TIME TO HAVE FUN

Linguistic Competencies: Goals

Themes:
1. Let´s Workout
2. Once Upon a Time I Enjoyed…
3. Try it!
4. The Most Fun I´ve Ever Had!

Oral and Written Comprehension

 Understand specific information when people speak at normal speed about leisure
activities. There may be a need to repeat particular words and phrases.
 Understand main ideas and key points from teacher explanations and audio
announcements about leisure activities, delivered clearly and at a slow pace,
supported by textbook illustrations.
 Answer literal questions in straightforward messages.
 Manipulate English language sounds using knowledge in phonics, syllabification
and word parts.
 Understand important information on the label of packages (e.g., directions for
use, and instructions for preparation).
 Understand the main points and supporting details in simple, clearly drafted print
materials, such as school handouts, brochures, letters and messages or
newspapers
Oral and Written Production

 Discuss different things to do for fun.

 Ask and answer questions about experiences, events, past experiences.
 Describe experiences, events and storytelling related to exercise, sports and games.
 Describe what is occurring in a film or book, and indicate their personal opinion about it.
 Write a shot description of personal experiences without using an aid, such as a dictionary,
checking written sentences to look for mistakes (e.g. subject-verb agreement, capitalization,
spelling, basic punctuation etc.).
1. LET´S WORKOUT
Usefull Vocabulary
English Word Translation
Pilates Pilates
Yoga Yoga
Spinning Giratorio, Rotatorio (Bicicleta estacionaria)
Athletics Atletismo, Deportista
Do Hacer
Go Ir
Play Jugar
Tournament Torneo
Climbing Escalar
Camping Acampar
Skating Patinar
Walking Caminar
Hike Caminata, Senderismo
Ride Cabalgar, Montar
Fishing Pescar
Swimming Nadar
Championship Campeonato
Sports Vocabulary
 Present Perfect (Affirmative)

She / He / It I / You / We / They

She has worked in Coned. I have been in New York two times.

He has played soccer all day. We have visited our friends many times.

The table has a nice shape. They have walk to Cartago for three years.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Subject + has / have + Verb of the action with past participle + Complements.

Subject + has not / have not + Verb of the action with past participle + Complements.

Present Perfect Tense- Pretérito Perfecto:

We use the present perfect simple to refer to events in the past but which connect to the present.
We use the present perfect simple to talk about our experiences up to now. The time of the
experiences is not important.
Es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para expresar acciones que han tenido lugar en el pasado, pero
en un pasado muy reciente que se conecta con el presente. Este tiempo verbal se forma con el
presente del verbo (to) have, has o have + el participio del verbo de la acción: Regular
(Infinitivo+ed) o Irregular (tercera columna de la lista de verbos irregulares).
E.g.: John has washed the dishes this morning. (John ha lavado los platos esta mañana).
Negative Form of Present Perfect Tense:
E.g.: John has not/ hasn't washed the dishes this morning. (John no ha lavado los platos esta
mañana)

Interrogative Form of Present Perfect Tense:

E.g.: Has John washed the dishes this morning? (¿Ha lavado John Los platos esta
mañana?)
Exercise #1. Complete this conversation with the correct tense.

Isabel: I went to Cahuita Beach last week.

__________________ (Did you ever go / Have you ever been) to Cahuita Beach,
Andy?

Andy: Yes _________________ (I did / I have). It´s beautiful.

____________________ (Did you go / Have you gone) there on the weekend?

Isabel: Yeah, I ________________ (did / have). I ________________ (went / have gone)

on

Sunday. _________________ (I got up / I´ve gotten up) at 4:00 A.M.

Andy: Wow! _________________ (I never woke up / I´ve never woken up) that early!

Isabel: Oh, it wasn´t so bad. I ________________ (got / have gotten) to the beach early to
see the sun rise.

_______________________ (Did you ever see / Have you ever seen) a sunrise,
Andy?

Andy: No, __________________ (I didn´t / I haven´t). I prefer sunsets to sunrises.

Has/Have + Subject + Verb of the action with past participle + Complements.

Isabel: Really? Then I ___________________ (went / Have gone) swimming around 6:00,
but there were some strange dark shadows in the water.

_________________________ (Did you ever hear / Have you ever heard) of sharks
at Cahuita Beach?

Andy: Yes, _______________ (I did / I have). I ______________ (heard / have heard) a

news report about sharks last summer.

