As per MSBTE Curriculum of “I” Scheme

A Micro Project on

“Prepare a chart showing values of maximum slope and deflection in a fixed

beam and simply supported beam, under various loading conditions”

Submitted by

Enrollment No. Name Of Student

23212300133 Nikhil Chandrakant Todkar

23212300134 Sahil Vijay Kamble
23212300135 Suhel Dilavar Mulani

Under the Guidance of

Mrs.R.D.Chothe

Loknete Hon. Hanmantrao Patil Charitable Trust’s

Adarsh Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Vita
Department of Civil Engineering
2023-2024
 Loknete Hon. Hanmantrao Patil Charitable Trust’s
Adarsh Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Vita

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro Project entitled

“Prepare a chart showing values of maximum slope and deflection in a fixed

beam and simply supported beam, under various loading conditions”
has been submitted by

Enrollment No. Name Of Student

23212300133 Nikhil Chandrakant Todkar

23212300134 Sahil Vijay Kamble

23212300135 Suhel Dilavar Mulani

For Four Semester of Diploma in Civil Engineering of course Theory Of

Structure (22402) for academic year 2023-2024 as per MSBTE,
Mumbai curriculum of ‘I’ scheme.

Project Guide Head, Civil Engineering, Principal,

Mrs.R.D.Chothe Mrs. N.P. Thorat Dr. P. S. Patil

Date:
Place:
Acknowledgement

I feel happiness in forwarding this Micro Project report as an image of sincere efforts. The
successful Micro Project Report reflects my work, effort of my guide in giving me good
information.
My sincere thanks to my guide respected Mrs.R.D.Chothe who has been a constant
source of inspiration and guiding star in achieving my goal. I give my special thanks to respected
Mrs. N. P. Thorat (Head, Civil Engineering) for his constant interest and encouragement
throughout the completion of my Micro Project.
I express my deep gratitude to all staff members who lend me their valuable support and
cooperation to enable me to complete my Micro Project.
I am also equally indebted to our principal Prof. Dr. P. S. Patil for his valuable help
whenever needed.

NAME OF STUDENT SIGN OF STUDENT

Nikhil Chandrakant Todkar

Sahil Vijay Kamble

Suhel Dilavar Mulani

 Index

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1.0 Rationale 1

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed 1

3.0 Literature Review 1

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed 1-2

5.0 Actual Resources Used 2

6.0 Outputs of the Micro Project 2-9

7.0 Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro Project 10

8.0 Applications of this Micro Project 10

9.0 Area of Future Improvement 10-11

 A. Micro Project Proposal

Title of Micro Project: “Prepare a chart showing values of maximum slope and deflection in a
fixed beam and simply supported beam, under various loading conditions”

1.0 Brief Introduction:

Ever wondered how beams, the workhorses of construction, respond to different loading scenarios?
This exploration delves into the fascinating world of beam deflection and slope, comparing fixed and
simply supported beams under various loading conditions.

• Visualize the Data: Prepare a comprehensive chart that showcases the maximum slope and deflection
values for fixed and simply supported beams under common loading conditions (e.g., point load, uniformly
distributed load).
• Uncover the Differences: Identify and analyze the key differences in how fixed and simply supported
beams respond to various loading scenarios.
• Gain Practical Insights: Understand how these values influence beam design and selection for different
engineering applications.

2.0 Aim of the Micro Project:

• Explain the concepts of deflection and slope in the context of beam analysis.
• Utilize the chart to determine the maximum deflection and slope for a specific beam configuration
(fixed vs. simply supported) and loading condition.
• Recognize the trends in deflection and slope behavior based on support conditions and loading types.
• Apply this knowledge to select beams with appropriate load-carrying capacity and deflection
characteristics for a given engineering design challenge.

3.0 Intended Course Outcomes:

• Equilibrium equations to determine internal shear forces and bending moments in the beams.

• Beam deflection formulas specific to fixed and simply supported beams under various loading conditions.

4.0 Literature Review

This micro-project focuses on creating a chart that summarizes the maximum slope and deflection values for
fixed and simply supported beams under various loading conditions. To ensure the accuracy and
comprehensiveness of your chart, it's essential to consult relevant technical resources.

