INTRODUCTION

An eLectric generator is a
device that converts mechanicaL
energy to eLectricaL energy. A
generator forces e Lectri c
current to ytow through an
externaL circui I. The sounce of
mechanicaL energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam
engine, uater faLL ing through
a
turbine or uater»heeL,
internaL combustion engine,
uind turbine, a hand cranh,
compressed air, or any other
source of mechani caLenergy.
Generators provide nearLy aL L of
the po»er y«r eLectric po»er
grids.
THEORY
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by
a current flow through the field coil of the
rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor receives
excitation through the use of sI›"Rrings and
brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the
sI‹“Rrings to provide the continuous connection
between the field coil and the external excitation

4. The armature is contained within the windings

of the stator and is connected to the ou•R••
5. Each time the rotor makes one comR!•te
revolution, one comRlete cycle of AC is
develoRed.
6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into
the slots of the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an
AC generator is dependent on the field strength
and speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are oRerated at a constant
speed; therefore, the generated voltage depends
on field excitation, or strength.
CO STR CTI
First nahe the hoL Low- ended box. Score
the cardboard strip Lihe so: FoLd It
L ihe this and‹•Re it secuneLy. Use
the nai L to pohe a hoLe Perfect Ly
stnaight through the center of the
box, going through both sides and aL L
(hoL e) three Lay/ers of cardboard. Then
puL L the nai Lout and useit to
uiden aL L the hoL es s L ight Ly,
so uhen j/ou
put the nai L bach through, it wi L L
be a b1t Loose and abLe to
spin. At this point you shouLd c
Lamp four magnets around the
naiL and give it a spin.
Thźs mohes sure Łhe box is Łorge
enough. The noź Ł and msgnets shouŁ d
•Rźn yreeLy. The connens oy the
magnets shouL d NOTbunp the ins żde oy
the box as they sRżn. zy the box is a
stant over and nahe it
« L ittŁe bźgger. Either that,
thinner nai L. Pich the spooć of
nunber-30 nognet wżre Fron the hit of
spooLs. This is the thżnnest.

Tape one end of the number-S€ł nagnet

wźre to the side oy the box, then
»ind s 1 of the wźreonto
the box as shoun.
 Zt ’s OK to cover up the nai L hoLe.
PuL L the taped end of the øtre out,
then tape down both of the uíres so
the coi L doesn I unwind. You shouL d
have about 18cm o/ wźre će/I sti chžng
Use sandpaper or the edge of a
hnife to scrape the thin pćostżc
coating off 2cn o/ the wire ends.
Renove every bit of red coat íng, so
the wire ends ane coppeny. Spread the
wire a»ay from the nai L hoLe and tape
i t ìn pLace. Stì ch the naİ Ł bach
through the hoL es and nahe sure źt can
^R+•^. Tahe your four magnets, stich
then face to face in tøo pairs,
Then stich the tuo pairs inside
the box and on ež thersźde of the
nai L sothey
grab the naźL . Push them around unti L
they ane soneuhat baLanced and even,
then spźn the nai L and see iy they
turn freeLy. ”f you wź
stich 2cm squares oy «rdboard between
the magnets to strsžghten them, and
tape the magnets so they doø ’t move
around on the nai L ßahe sure that each
end of the generator ’s wires are
 totaL Ly cL eared of red pLas ti c
coating. Zf thene is a but / R! OS
C
Leye, it «n act as an insuLator uhich
tunns ofy youn Light buLb circuit.
Tuist the scraped end of each
generator wire secureLy around the
si Lver t1/* of each wire yrom the snaL
L L ight buLb. (Zf necessary, use a
hn:ye to strip nore pLas ti cfrom the
endsof the Light buLb uines. ) One
generator uire goes to one Light
buLb uire, the other generator
uire goes to the other L ight buLb
uire, and the tuo twisted uire
connections shouL d not touch
together. Zn the tuisted wires, «etaL
nust touch netaL with no R! asti c
in between.
WORKING
The working of the transformer is explained All
metals contain a movable substance called
"electric charge". Even unchanged wires are full of
charge!
After all, the atoms of the metal are made half
of positive protons and half of negative
electrons.
Metals are special because their electrons don't stay
connected to the metal atoms, instead they fly
around inside the metal and form a type of electric
e the wires. All wires are full of electric
fluid. Modern scientists call this the "electron sea
"electron gas." It is not invisible, it actually gives
metals their silvery shine. The electron gas is like
a silvery fluid. When a circle of wire surrounds a
magnetic field, and the magnetic field then
changes, a circular "pressure" called Voltage
appears. This circular voltage trys to force the
movable charges in the wire to rotate around the
circle. In other words, moving magnets create
electric currents in closed circles of wire. A moving
magnet causes a pumping action. If the circuit is
not complete, if there is a break, then the
pumping force will cause no charge
flow. But if the circuit is "complete" or "closed", then
the magnet's pumping action can force the electrons

of the coil to begin flowing. This is a basic law of

physics, and it is used by all coil/magnet electric
generators. When the circuit is closed and the
magnet is moving, charges in the metal are forced to
flow. The charges of the light bulb's filament are
pushed along. When the charges within the copper
wire pass into the thin light bulb filament, their
speed greatly increases.
USES OF AC GENERATOR
1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind
generators,
high speed gas turbine generators.
2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive
systems,
automotive starter generators.
3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used
to produce
ac voltages for transmission via the
grid system or,
locally, as portable generators.
4. All of our household appliances runs on ac
current.
Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines, oven,
lights, fan
etc.
EFFICIENCY
Expression for Instantaneous e.m.f. Produced:
Let position of the coil at any time t. It make angle q
with

vertical. If w is uniform angular speed of the

coil. Then q wt
B be the strength of magnetic field n be
the number of turns
in the coil and A area of the coil then magnetic
flux with the
coil in this position is given by:

f = nBA Cos q nBA Cos wt.

Differentiate w.r.t. time
nBA (-Sin wt) w
= -nBA w Sin wt
e - (-nBA w Sin wt)

maximum value of e.m.f. say EO

e = EO Sin wt.
1) Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of
the useful
power output to the total power input.
2) Because any mechanical process experiences
some
losses, no AC generators can be 100 percent
efficient.
3) Efficiency of an AC generator can be
calculated using
Equation.
4) Efficiency =(Output /Input )x 100

Brushes

2r
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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www.phy12.com