Isabel: Gee! Maybe I _________________ (had / have had) a lucky scape on Sunday
morning! Why don´t you come with me next time?

Andy: Are you kidding?

 READING.

SEEKING FOR THE BEST EMPLOYEE

Bob and Darren work together. They are talking about interviews for a new sales manager
position at their company.

Bob: We need to make a decision on who we are going to hire for the new salesperson position.

Darren: I know. There are a lot of good applicants. So far we have interviewed 10 people and
have looked at over 50 resumes.

Bob: Well, let’s take a look at some of the best and make a decision.

Darren: OK, the first person is Phil. He has worked as a salesperson for 10 years in both The
United States and Canada. Also, he has been the manager of the sales department of a large
auto-parts company.

Bob: Sounds interesting, but has he ever worked in the food sales industry?

Darren: No he hasn’t.

Bob: That might be a problem. We need someone with food experience.

Darren: OK, what about Karen? She has worked in the food industry for 6 years. She has been a
manager of a major supermarket and worked in marketing for a large meat company.

Bob: OK. Has she worked in international sales before?

Darren: No, she has never worked in international sales.

Bob: Well, that could be a problem. This job will require a lot of international experience. I think
we need someone who has worked in an international environment

Darren: Well what about Larry? We haven’t met him yet but his resume looks good. He has
been a salesperson in the food industry for 13 years. He has worked in The United States,
Canada and Mexico. In the past 4 years he has learned to speak Spanish and French.

Bob: Wow, sounds great!

Darren: The problem is we still haven’t had an interview with him. I have called him many
times, but I haven’t been able to reach him.

Bob: Well, why don’t you send him an email? Perhaps he will respond that way.

Darren: OK, I will try that. I will let you know.

Bob: Great, thanks.

Exercise #2. Read the text and choose the best alternative in order to answer the questions.

1. How many people have they interviewed?

a. 5
b. 10
c. 50
d. 3

2. Who has worked in the food industry?

a. Phil
b. Larry
c. Bob
d. Karen

3. Who have they not met?

a. Phil
b. Larry
c. Bob
d. Karen

4. Why haven’t they interviewed Larry?

a. They haven't looked at his resume yet.

b. They haven't been able to contact him by email.
c. They haven't been able to reach him on the phone.
d. They haven't had the chance to call him.
2. ONCE UPON A TIME I ENJOYED

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Present Perfect Progressive Tense (Affirmative)

Subject + has / have + been + Main Verb + -ing + Complements.

She has been working in Coned since last year. They have been living in Costa Rica since 1990.

He has been playing soccer since 2 hours ago. We have been working in the project.

It has been raining since yesterday. I have been working on this report since eight
o'clock

Present Perfect Continuous: Uses

Recent past activities
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a finished activity in the recent past.
Using the present perfect continuous focuses on the activity. We don’t give a specific time.
Even though the activity is finished, we can see the result in the present:

 I’ve just been cleaning the car. (The car is wet and clean.)
 It’s been snowing. (The ground is covered in snow.)
 What have you been buying?

One continuing event

We use the present perfect continuous for a single activity that began at a point in the past
and is still continuing:

 I’ve been reading your book – it’s great. (I’m still reading it.)
 He’s been living in the village since 1995. (He is still living in the village.)
 She has been writing her autobiography since 1987.
Repeated continuing events
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about repeated activities which started at a
particular time in the past and are still continuing up until now:

 I’ve been going to Spain on holiday every year since 1987.

 I haven’t been eating much lunch lately. I’ve been going to the gym at lunchtimes.
 She’s been playing tennis on and off for three years.

How long …?
We often use the present perfect continuous to ask and answer questions about the duration
of an activity. We use the question How long …+ present perfect continuous:

 A: How long have you been waiting for me?

B: About ten minutes. Not too long. (I’ve been waiting for about ten minutes.)

Negative statement
For the negative statement we will use the word “NOT” in the auxiliary “HAVE / HAS” before
the participle form of BE (been).

Subject + have / has + NOT + been + Main Verb + -ing + Complements.

 She has not been waiting for the bus anymore.

 I have not been working in San Jose since last week.
Exercise #3. Put the verbs into the correct form (use the present perfect progressive).