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed.

• Searching the topic for micro-project

• Search information from the Theory Of Structure (22402) book and from the internet.
• Discuss with the project guide.
• arrange all information in MS Word
• Prepare a report on it using MS Word
• print micro project
6.0 Resources Required

Name of
Specifications Remark
Sr. No. Resource/ Quantity
Material
For collect Available
1 Wikipedia 1
project
information

Theory Of Available
Books 1
2 Structure

Available
3 computer Windows 10 1

7.0 Action Plan

Planned
Sr. Planned Name of Responsible
Details of activity Finish
No. start date Team Members
date
1 Project Proposal
2 Data Collection & Analysis • Nikhil Chandrakant
3 Preparation of Prototype/ Model Todkar
4 Preparation of Report • Sahil Vijay Kamble
5 Presentation & Submission • Suhel Lilavar Mulani
 B – Micro Project Report

Title of Micro Project: “Prepare a chart showing values of maximum slope and deflection in a fixed
beam and simply supported beam, under various loading conditions”

1.0 Rationale:
Understanding the behavior of beams under different loading conditions is fundamental in various
engineering disciplines, such as civil, mechanical, and aerospace engineering. Beams are ubiquitous
structural elements used in buildings, bridges, machines, and countless other applications. Their ability to
carry loads safely and efficiently depends on their strength, stiffness, and deflection characteristics.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

• Equilibrium equations to determine internal shear forces and bending moments in the beams.

• Beam deflection formulas specific to fixed and simply supported beams under various loading conditions.

3.0 Literature Review

This micro-project focuses on creating a chart that summarizes the maximum slope and deflection values
for fixed and simply supported beams under various loading conditions. To ensure the accuracy and
comprehensiveness of your chart, it's essential to consult relevant technical resources.

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed

• Searching the topic for micro-project

• Search information from the Theory Of Structure (22402) book and from the internet.
• Discuss with the project guide.
• arrange all information in MS Word
• Prepare a report on it using MS Word
• print micro project
 5.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource/

Specifications Quantity Remark
No. Material
For collect project
1 Wikipedia 1
information
2 Books Theory Of 1
Structure
3 Website Goggle, chat 1
gpt
Windows 10
4 Computer 1

6.0 Outputs of the Micro Project

A simply supported beam rests on two supports(one end pinned and one end on roller support) and is free
to move horizontally. The deflection and slope of any beam(not particularly a simply supported one)
primary depend on the load case it is subjected upon. If the load case varies, its deflection, slope, shear
force and bending moment get changed.

This article will help you find the deflection and slope developed at any point of a simply supported beam,
subjected to any load.

What is a Simply Supported Beam?

The simply supported beam is one of the most modest structures. The configuration of a simply supported
beam is so simple having one hinge support at an end and roller support at the other end. With this setup
the beam can only rotate horizontally, any vertical moment is restained.

This roller support also helps the beam expand or contract axially, although the free horizontal movement
is prevented by the other support.

This is a determinant structure, which means that if an internal hinge is inserted or any of these supports(pin
or roller) is removed, the beam can not carry the load anymore. In this case, the beam will freely move
under loading.
 Deflection in simply supported beam

Finding Deflection and Slope

There are multiple methods like double integration method, Macaulay's method, Conjugate beam method,
Castigliano's theorem, Principle of superposition which help us find the deflection and slope of a beam.

Here we will use the double integration method, which is a simple, effective and straight forward method,
that can be used to solve any type of question.

From the Euler-Bernoulli bending theory, at a point along a beam, we have:

1/R = M/EI

Where: R is the radius of curvature of the point

M is the bending moment at that point
EI is the flexural rigidity of the member, E is Young's modulus of the beam material, I is the second moment
of area.
We also have dx = R dθ and so 1/R = dθ/dx. Again for small displacements, θ ≃ tan θ ≃ dy/dx and so:

1 / R = d²y / dx² = M / EI

The formula used to find slope and deflection of the beam

The bending moment at any point of the beam section can be found using the double integration formula,
that is given below.
• M is the Bending Moment at a particular section, which is a function of x
• EI is the flexural rigidity of the member
• y represents the vertical deflection of the beam and x is the lateral direction.
• dy/dx represents the slope of the beam at that particular point.
Using this relation, upon integrating, the function for dy/dx(slope) can be found. Then, putting the
appropriate value of x we can find the slope.

