MR K.K.

KESEKILE

MATRIX TRANSFORMATION

This guide examines five types of transformations: rotations, reflection, enlargement,

stretch and shear.

By the end of this chapter learners should be able to:

 Rotate 2D-shapes using matrices. (Restrict to multiples of 90°)

 Enlarge 2D-shapes using matrices
 Transform 2D-shapes using shear
 Describe fully a shear given a 2D-shape and its image
 Transform 2D-shapes using stretch
 Describe fully a stretch given a 2D-shape and its image

Each transformation can be represented by a matrix, which, when multiplied with a

coordinate vector, yields a new vector representing the modified point.

Rotation of 2D-shapes using matrices

Rotation
Rotation involves turning a figure around a fixed point, usually the origin. Matrices can be
used to rotate 2D-shapes.

When rotating 2D-shapes, the following matrices are used:

0 −1
 Rotation by 900 in the anticlockwise direction about the origin (0,0)
1 0

0 1
 Rotation by 900 in the clockwise direction about the origin (0,0)
−1 0

0 −1
 Rotation by 1800 in the clockwise or anticlockwise direction about the
−1 0
origin (0,0)

0 1
 Rotation by 2700 in the anticlockwise direction about the origin (0,0)
−1 0
(which is the same as 900 rotation in the clockwise direction).

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0 1
 Rotation by 2700 in the clockwise direction about the origin (0,0)
−1 0
(which is the same as 900 rotation in the anticlockwise direction).

To rotate a shape, multiply the coordinates of each vertex ( a point where two
straight lines or rays meet) by the corresponding rotation matrix.

Steps on rotating a shape about the origin (0, 0)

Step 1 : Identify the coordinates of each vertex

Step 2: Multiply the coordinates of each vertex by the corresponding rotation matrix

Example 1
Given the triangle whose vertices are A(1,2) , B(1,4) and C(4,4) and label it A. Rotate
triangle A 900 clockwise about centre (0,0) and label the new coordinates A’, B’ and C’.

Step 1 : Identify the coordinates of each vertex

1 1 4
The coordinates of A = , B= , C=
2 4 4

Step 2: Multiply the coordinates of each vertex by the corresponding rotation matrix

 For vertex A

0 1 1

−1 0 2

0 1 1 0×1+1× 2
=
−1 0 2 −1×1 +0× 2

2
=
−1

New vertex: A’ (2, -1)

 For vertex B

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0 1 1

−1 0 4

0 1 1 0×1+1× 4
=
−1 0 4 −1×1 +0× 4

4
=
−1

New vertex: B’ (4, -1)

 For vertex C

0 1 4

−1 0 4

0 1 4 0×4+1× 4
=
−1 0 4 −1×4 +0× 4

4
=
−4

New vertex: C’ (4, -4)

The vertices of the new triangle after 900 clockwise about centre (0,0) are:

A’ (2, -1), B’ (4, -1), C’ (4, -4)

Example 2
Construct a shape labelled N whose vertices are A(-5,5) , B(-3,5) , C(-1,3) and D(-5,3).
Rotate the shape B 1800 counterclockwise about centre (0,0). Label the new shape N’
and the new coordinates A’, B’, C’ and D’.

Step 1 : Identify the coordinates of each vertex

-5 -3 -1 -5
The coordinates of A = , B= , C= and D =
5 5 3 3
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Step 2: Multiply the coordinates of each vertex by the corresponding rotation matrix

 For vertex A

−1 0 −5

0 −1 5

−1 0 −5 − 1 ×− 5 + 0 × 5
=
0 −1 5 0 ×− 5 + ( − 1 × 5)

5
=
−5

New vertex: A’ (5, -5)

 For vertex B

−1 0 −3

0 −1 5

−1 0 −3 −1 ×− 3 + 0 × 5
=
0 −1 5 0 ×− 3 + ( − 1 × 5)

3
=
−5

New vertex: B’ (3, -5)

 For vertex C

−1 0 −1

0 −1 3

−1 0 −1 −1 ×− 1 + 0 × 3
=
0 −1 3 0 ×− 1 + ( − 1 × 3)

