysis approach
aims to assist students in approaching moral dilemmas through the application of reason and scientific
inquiry techniques. Verifiable information regarding the accuracy or importance of the subjects or
problems being studied is strongly encouraged from students. The cognitive process of identifying and
defending facts, as well as beliefs derived from those facts, is a fundamental assumption of valuation.
Unlike the moral development approach, which focuses on individual moral dilemmas, this approach
is more concerned with social values.

Values Analysis Approach

Values analysis involves a systematic process of identifying, examining, and clarifying one's values. It
helps individuals to:

Identify core values: Determine the principles that are most important to them.
Examine value conflicts: Analyze situations where personal values clash.
Develop value hierarchies: Prioritize values based on their significance.
Align actions with values: Make decisions and take actions that are consistent with their values.

Example: A student faces a dilemma when deciding whether to cheat on an exam. By analyzing their
values related to honesty, integrity, and academic success, they can make a more informed and ethically
sound decision.

V. GENERALIZATION

Values education is a crucial aspect of human development that includes a range of methods intended
to instill moral and ethical values in people. A variety of viewpoints and tactics are provided for
encouraging ethical behavior by the ten main approaches covered in this exploration: the trait approach,
values clarification, cognitive developmental, moral dilemma, problem-based, reflective teaching, role-
playing, inculcation, moral development, and values analysis.
 For educators, parents, and anyone attempting to negotiate the hard fields of moral development,
understanding these approaches is essential. We can enable people to make moral decisions based on
knowledge, cultivate virtue, and contribute to a society that is more just and equal by putting these
strategies into practice.

VI. ASSESSMENT
Topic: Major Approaches in Values Education
I. Fill in the Blanks.
Instruction : Write the best possible answer to the blanks provided.
Values Education is an education for 1.________ and involves the total personality of the individual.
Value(s) education is essentially 2._______ and 3.________.
______4. A distinguishing quality or characteristic of a person.
______5.This approach helps in identifying important values in students by focusing on individual
characteristics such as honesty, responsibility, and empathy.
6.____________ as an integral part of our education system helps children to identify their core
personality and it directs them in the right path to choose the type of person they want to be.
Value clarification teaches that behavior is not morally good or evil, rather wise or foolish actions that
can vary according to 7-8. ____, _____, and ________.
9. ______ play an important role in identifying the inner values which one respects the most. In value
clarification in education helps the students who find it difficult to identify their values.
10.We know _______ is an effective method in problem solving.

II. True or False

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, while FALSE if the statement is incorrect.
.1 Problem-based learning emphasizes student-centered approaches to education.
12. Reflective teaching involves educators assessing their own teaching practices to improve student
learning outcomes.
13. In problem-based learning, students typically work individually rather than in groups.
14. Reflective teaching encourages teachers to consider the impact of their teaching on student
engagement and understanding.
15. Problem-based learning is primarily focused on rote memorization of facts.
16. In the 3-7 yrs. old stage, the children learn now to socialize with others and at the same time he/she
is exposed to school. They developed egocentrism.
17. We have three agencies that makes up your personality, the id, ego and superego (FALSE)
18. Moral dilemma is a moral conflict which allows you to choose between 2 or more options and no
matter what your choice is, you will always end up compromising some moral value (TRUE)
19. In Pre-Operational stage, they explore the world through senses and actions (FALSE)
20. Piaget proposed 5 major stages of cognitive development (FALSE)

III. Essay
1.)Explain how value education, specifically through value clarification, can empower students to make
well-informed decisions in their personal and social lives. (3 pts.)
2.) Pick 1, Major Approach to Values Education and explain how it will benefit the students/ learners?
(2 pts.)

VII. KEY TO CORRECTION

A. PRE-TEST
1. b.
2. c.
3. b.
4. b.
5. c.
6. c.
7. b.
8. a.
9. a.
10. b.
11. b.
12. c.
13. d.
14. b.
15. c.
B. ASSESSMENT
I. Fill in the blanks
1. becoming
2. Man making
3. character building
 4. Trait
5. Trait approach
6. Values Clarification
7-8 Time, place and circumstances
9. Worksheets
10. Brainstorming
II. True or False
11. True
12.True
13. False
14. True
15. False
16. True
17. False
18. True
19. False
20. False
III. Essay
21-25. Answers may vary

VIII. REFERENCES
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EDUCATION
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Justin Mary, P. (2014). Value Education Through Teacher Education. In VALUE
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mFj5XvsGw_aem_eZa_ikB56QTAg9hKbE6ekA
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Reddy, G. (2013). VALUE ANALYSIS - A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO VALUE EDUCATION
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B. Journals
Halstead, J. M., & Taylor, M. (2010). Learning and Teaching about Values: a review of
recent research. Cambridge Journal of Education, 30(2). 169-202
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713657146
McLeod, P. (2022). Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development. simplypsychology.org.
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C. Other Sources
Papersty, C. (2018). Eight Different Approaches to Value Education. slideshare net.
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RleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHUfFCVMlgnINmg7t3zEwBgqD7YboilEBQQfcJf2uZfeL
Mr4_nmltkELLhg_aem_1aF-9kvHvrcIo2Aw5wwsyQ