Upon integrating again and putting the value of x, the deflection(y) can be determined.
Seems confusing? Let’s work out an example, you can be an expert then.

Example

Find the maximum deflection and slope at both the ends of the beam as shown.

Eccentric load case

Our initial step would be drawing a rough deflection diagram.

Deflected shape of beam

Here in the deflection diagram θA and θB are the slope at point A and B respectively due to the load P. The
midpoint deflection is δc and the maximum deflection due to point load P is δmax.
Step 1: Finding the reactions at support(s)

We can use the horizontal equilibrium (ΣH = 0), vertical equilibrium (ΣV = 0) and moment equation (ΣMx
= 0) for the reaction calculation.
The reaction at A is Pb/L and B is Pa/L.

Step 2: Writing bending moment pattern at different sections of the beam

In this case, the bending moment from L = 0 to L = a follows one pattern and the bending moment from L
= a to L = a + b follows another pattern.

Step 3: Putting the bending moment value in double integration formula

Now putting the double integration formula and then integrating twice.

Step 4: Solving the integration constants using boundary conditions

In this step we will apply the boundary conditions (at x = 0, y = 0 and at x = L, y = 0).
Step 5: Find deflection at any point

Now we can find deflection at any point(x) on the beam using the final equation given in step 4.
If we are interested in finding the deflection at half of the span, then putting x = 0.5 L,

Step 6: Finding maximum deflection

The maximum deflection will not result at the centre. At the point of maximum deflection, the slop should
be zero. Equating the slope to zero, we can find the value of x.

Step 7: Finding slope

To find the rotation or slope, the equation of dy/dx(Refer step 3 for the equation) should be written again.
Now putting the value of x (depending on the point where the slope is to be found) the slope value can be
determined.

In this case, to find the slope of point A, x = 0 and for the slope of point B, x = L.
 Beam Deflection and Slope Formula

It is always advised to remember some of the slope and deflection formula for some standard load cases.
This will save you from a lot more calculation, so confusion in examinations.

Simply supported beam with a concentric load P

• Maximum moment, M = PL/4
• Deflection at midspan= Maximum deflection = PL^3/48EI
• Slope at both ends = maximum slope = PL^2/16EI

Simply supported beam with an eccentric load P, distance 'a' from left support and 'b' from the right
support
• Maximum moment, M = Pab/L
• Maximum deflection = Pb(L^2 - b^2)^1.5 / 9√3LEI at x=sqrt((L^2 - b^2)/3)
• Slope at left support = -Fab(L+b)/6LEI
• Slope at right support = Fab(L+a)/6LEI

Simply supported beam with a udl ‘w’ on the entire span

• Maximum moment, M = wL^2/8
• Deflection at midspan= Maximum deflection = 5wL^4/384EI
• Slope at both ends = maximum slope = wL^3/24EI

Simply supported beam with end moments ‘M’ at both supports (one anticlockwise and one
anticlockwise)
• Deflection at midspan= Maximum deflection = ML^2/8EI
• Slope at both ends = maximum slope = ML/2EI

Simply supported beam with central anticlockwise moment M

• Deflection under the moment = 0
• Slope at both the ends = ML/24EI

Simply supported beam with clockwise moment M at the left support

• Deflection under midspan = ML^2/16EI
• Maximum deflection = ML^2/9√3EI
• The slope at left support = ML/3EI
• The slope at right support = ML/6EI
when there is the vertical displacement at any point on the loaded beam, it is said to be deflection of beams.
The maximum deflection of beams occurs where slope is zero.

Slope of the beam is defined as the angle between the deflected beam to the actual beam at the same point.
The general and standard equations for the deflection of beams is given below :
Where,
M= Bending Moment,
E= Young’s Modulus,
I = Moment of Inertia.