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1
=
−3

New vertex: C’ (1, -3)

 For vertex D

−1 0 −5

0 −1 3

−1 0 −5 −1 ×− 5 + 0 × 3
=
0 −1 3 0 ×− 5 + ( − 1 × 3)

5
=
−3

New vertex: D’ (5, -3)

The vertices of the new shape ( N’) after rotation, 1800 counterclockwise about centre (0,0)
are:

A’ (5, -5), B’ (3, -5), C’ (1, -3) D’ (5, -3)

Exercise 1

Question 1
a) Construct a shape labelled T whose vertices are A(1,2) , B(5,2) , C(1,4) and D(5,6).
Rotate the shape T 900 clockwise about centre (0,0). Label the new shape T’ and the
new coordinates A’, B’, C’ and D’.

b) Rotate the same shape 2700 clockwise about centre (0,0). Label the shape T’’ and the
new coordinates A’’, B’’, C’’ and D’’.

Question 2
a) Construct a triangle labelled R whose vertices are A(-2,1) , B(-2,3) , and C(-5,1).
Rotate the triangle R 1800 clockwise about centre (0,0). Label the new shape R’ and
the new coordinates A’, B’, C’ and D’.

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b) Rotate the same shape 2700 counterclockwise about centre (0,0). Label the shape R’’
and the new coordinates A’’, B’’, C’’ and D’’.

Steps on rotating a shape when the rotation centre is not zero

Step 1 : Subtract the given centre from the coordinates of each vertex
Step 2: Multiply the corresponding rotation matrix with the answer from step 1
Step 3: Add the given centre to the answer from step 2 to get the new coordinates

Example 1
Given the triangle T whose vertices are A(1,2) , B(3,2) and C(1,5). Rotate triangle T 1800
clockwise about centre (1,0) and label the new triangle T’ and the new coordinates A’, B’
and C’.

Step 1 : Subtract the given centre from the coordinates of each vertex

 For vertex A  For vertex B

1 1 3 1
− −
2 0 2 0

1 1 1−1 3 1 3−1
− = − =
2 0 2−0 2 0 2−0

0 2
= =
2 2

 For vertex C

1 1
−
5 0

1 1 1−1
− =
5 0 5−0

0
=
5

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Step 2: Multiply the corresponding rotation matrix with the answer from step 1

 For vertex A

−1 0 0

0 −1 2

−1 0 0 −1 × 0 + 0 × 2
=
0 −1 2 0 × 0 + ( − 1 × 2)

0
=
−2

 For vertex B

−1 0 2

0 −1 2

−1 0 2 −1 × 2 + 0 × 2
=
0 −1 2 0 × 2 + ( − 1 × 2)

−2
=
−2

 For vertex C

−1 0 0

0 −1 5

−1 0 0 −1 × 0 + 0 × 5
=
0 −1 5 0 × 0 + ( − 1 × 5)

0
=
−5

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Step 3: Add the given centre to the answer from step 2 to get the new coordinates
 For vertex A  For vertex B

0 1 −2 1
+ +
−2 0 −2 0

0 1 0+1 −2 1 −2+1
+ = + =
−2 0 −2+0 −2 0 −2+0

1 −1
= =
−2 −2

New vertex: A’ (1, -2) New vertex: B’ (-1, -2)

 For vertex C

0 1
+
−5 0

0 1 0+1
+ =
−5 0 −5+0

1
=
−5

New vertex: C’ (1, -5)

The vertices of the new shape ( T’) after rotation, 1800 clockwise about centre (1,0) are:

A’ (1, -2), B’ (-1, -2), C’ (1, -5)

We can rotate a shape (with centre not equal to zero) in a more simplified fashion
by putting all the coordinates of each vertices in one matrix.