1. He ______________________________ (work) has been working in this company since 1985.

2. I ______________________________ (wait) for you since two o'clock.

3. Mary ______________________________ (live) in Germany since 1992.

4. Why is he so tired? He ______________________________ (play) tennis for five hours.

5. How long ______________________________ (learn / you) English?

6. We ______________________________ (look for) the motorway for more than an hour.

7. I ______________________________ (live) without electricity for two weeks.

8. The film ______________________________ (run / not) for ten minutes yet, but there's a
commercial break already.

9. How long ______________________________ (work / she) in the garden?

10. She ______________________________ (not / be) in the garden for more than an hour.
 GRAMMAR FOCUS

Present Perfect Progressive Tense (Interrogative Form)

Affirmative Yes / No Questions (+):

HAS She, he, it

been working?
HAVE I, you, we, they

Information Questions (Wh/Questions):

HAS She, he, it

WH Word been working?
HAVE I, you, we, they

Exercise #4. Write questions in present perfect progressive.

1. she / on the phone / talk

________________________________________________________.

2. his brother / dinner / cook

_______________________________________________________.

3. Jane and Mary / badminton / play

_________________________________________________.

4. Sue / in the gym / exercise

________________________________________________________.

5. Robert / the room / paint

_________________________________________________________.

6. they / trees / plant

____________________________________________________________.

7. Henry / in the garage / work

______________________________________________________.

8. they / in the lake / swim

_________________________________________________________.
9. how long / Boris / English / learn
___________________________________________________.

10. how long / you / for me / wait

____________________________________________________.
 READING.

A. Exercise #5. Complete the chart.

Problem What didn´t work What worked

Luis
Sharon

Fred
GRAMMAR FOCUS

We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity.

These are called adverbs of frequency and include:

* Some people pronounce the 'T' in often but many others do not.

These are also known as Adverbs of INDEFINITE frequency as the exact frequency is not defined.
The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence
An adverb of frequency goes BEFORE a main verb (except with To Be).

An adverb of frequency goes AFTER the verb To Be.

When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the adverb is
placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.

We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:

Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

 Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.

BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:

Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.

We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:

 She hardly ever comes to my parties.

 They never say 'thank you'.

We use ever in questions and negative statements:

  Have you ever been to New Zealand?
 I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been Switzerland').
Adverbs of Definite Frequency
We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific about the frequency:

 every day
 once a month
 twice a year
 four times a day
 every other week
 daily
 monthly

These are also known as Adverbs of DEFINITE frequency as the exact frequency is specified.

Exercise #6. Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its usual position.

1. He listens to the radio. (often)

_________________________________________________.

2. They read a book.

(sometimes)_________________________________________________.

3. Pete gets angry. (never)

______________________________________________________.

4. Tom is very friendly. (usually)

__________________________________________________.

5. I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes)

___________________________________________.

6. Walter helps his father in the kitchen. (usually)

__________________________________________________________________________
.

7. Ramon and Frank are hungry. (often)

____________________________________________.

8. My grandmother goes for a walk in the evening. (always)

__________________________________________________________________________
_.
 9. Christine smokes. (never)
______________________________________________________.

10. They watch TV in the afternoon. (never)

__________________________________________.

Other Expressions of Frequency

How often…?

 How often do you play soccer?

 How often does Mary cook?

 We go to the theatre once a week.

 Peter plays soccer five times a month.

 Mary cooks every day.

 I play tennis every Sunday.
Exercise #7. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, as in the example.

play /often / on / Sundays / they / football

They often play football on Sundays.

1. late / is / she / sometimes

___________________________________________

2. early / up / sister / never / Sundays / on / gets / my

___________________________________________

3. usually / he / goes / to / on / Fridays / the / cinema

___________________________________________

4. go / you / restaurant / often / a / do / how / to / ?

___________________________________________

5. she / the / beach / to / always / goes / in / the / summer

___________________________________________

6. sometimes / her / does / she / Fridays / on / shopping

___________________________________________

7. go / we / twice / month / the / theatre / to / a

___________________________________________

8. never / in / is / the / at / mornings / Peter / home

___________________________________________

9. he / work / rides / bike / to / his / often

___________________________________________

10. you / out / how / in / do / evenings / often / go / the / ?