The product of E.I is known as flexural rigidity.

There are many types of beams and for these different types of beams or cases the formula will not be the
same. It has to be modified according to the case or the type of the beam. Now let us see the following
cases.

Different Types of Cases for the Deflection of Beams.

1. Simply Supported Beam With a Central Point Load :

A simply supported beam AB of length l is carrying a point load at the center of the beam at C. The
deflection at the point C will be :

2. Simply Supported Beam With an Eccentric Point Load :

 A simply supported beam AB of length l is carrying an eccentric point load at C as shown in the fig. The
deflection of the beam is given as follows :

Since b > a, therefore maximum deflection occurs in CB and its distance from B is given by :

and maximum deflection is given by :

3. Simply Supported Beam With Uniformly Distributed Load :

•

A simply supported beam AB with a uniformly distributed load w/unit length is shown in figure,
The maximum deflection occurs at the mid point C and is given by :

4. Simply Supported Beam With Gradually Varying Load :

A simply supported beam of AB of length l carrying a gradually varying load from zero at B to w/unit length
at A, is shown in fig below,

The maximum deflection of beam occurs when x = 0.519 l and its value is given by :

5. Cantilever Beam With the Point Load at Free End :

A cantilever beam AB of length l carrying a point load at the free end is shown in fig. The deflection at any
section X at a distance x from the free end is given by :

The maximum deflection occurs at the free end (when x = 0) and its value is given by

6. Cantilever Beam With a Uniformly Distributed Load :

A cantilever beam AB of length l carrying a uniformly distributed load w/unit length is shown in fig. The
deflection at any section X at a distance x from B is given by
The maximum deflection occurs at the free end (when x=0) and its value is given by

When a cantilever is partially loaded as shown in the fig, then the deflection at point C (at a distance from
the fixed end) is given by :

and the maximum deflection occurs at B whose value is given by

7. Cantilever Beam With a Gradually Varying Load :

A cantilever beam AB of length l carrying a gradually varying load from zero at B to w/unit length at A is
shown in fig. The deflection at any section X at a distance x from B is given by

The maximum deflection occurs at the free end (when x = 0) and its value is given by
8. Fixed Beam carrying a central point load :

A fixed beam AB of length l carrying a point load at the center of the beam C as shown in fig. The maximum
deflection of beam occurs at C and its value is given by

9. Fixed Beam Carrying an Eccentric Load :

A fixed beam AB of length l carrying an eccentric point load at C as shown in fig. The deflection at any
section X at a distance x from A is given by

The maximum distance occurs when,

Hence Maximum deflection of beam,

and deflection under the load at C,

 10. Fixed Beam Carrying a Uniformly Distributed Load :

A fixed beam AB of length l carrying a uniformly distributed load of w/unit length as shown in fig. The
deflection at any section X at a distance x from A is given by

The maximum deflection of beam occurs at the centre of the beam and its value is given by

….

7.0 Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro-Project

Technical Skills:

• Understanding of Beam Theory: You'll gain a foundational understanding of beam theory concepts like
internal shear forces, bending moments, and the relationship between load, deflection, and slope in beams.
• Beam Deflection Analysis: The project strengthens your ability to apply beam deflection formulas for
fixed and simply supported beams under various loading conditions (point load, distributed load, etc.).
• Data Compilation and Organization: Developing the chart requires effectively compiling data from
various sources and organizing it in a clear and concise format.
• Engineering Reference Skills: You'll learn to effectively utilize engineering resources like textbooks,
design manuals, and online databases to locate relevant data on beam behavior.

Soft Skills:

• Critical Thinking and Analysis: Analyzing the trends in deflection and slope values based on support
conditions and loading types strengthens your critical thinking and analytical skills.
• Problem-Solving: The project encourages you to approach the task of creating the chart in a structured
manner, identifying relevant information and applying it to solve the problem at hand.
• Communication (Optional): If the project involves presenting your findings or explaining the chart to
others, you'll hone your communication skills by clearly conveying technical information.
 Additional Skills:

• Depending on the specific approach of your micro-project, you might also develop proficiency in:
o Using spreadsheet software (e.g., Microsoft Excel) to create and format the chart.
o Time management skills to complete the project within a designated timeframe.

