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Basic Mathematics
 Number system is a mathematical presentation of numbers of a given set
 The natural (or counting) numbers are from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc. Natural numbers are
infinite numbers. It is denoted by N in short form.
 A binary number is used in the system of mathematics, and the world of science in which the
numbers are expressed in the form of a base-2 system

 The integers are the natural numbers consisting of the set of real numbers, their additive inverses
and zero.{..., -9, -8, -7, -6, −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ...}. The set of integers is
denoted by J or Z in short form.

 Any number that can be written as a fraction with integers is called a rational number. The symbol
representing the rational numbers is Q. Some of the examples of rational number are 1/2, 1/5, 3/4, and
so on

 Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be expressed as the ratio of two whole numbers. ... When
expressed as a decimal, irrational numbers go on forever after the decimal point. Example: √2, √3, √5, √11
are all irrational. Π=3.14159……

 The real numbers are the set of numbers containing all the irrational numbers and all the rational
numbers. They can be both positive and negative and are denoted by the symbol “R”. Rational
numbers such as integers (-2, 0, 1), fractions(1/2, 2.5) and irrational numbers such as √3, π(22/7), etc., are
all real numbers

 A number which is divisible by 2 and generates a remainder of 0 is called an even number.

 An odd number is a number which is not divisible by 2. The remainder in the case of an odd number is
always “1”.

 Whole Numbers are simply the numbers in which there is no fractional or decimal part. And no
negatives or if we add 0 among natural numbers, it becomes whole number. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...It is
denoted by W

 In math, a number line can be defined as a straight line with numbers placed at equal intervals or segments
along its length. A number line can be extended infinitely in any direction and is usually represented
horizontally.

 A number that is divisible only by itself is called prime number. P seems to be fairly common to
represent it. The first 10 prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29

 A composite number is a positive integer that can be formed by multiplying two smaller positive
integers. For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, are composite numbers.

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HCF and LCM

Factoring is defined as the breaking or decomposition of an entity (for example a number) into a product
of another entity, or factors, which when multiplied together give the original number.

For example, let's factor the number 12: 12 = 6 x 2 or 4×3

HCF
The H.C.F. defines the greatest factor present in between given two or more numbers. Or it is largest of
all the common factors.

The other name of HCF is Greatest Common Divisor or Greatest Common Denominator

How to find out HCF

Find all the prime factors of numbers

The highest common factor is found by multiplying all the factors which appear in both lists

We want to find the HCF of the numbers 60 and 72

60 = 2×2×3×5
72 = 2×2×2×3×3
So the HCF of 60 and 72 is 2 × 2 × 3 which is 12

LCM
The least common multiple of two numbers is the lowest possible number that can be divisible by both numbers. Or it
is the lowest common multiple of 2 or more numbers

The other name of least common multiple is lowest common multiple or smallest common multiple

How to find out LCM

1. List the first several multiples of each number.
2. Look for multiples common to both lists. ...
3. Look for the smallest number that is common to both lists.
4. This number is the LCM
We want to find the LCM of the numbers 24 and 36
The multiples of 24 are 24, 48, 72, 96,120,144….
The multiples of 36 are 36, 72, 108, 144, 180, 216, 252….
The least common multiple of 24 and 36 is 72. So, LCM of 24 and 36 is 72
Exponents
An exponent refers to the number of times a number is multiplied by itself.
3
For example, 2 to the 3rd (written like this: 2 ) means: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8.

A negative exponent is defined as the multiplicative inverse of the base, raised to the power which is
opposite to the given power.

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-2 -2 2
Consider the 8 , here, the base is 8 and we have a negative exponent (-2). 8 is expressed as 1/8

A fractional exponent is a technique for expressing powers and roots together.

 ½ 2 1/2
For Example Calculate: 9 = √9 = (3 ) = 3
1/3
 1/3
And an exponent of is cube root. For Example 125
1/3
125 = ∛125
3 1/3
= [(5) ]
1
= (5)
=5
 0
The rule states that any term with zero as an exponent is equal to one. For Example 3 =1

Square Roots
Square roots are the opposite to the exponents. We can undo the power of radical by square root. Or
square root of a number is an inverse operation of squaring a number

The symbol "√" is used for the square root and is called as radical symbol.

For example √4=2, √9=3

A cube root is written as '3√'.

Rounding Numbers
Rounding is used to make a number easier to work with. Or rounding numbers means adjusting the digits
(up or down) to make rough calculations easier.

For example, 341 rounded to the nearest ten is 340. And if we rounded to nearest hundred then it is 300.
That is because 341 is closer in value to 300 than to 400

How to Round off Numbers

1. Determine which digit is to be rounded
2. If the number you are rounding is followed by 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, round the number up. Example: 38 rounded to the
nearest ten is 40. ...
3. If the number you are rounding is followed by 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, then the digit to be rounded remains the same.
Example: 33 rounded to the nearest ten is 30.

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0333-4438610 0300-4469650 03456338610 042-35911609