___________________________________________
3. TRY IT!

USEFULL VOCABULARY

Collecting stamps/rocks/coins Coleccionar estampillas / rocas / monedas

Doing magic tricks Hacer trucos de magia

Taking pictures Tomar fotografías

Chess Ajedrez

Exploring Explorar

Playing Jugar

Instruments Instrumentos

Darts Dardos

Sailing Navegar

Sunbathing Broncearse

Travelling Viajar

Gardening Hacer el jardín

Martial Arts Artes Marciales

GRAMMAR FOCUS

We use Comparatives and Superlatives to compare people, places or things.

The formation of the comparative and superlative depends on the number of syllables in the
adjective:

Rule #1 - One-syllable Adjectives

To form the comparative, we add -er to the end of the adjective.

To form the superlative, we add -est to the end of the adjective.

* When an adjective ends in the letter E, we just add the -R (for comparatives) or -ST (for
superlatives). We do not write two Es together. Wider (correct) not wideer (incorrect).

** When an adjective ends in a consonant + short vowel + consonant (C + V + C), we normally

double the last letter.

E.g.: big - bigger - biggest, wet - wetter - wettest

 London is bigger than Santiago.

 Mike is taller than John but James is the tallest.
 Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
 It is the oldest building in the village.
 I want a faster car.

Notice how comparatives are often followed by than when comparing two things or people.
Rule #2 – Adjectives with Two or more Syllables
For Adjectives with 2 syllables (that don't end in -y) and higher (3, 4 syllables etc), we use more
for comparatives and the most for superlatives.

 My girlfriend is more beautiful than yours.

 Alex is more intelligent than you but I am the most intelligent.
 It was the most wonderful day I have ever had.
Some exceptions with two-syllable adjectives ending in -er and -est:

narrow - narrower, simple - simpler, quiet - quieter

Rule #3 - Two-syllable Adjectives ending in -Y

To form the comparative, we remove the -y and add -ier to the end of the adjective.

To form the superlative, we remove the -y and add -iest to the end of the adjective.

 It was the happiest day of my life.

 My joke was funnier than your one.
 This section is easier than the rest.
Rule #4 – Irregular Forms

 I am a better tennis player than you but Marcelo is the best.

 Steve is a worse liar than me but Adrian is the worst.
*** Farther - Further

Further / farther, furthest / farthest are all used for distance.

Only Further / furthest are used to mean 'additional' or 'more advanced'.

 Puerto Montt is further / farther than Valdivia is from here (in Santiago).
 If you require further information, please contact reception.

HINT: Remember that the opposites of 'more' and 'most' are 'less' and 'least', respectively.

**** Older - Eldest

We use elder / eldest when we are talking about family relationships and normally only before a
noun (not by itself unless it is a pronoun).

 He is my elder brother. (We cannot say: My brother is elder than me. - incorrect)
 The eldest sister would pass on her dresses to the younger one.
Comparative and Superlative of ILL

When comparing how ill people are, you will normally hear worse or the worst and not "iller or
illest". Some people may prefer to replace ill with sick (sicker, sickest) when comparing.
Exercise #8. Complete the sentences with the Comparative form of the adjectives in brackets.

1. My sister thinks she's ____________________________ (intelligent) than me, but I don't

agree!

2. Avatar is probably ____________________________ (bad) film I've seen!

3. What is ____________________________ (wet) month of the year in England?

4. Do you think the Harry Potter films are ____________________________ (good) than the
books?

5. Who is ________________________________ (powerful) person in your country?

6. I think Men in Black 1 was ___________________________ (funny) than Men in Black 3.

7. Is Angelina Jolie _________________________ (old) than Sandra Bullock?

8. John is ______________________________ (nice) person that I know.

Exercise #9. Choose the best option to complete the sentences with the Comparative or
Superlative form of the adjectives given.