8.0 Applications of this Micro Project

1. Design and Selection of Beams:

• The chart serves as a quick reference for engineers during the design process. By comparing deflection and
slope values for different beam configurations (fixed vs. simply supported) and loading scenarios (point
load, distributed load, etc.), engineers can:
o Select beams with adequate load-carrying capacity to ensure structural integrity.
o Choose beams that meet deflection limitations to prevent serviceability issues like cracking or sagging.
o Optimize beam selection for specific applications considering factors like material, cost, and desired
stiffness.

2. Structural Analysis and Verification:

• The charted information can be used to verify deflection and slope calculations performed during structural
analysis. This helps ensure the designed beams will function as intended under anticipated loads.
• By comparing calculated values with the chart's reference data, engineers can identify potential errors or
areas requiring further analysis.

3. Educational Tool and Knowledge Base:

• The chart can be a valuable learning tool for students and engineering professionals seeking to understand
beam behavior under different conditions.
• It provides a concise and readily accessible reference for essential concepts in beam theory, particularly
related to deflection and slope analysis.

4. Basis for Further Analysis:

• The information in the chart serves as a foundation for analyzing more complex beam configurations.
Engineers can use it as a starting point for exploring beams with variable cross-sections, non-uniform
loading conditions, or composite materials.

5. Communication and Collaboration:

• The chart facilitates communication and collaboration between engineers and other stakeholders involved
in a project. It provides a common reference point for discussing beam behavior and making informed
decisions about beam selection and design.
 9.0 Area of Future Improvement

Expanding the Scope of the Chart:

• Include More Loading Conditions: While the project likely focuses on common loading scenarios (point
load, distributed load), consider incorporating additional loading conditions like moment loading or
combinations of loads. This provides a more comprehensive picture of beam behavior.
• Incorporate Different Beam Configurations: Explore including beams with variable cross-sections (e.g.,
T-beams, I-beams) alongside simple rectangular beams. This expands the chart's applicability to a wider
range of engineering problems.
• Consider Material Properties: While the initial focus might be on a specific material (e.g., steel), explore
incorporating deflection and slope values for different materials with varying elastic moduli. This allows
for material selection based on both strength and stiffness requirements.

Enhancing the Functionality of the Chart:

• Interactive Chart: Consider developing an interactive chart that allows users to input specific beam
dimensions, material properties, and loading conditions. The chart would then dynamically calculate and
display the corresponding deflection and slope values.
• Software Integration: Explore integrating the chart data with engineering design software. This would
allow engineers to seamlessly access deflection and slope information during the design process.
• Include Considerations for Failure Modes: While the focus is on deflection and slope, you could
incorporate additional information like critical loads for specific failure modes (e.g., yielding, buckling)
alongside deflection limitations. This provides a more holistic view of beam behavior and design
considerations.

Further Exploration and Applications:

• Advanced Beam Theory: For a more in-depth exploration, consider incorporating deflection and slope
formulas for determinate and indeterminate beams. This caters to the analysis of more complex structural
systems.
• Real-World Examples: Include real-world examples of beams used in various engineering applications,
referencing the chart's data to illustrate how deflection and slope influence design choices. This bridges the
gap between theoretical knowledge and practical applications.
• Finite Element Analysis Integration: Explore how the charted values compare with deflection and slope
results obtained through finite element analysis (FEA) software. This provides insights into the limitations
and accuracy of simplified beam theory compared to advanced analytical tools.
• Conclusion:

Looking towards the future, this project has the potential to evolve into an even more comprehensive tool.
By incorporating additional loading scenarios, beam configurations, and material properties, the chart's
applicability can be significantly broadened. The integration with design software and exploration of
advanced beam theory concepts would further enhance its practical value for engineers.

