Biology Final Exam

Biology - Scientific study of life. Organisms - Living individuals. Ecosystems All the organisms that live in a place, together with their nonliving environment. Heterotrophs (consumers) organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things:
Herbivores obtain energy by eating plants (cow) Carnivores obtains energy by eating animals (lion) Omnivore obtains energy by eating animals and plants (pig) Scavenger obtains energy by eating carcasses of other animals (vulture) Decomposer chemically breaks down organic matter (they produce detritus) (bacteria) Detrivore feeds on detritus (small pieces of dead and decaying plant and animals remains) particles (snails) Autotrophs (producers) organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemical and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds: Photosynthetic: sun+water+co2 = carbohydrates + oxygen Chemosynthetic: co2+hydrogen sulfide + oxygen = carbohydrates + sulfur compound Food chain series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Food web network o all the food chains in an ecosystem. They are very complex. Small disturbances to one population can affect all population in a food web. Succession ecosystems change over time, especially after disturbances. Same species die out and new species move in. Primary succession- it begins in an area with no0 remnants of an older community Secondary succession- it occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances Biomagnifications process by which a population becomes more concentrated in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels

Deforestation destruction of forests Biodiversity the sum of all the genetic diversity among all the organisms in the biosphere:
Ecosystem diversity variety of habitats, communities, and ecological process in the biosphere Species diversity the number of different species in an area or in the biosphere Genetic diversity total of all genetic information carried in living things Habitat fragmentation splitting of ecosystems into pieces Prokaryote unicellular organism that doesnt have a nucleus

Eukaryote multicellular organism that has a nucleus Protein synthesis joining of amino acids to produce proteins.
Transcription - synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template (RNA synthesis means joining of bases to make RNA). Requires an enzyme known as RNA polymerase it binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands. Translation process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of protein Organelle structure that have specialized function in eukaryotic cells (ex: ribosome) Homeostasis relatively constant internal conditions (essential function that animals must perform to survive). Animals maintain homeostasis by gathering and responding to information, obtaining and distributing oxygen and nutrients, collecting and eliminating CO2 and other wastes and reproducing. Is maintained by negative feedback (ex: if its too cold, you shiver, using muscles to generate heat.) Unicellular one cell Multicellular more than one cell Mitosis part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell divides. Has four phases: Prophase duplicated chromosomes condense and are visible under microscope; nuclear envelope disappears; nucleolus disintegrates; in case of animal cells, spindles form from centrioles. Metaphase duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell; the spindle fibers connect the centromeres to the poles of the spindles. Anaphase the sister chromatid separate and start moving to opposite ends of the cell Telophase chromosomes start spreading out to form chromatin; nuclear envelope reappears; nucleolus reappears; spindle starts to break down. Meiosis process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut into half through the separation of homologous chromosomes (chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and the other from the female parent) in a diploid cell (cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes). It produces eggs and sperms.

Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

Genotype genetic make up Phenotype physical traits

Gene sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait Mutation heritable changes in genetic information. There are two types of mutations:
Gene mutations produces changes in a single gene. Point mutations (Substitutions, insertions, and deletions) - involves only one or a few nucleotides: y Substitutions one base is changed to a different base (affects only one amino acid) y Insertions one base is inserted in DNA sequence (frame shift mutation) y Deletions one base is removed from DNA sequence (frame shift mutation)can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation Chromosomal mutations produces changes in the number or structures of chromosomes (deletions, duplications, translocations inversions). y Deletions loss of all or part of a chromosome y Duplications produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome y Translocations occurs when part of a chromosome breaks of and attaches to another. y Inversions - reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome Evolution process of change over time Chromosome threadlike structure that contains genetic information that is passed

Differences between DNA and RNA (3 differences) DNA

Stages of Mitosis

Meiosis