1. My brother is _____________________ than me.

a. more tall
b. tallest
c. taller
d. most tallest

2. The cheetah is the ________________ land animal in the world.

a. faster
b. fastest
c. fast
d. most fast

3. She always has a smile on her face, she is the ________________________ person that I
know.
a. happiest
b. most happy
 c. happier
d. more happy

4. Her skin is much ____________________ after two weeks in the Caribbean.

a. more dark
b. darker
c. dark
d. darkness

5. The traffic is ____________ today because of an accident on the highway.

a. more slow
b. slowest
c. slower
d. most slow

6. That is the _____________ mountain I have ever seen.

a. highest
b. higher
c. most high
d. more high

7. She is the ________________ woman in the world.

a. more beautiful
b. beautifuliest
c. beautifuler
d. most beautiful

8. My brother is the ______________________ person that I know.

a. lazier
b. laziest
c. more lazy
d. most lazy

9. She is ___________ at mathematics than I am.

a. gooder
b. better
c. best
d. goodest
 10. San Pedro de Atacama is the ____________________ desert in the world.
a. most dry
b. drier
c. more dry
d. driest

11. My wife is far ______________ than I will ever be.

a. more intelligent
b. more intelligentest
c. intelligent
d. intelligenter

12. That is the ___________________ result I have received in this subject.

a. worst
b. baddest
c. worse
d. more bad

13. The car is slightly _____________ than that car.

a. more cheap
b. more expensive
c. expesiver
d. most expensive

14. The brain surgery was the ______________ ever performed by the surgeon.
a. more delicatest
b. more delicate
c. most delicate
d. delicatest

15. Asian food is in general ______________ than food from South America.
a. spicier
b. more spicy
c. spicy
d. spiciest

READING.

SPORTS
There are many different kinds of sports that are undertaken by a wide variety of different people.
Some people do sport for their career and other people purely do sport for enjoyment and
Exercise #10. Reading comprehension. Answer the questions that go with the above reading
passage choosing the best option given.

1) Which sport requires the use of a lot of equipment?

a) Football
b) Athletics
c) Cricket
d) Rugby

2) What sport is popular in the United Kingdom?

a) Baseball
b) Cricket
c) Basketball
d) Athletics

3) What sport is popular in the United States?

a) Cricket
b) Baseball
c) Football
d) Squash

4) What sport can last longer than a day in duration?

a) Football
b) Baseball
c) Rugby
d) Cricket

5) How often is the Olympics held?

a) Every year
b) Every two years
c) Every four years
d) Every day
4. THE MOST FUN I´VE EVER HAD!
GRAMMAR FOCUS

Todos los verbos auxiliares con excepción de "to be", "have" y "do" son llamados verbos modales
o "modal verbs".

A diferencia de los verbos auxiliares "to be", "have" y "do", los modales sólo existen como verbos
de ayuda, es decir que no pueden ser el verbo principal en una oración. Necesitan de otro verbo
para darle sentido a la oración.

The Modal Verbs are:

"Can", "could", "may", "might", "must", "shall", "should", "ought to", "will" and "would".
Let´s study some examples:

• I can talk to the manager.

Yo puedo hablar con el gerente.
(Yo puedo hacerlo).

• I could talk to the manager.

Yo podría hablar con el gerente.
(Yo podría hacerlo).

• I may talk to the manager.

Puede que hable con el gerente.
(Me es permitido y podría decidir hacerlo)

• I might talk to the manager.

Es posible que hable con el gerente.
(Es posible que lo haga en un futuro próximo).

• I must talk to the manager.

Yo debo hablar con el gerente.
(Necesito hacerlo y es algo que definitivamente va a pasar).

• I shall talk to the manager.

Yo voy a hablar con el gerente.
(Definitivamente voy a hacerlo, no hay duda.)

• I should talk to the manager.

Yo debería hablar con el gerente.
(Debería hacerlo pero no necesariamente estoy diciendo que va a pasar).

• I ought to talk to the manager.

Yo debería hablar con el gerente.
(Debería hacerlo pero no necesariamente estoy diciendo que va a pasar).

• I will talk to the manager.

Yo voy a hablar con el gerente.
(Definitivamente voy a hacerlo, no hay duda.)

• I would talk to the manager.

Yo hablaría con el gerente.
(Podría hablar con el gerente si… algo sucediera. Es una suposición o una posibilidad).
  "Can" puede ser usado para expresar ideas en presente o en futuro, pero nunca en
pasado.

Example:
•We can fix this = nosotros podemos arreglar esto.

Importante....
La forma negativa de "can" es "cannot" y su contracción negativa es "can´t".

•Nancy can visit us next weekend = Nancy puede visitarnos el próximo fin de semana.
 "Could" tiene dos usos:

1. Como forma de pasado de "can":

O sea que también indica habilidad física o capacidad mental pero de una acción del pasado.
For example:

• He could run a marathon when he was young = Él podía correr una maratón cuando joven.
2. Para expresar una posibilidad: En este caso su equivalente en español es "podría"

 "May" indica posibilidad en el presente o futuro.