In conclusion, this micro-project provided a valuable foundation for understanding beam behavior under
various conditions. It equipped us with essential knowledge, practical skills, and a glimpse into the diverse
applications of beam theory in the engineering world. This journey through deflection and slope analysis
paves the way for further exploration and innovation in structural design.
 Teachers Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student:
Enrollment No.:
Nikhil Chandrakant Todkar 23212300133
Sahil Vijay Kamble 23212300134
Suhel Dilavar 23212300135
Mulani

Academic Year: 2023-24 Semester: IV

Name of Programme: Civil Engineering Course: Theory Of Structure
Course Code: 22402 Course Coordinator: Mrs.R.D.Chothe

Title of the Micro Project: “Prepare a chart showing values of maximum slope and
deflection in a fixed beam and simply supported beam, under various loading conditions”

project Course Outcomes Addressed:

a) To study about the slope and deflection in a fixed beam and simply supported beam,
under various loading conditions
b) Major Learning Outcomes achieved by student by doing the Project:

c) Practical Outcomes

Prepare a report on chart showing values of maximum slope and deflection in a fixed beam

and simply supported beam, under various loading condition

Outcomes in Affective Domain

Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.

Report of work carried out:

Sr. Planned Completed Sign of

Details of activity
No. schedule Schedule Guide
1 Project Proposal
2 Data Collection & Analysis
3 Preparation of Prototype/ Model
4 Preparation of Report
5 Presentation & Submission
 Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project
✔ (Please tick in appropriate cell for each characteristic)

Sr. Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent

No to be assessed ( Marks 1-3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9- 10 )

Relate to very few Related to some Los Take care of at-least Take care of more
Relevance to Los one CO than one CO
1
the course

Not more than two At-least 5 relevant At –least 7 relevant About 10 relevant
Literature sources (primary and sources, at least 2 sources, most latest sources, most latest
Survey / secondary), very old latest
2 Reference
information
collection

Completed less than Completed 50 to Completed 60 to Completed more

Completion of
50% 60% 80% than 80 %
the Target as
3
per project
proposal
Sample Size small, Sufficient and Sufficient and Enough data
data neither appropriate sample, appropriate sample, collected by
organized nor enough data enough data sufficient and
presented well generated but not generated which is appropriate sample
organized and not organized and size. Proper
Analysis of presented well. No presented well but inferences drawn by
4 Data and or poor inferences poor inferences organizing and
representation drawn drawn presenting data
through tables,
charts and graphs.
Sr. Characteristic Poor Average Good Excellent
No to be assessed ( Marks 1-3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9- 10 )

Incomplete Just Well Well

fabrication/assembly. assembled/fabricated assembled/fabricated assembled/fabricated
and parts are not with proper with proper
functioning well. functioning parts. In functioning parts. In
Not in proper shape, proper shape, within proper shape, within
Quality of dimensions beyond tolerance tolerance dimensions
Prototype/ tolerance limit. dimensions and and good
5
Model Appearance/finish is good finish/appearance.
shabby. finish/appearance. Creativity in design
But no creativity in and use of material
design and use of
material

Very short, poor Nearly sufficient and Detailed, correct and Very detailed,
quality sketches, correct details about clear description of correct, clear
Details about methods, material, methods, materials, description of
methods, material, precautions and precautions and methods, materials,
Report precaution and conclusion, but Conclusions. precautions and
6 conclusions omitted, clarity is not there in Sufficient Graphic conclusions. Enough
Preparation
some details are presentation. But not Description. tables, charts and
wrong enough graphic sketches
description.

Major information is Includes major Includes major Well organized,

not included, information but not information and well includes major
7 Presentation
information is not well organized and organized but not information ,well
well organized . not presented well presented well presented

Any other
(depending
upon nature of
8 project: please
write
indicators by
pen)

Could not reply to Replied to Replied properly to Replied most of the

considerable number considerable number considerable number questions properly
of question. of questions but not of question.
Defense very properly
9
 Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment

Part B - Total
Part A - individual Marks 10
Enrollment Project Methodology Project Presentation/
Project
No (2 marks) Report/Worki Viva(4
Proposal
ngModel marks)
(2 marks)
(2
marks)
2209910110

2209910111

2209910112

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication

(if any)

Any Other Comment:

Name and designation of the Faculty Member

Dated Signature

*****