For example;

Step 1 : Subtract the given centre from the coordinates of each vertex

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For vertices A, B, and C

A B C A B C
1 3 1 1 1−1 3−1 1−1
− =
2 2 5 0 2−0 2−0 5−0

0 2 0
=
2 2 5

Step 2: Multiply the corresponding rotation matrix with the answer from step 1

−1 0 0 2 0

0 −1 2 2 5

−1 × 0 + 0 × 2 −1 × 2 + 0 × 2 −1 × 0 + 0 × 5
=
0 × 0 + ( − 1 × 2) 0 × 2 + ( − 1 × 2) 0 × 0 + ( − 1 × 5)

0 −2 0
=
−2 −2 −5

Step 3: Add the given centre to the answer from step 2 to get the new coordinates

0 −2 0 1 0+1 −2+1 0+1

+ =
−2 −2 −5 0 −2+0 −2+0 −5+0

1 −1 1
=
−2 −2 −5

The vertices of the new shape ( T’) after rotation, 1800 clockwise about centre (1,0) are:

A’ (1, -2), B’ (-1, -2), C’ (1, -5)

Exercise 2

Question 1

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a) Construct a shape labelled K whose vertices are A(1,1) , B(1,3), C(3,3) and D(4,1).
Rotate the shape K 900 counterclockwise about centre (-1,-1). Label the new shape
K’ and the new coordinates A’, B’, and C’.

c) Rotate the triangle K 1800 clockwise about centre (-1,-1). Label the shape K’’ and the
new coordinates A’’, B’’, C’’ and D’’.

Question 2
a) Construct a triangle labelled Q whose vertices are A(-2,-1) , B(-2,-3) , and C(-5,-1).
Rotate the triangle Q 1800 clockwise about centre (-3,2). Label the new shape Q’
and the new coordinates A’, B’, and C’ ’.

b) Rotate the triangle labelled Q 2700 counterclockwise about centre (-3,2). Label the
shape Q’’ and the new coordinates A’’, B’’, and C’’.

Enlargement of 2D-shapes using matrices

Enlargement
Enlargement changes the size of a figure by a scale factor. To enlarge a shape, a center of
enlargement is required as well as the scale factor.

 When enlarging 2D-shapes, the following matrix is used:

k 0
, where k is the scale factor
0 k

Steps on enlarging a shape about the origin (0,0)

Step 1 : Identify the coordinates of each vertex

Step 2: Multiply the enlargement matrix by coordinates of each vertex

Example 1 (Positive Scale Factor)

Enlarge the triangle K whose vertices are A(1,2) , B(3,2) and C(1,5) by a factor of 2, using
the origin as the center of enlargement.

Step 1 : Identify the coordinates of each vertex

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1 3 1
The coordinates of A = , B= , C=
2 2 5
Step 2: Multiply the enlargement matrix by coordinates of each vertex

 For vertex A

2 0 1 2×1+0× 2
=
0 2 2 0×1 +2× 2

2
=
4

New vertex: A’ (2, 4)

 For vertex B

2 0 3 2×3+0× 2
=
0 2 2 0×3 +2× 2

6
=
4

New vertex: B’ (6, 4)

 For vertex C

2 0 1 2×1+0× 5
=
0 2 5 0×1 +2× 5

2
=
10

New vertex: C’ (2, 10)

The new coordinates for the enlarged triangle by factor of 2 about the origin are:

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A’ (2, 4), B’ (6, 4), C’ (2, 10)

Example 2 (Negative Scale Factor)

Enlarge the triangle K whose vertices are A(1,2) , B(3,2) and C(1,5) by a factor of -2, using
the origin as the center of enlargement.

Step 1 : Identify the coordinates of each vertex

1 3 1
The coordinates of A = , B= , C=
2 2 5

Step 2: Multiply the enlargement matrix by coordinates of each vertex

 For vertex A

−2 0 1 −2×1+0× 2
=
0 −2 2 0 × 1 + ( − 2 × 2)

−2
=
−4

New vertex: A’ (-2, -4)

 For vertex B

−2 0 3 −2×3+0× 2
=
0 −2 2 0 × 3 + ( − 2 × 2)

−6
=
−4

New vertex: B’ (-6, -4)

 For vertex C

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−2 0 1 −2×1+0× 5
=
0 −2 5 0 × 1 + ( − 2 × 5)

−2
=
− 10

New vertex: C’ (-2, -10)

The new coordinates for the enlarged triangle by factor of -2 about the origin are:

A’ (-2, -4), B’ (-6, -4), C’ (-2, -10)

Example 3 (Fractional Scale Factor)

Enlarge the triangle K whose vertices are A(1,2) , B(3,2) and C(1,5) by a factor of ½, using
the origin as the center of enlargement.