También indica permiso para ejecutar o realizar una acción.

 "Might" indica la posibilidad de que ocurra una acción, pero no necesariamente indica que
va a suceder. Es como decir “existe la posibilidad remota de que esto suceda”. En este caso
su equivalente en español es "podría" y expresa tiempo presente o futuro.

"May not" es la forma negativa de "may".

La forma negativa de "Could" es "could not" y su contracción negativa es "Couldn't"

 "Must" nos indica obligación, necesidad, deber o condición que no puede cambiar. Se usa
para referirse al presente o al futuro.

Importante...
"Must not" es la forma negativa de "Must" e indica prohibición.
  Usamos "Should", "Ought to" y "Had better" para hablar sobre concejos, sugerencias,
tratos y alertas.
 Nunca vamos a usar "to" después de "should"

La forma negativa es "should not", la cual frecuentemente contraemos como: shouldn't

We should get together more often. (Nosotros deberíamos reunirnos más a menudo)
You should not leave your car in neutral. (Usted no debería dejar el carro en neutro)

They shouldn’t eat so much sugar. (Ellos no deberían comer tanta azúcar)

 En las preguntas, invertimos "should" y el sujeto de la oración:

Should they charge for emergency room visits? (¿Deberían ellos cobrar por las visitas a la sala de
emergencias?)
  De esta forma también podemos usar "ought to" pero con las siguientes limitaciones.
Nosotros realmente no lo usamos en negativo ni en preguntas, y normalmente solamente
lo usamos en tiempo presente:
I ought to do more exercise. (Yo debería hacer más ejercicio)

You ought to study a little more. (Usted debería estudiar un poquito más)

 Porque decimos "ought to" los estudiantes usualmente lo confunden y tienden a decir
"should to". Recuerde, nosotros NO decimos "should to".

OUGHT TO:
Tiene un uso similar al SHOULD. Por lo tanto, también se traduce por “debería + infinitivo”. Se
emplea también para indicar suposición.

“She ougth to be at work” (Debe de estar en el trabajo).

“You ought to Help the poor” (Deberías ayudar a los pobres).

Should vs Ought to

¿Y entonces, cómo los diferenciamos?

Pues digamos que, en lo que ha significado se refiere, ambas formas se emplean en caso de una
obligación débil, para recomendar algo e incluso para aconsejar. No existe una gran diferencia y,
en la mayoría de los casos, se pueden usar indistintamente.

Sin embargo, cuando ese consejo hace referencia a una norma o responsabilidad moral, más que
a una opinión general sobre algo, se suele emplear “ought to” en lugar de “should”.

You should study harder (Opino que deberías estudiar más)  Es mi opinión personal.

You saw the thief. You ought to call the police. (Viste al ladrón. Deberías llamar a la policía)  Casi
que es como una obligación moral.

Recordemos que NO usamos el “ought to” en oraciones negativas ni tampoco en preguntas,

para ese caso usamos siempre “should”.
HAD BETTER:
"Had better" es usado para amenazas o alertas. Es más fuerte que "should" e implica
consecuencias si la acción es (o no) llevada a cabo:

You had better be at the meeting. (Usted debe estar en la reunión). Esto implica que abran
problemas – ¿será usted despedido? – si no lo hace.

A menudo usamos "or else" o "otherwise" para introducir las consecuencias:

You had better pay the fine or else it will double. (Usted mejor paga la multa o de lo contrario se
duplicará)

He had better close the garage, otherwise somebody will steal his bicycle. (El debería mejor cerrar
el garaje, de lo contrario alguien se robará la bicicleta)

El negativo es "had better not"

You had better not cross the train tracks when the barrier is down. (Usted mejor no debería cruzar
la línea del tren cuando las barras están abajo)

Como con "should" nosotros no usamos "to" después de "had better". Por alguna razón, los
estudiantes usan el afirmativo correctamente, pero tienden a agregar "to" en el negativo.
Exercise #11. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliary verbs.