Step 1 : Identify the coordinates of each vertex

1 3 1
The coordinates of A = , B= , C=
2 2 5

Step 2: Multiply the enlargement matrix by coordinates of each vertex

 For vertex A

½ 0 1 ½×1+0× 2
=
0 ½ 2 0 × 1 + (½ × 2)

0.5
=
1

New vertex: A’ (0.5, 1)

 For vertex B

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½ 0 3 ½ ×3+0× 2
=
0 ½ 2 0 × 3 + (½ × 2)

1.5
=
1

New vertex: B’ (1.5, 1)

 For vertex C

½ 0 1 ½×1+0× 5
=
0 ½ 5 0 × 1 + (½ × 5)

0.5
=
2.5

New vertex: C’ (0.5, 2.5)

The new coordinates for the enlarged triangle by factor of -2 about the origin are:

A’ (0.5, 1), B’ (1.5, 1), C’ (0.5, 2.5)

Exercise 3

1. Enlarge a shape labelled T whose vertices are A(1,2) , B(5,2) , C(1,4) and D(5,6)

a) by a scale factor of 3 and label it T‘

b) by a scale factor of -2 and label it T‘’
c) by a scale factor of -½ and label it T‘’’

2. Construct a triangle labelled Q whose vertices are A(-2,-1) , B(-2,-3) , and C(-5,-1)

d) by a scale factor of 4 and label it Q‘

e) by a scale factor of -3 and label it Q‘’
f) by a scale factor of ½ and label it Q‘’’

Steps on enlarging a shape when the centre is not zero

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Step 1 : Subtract the given centre from the coordinates of each vertex
Step 2: Multiply the enlargement matrix with the answer from step 1
Step 3: Add the given centre to the answer from step 2 to get the new coordinates

Example

Enlarge the triangle T whose vertices are A(1,2) , B(3,2) and C(2,5) by a scale factor of 2,
using (-1,-1) as centre of enlargement.

Step 1 : Subtract the given centre from the coordinates of each vertex

For vertices A, B, and C

A B C A B C
1 3 2 −1 1 − ( − 1) 3 − ( − 1) 2 − ( − 1)
− =
2 2 5 −1 2 − ( − 1) 2 − ( − 1) 5 − ( − 1)

2 4 3
=
3 3 6

Step 2: Multiply the enlargement matrix with the answer from step 1

2 0 2 4 3

0 2 3 3 6

2×2+0× 3 2×4+0× 3 2×3+0× 6

=
0 × 2 + (2 × 3) 0 × 4 + (2 × 3) 0 × 3 + (2 × 6)

4 8 6
=
6 6 12

Step 3: Add the given centre to the answer from step 2 to get the new coordinates

4 8 6 −1 4−1 8−1 6−1

+ =
6 6 12 −1 6−1 6−1 12 − 1

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3 7 5
=
5 5 10

The new coordinates for the enlarged triangle by factor of 2 about the centre (-1,-1) are:

A’ (3, 5), B’ (7, 5), C’ (5, 10)

Exercise 4

1. Enlarge a shape labelled O whose vertices are A(1,2) , B(5,2) , C(1,4) and D(5,6) about
the centre (2,2)

g) by a scale factor of 3 and label it O‘

h) by a scale factor of -2 and label it O‘’
i) by a scale factor of -½ and label it O‘’’

2. Construct a triangle labelled P whose vertices are A(-2,-1) , B(-2,-3) , and C(-5,-1)
about the centre (-1,1)

j) by a scale factor of 4 and label it P‘

k) by a scale factor of -3 and label it P‘’
l) by a scale factor of ½ and label it P‘’’

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