1. My grandmother is eighty-five, but she ________ still read and write without glasses. (Ability)

a. can
b. could
c. may

2. ________ I come with you?

a. Can
b. Will
c. Would

3. ________ you help me with the housework, please? (Polite request)

a. Could
b. Will
c. Should

4. There was a time when I ________ stay up very late. (Past ability)

a. would
b. could
c. can

5. You ________ not lose any more weight. You are already slim. (Necessity)

a. may
b. need
c. should

6. We ________ make the first move. (Prohibition)

a. must not
b. will not
c. cannot

7. It is snowing outside so I ________ stay at home. (Intention)

a. may
b. will
c. can
8. I ________ get you a shawl from Kashmir. (Promise)

a. will
b. would
c. can

9. ________ you mind if I borrowed your car? (Permission)

a. Will
b. Would
c. Should

10. ________ you take care of my dog for a day? (Polite request)

a. Will
b. Shall
c. Should

11. Our country ________ become a super power by 2025. (possibility)

a. may
b. might
c. will

12. She ________ sell her home because she needs money. (weak possibility)

a. may
b. might
c. could
Exercise #12. Complete the sentences using the words listed in the box below. Don't forget to
capitalize when necessary. Some gaps may have more than one correct answer.

can could have to must might should

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ___________________ be exhausted
after such a long flight. He prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.

2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you ___________________ walk
downtown and explore the waterfront.

3. Hiking the trail to the peak ___________________ be dangerous if you are not well prepared
for dramatic weather changes. You research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent.

4. When you have a small child in the house, you ___________________ leave small objects lying
around. Such objects be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.

5. Dave: ___________________ you hold your breath for more than a minute?
Nathan: No, I can't.

6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ___________________ have cost a fortune.

7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they
___________________ die.

8. I ___________________ speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after
we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything
I knew as a child. Now, I ___________________ just say a few things in the language.

9. The book is optional. My professor said we ___________________ read it if we needed extra

credit. But we __________________ read it if we don't want to.

10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It ___________________ be in this drawer but it's not here.
Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It
___________________ be in there. That's the only other place it ___________________ be.

11. You ___________________ take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the
news said there's a storm north of here and it ___________________ rain later on this afternoon.

12. ___________________ we pull over at the next rest stop? I really ___________________ use
the bathroom and I don't know if I ___________________ hold it until we get to Chicago.

13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He ___________________ have left it here
last night.
14. Ned: ___________________ I borrow your lighter for a minute?
Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you ___________________ keep it if you want to. I've
given up smoking.

15. I ___________________ believe she said that to Megan! She ___________________ insult her
cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She ___________________ have just said she
was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal.

16. Do you ___________________ chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick
watching you eat that piece of pizza.

17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has
left the mansion this evening, so the killer ___________________ be someone in this room. It
___________________ be any one of us!!!

18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.
Pamela: It ___________________ have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she
is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.

19. ___________________ you always say the first thing that pops into your head?
___________________ you think once in awhile before you speak?

20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It
___________________ be lying around here somewhere. Where ___________________ it be? Be
swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
 PRONUNCIATION. Pronouncing ɜ:

[ɜ:] as in URN, FIRST and SERVE.

LIPS: are protruded and slightly parted.

JAW: is slightly lowered.

TONGUE: is midlevel in the mouth.

The vowel [ɜ:] does not exist in Spanish. However, Spanish speakers generally have no difficult
pronouncing it.

[ɜ:] is a sound that occurs only in stressed syllables of words.

The following words should be pronounced with [ɜ:]. Repeat them carefully after your teacher.

[ɜ:] At the Beginning [ɜ:] In the Middle [ɜ:] At the End

urn turn fur

herb word blur

earn verb stir

earth third occur

early curve prefer

urgent learn

earnest circus
 [ɜ:] SPELLED:

“ir” “ur” “er”

bird hurt fern

girl curl term

firm curb stern

third purple German

circle turkey servant

Less frequent spelling patterns for [ɜ:] consist of the letters “ear”, “our”, and “or”.

Examples: heard journey work

 PRONUNCIATION. Pronouncing ɔ:

[ɔ:] as in ALL CAUGHT and BOSS

LIPS: are in a tense oval shape and slightly protruded.

JAW: is open more than for [OU].

TONGUE: is low near the floor of the mouth.

The vowel [ɔ:] is another “trouble maker” that doesn´t exist in Spanish! Confusing English spelling
patterns frequently make you substitute more familiar vowels.

EXAMPLES: If you substitute [a] for [ɔ:]: caller will become collar

If you substitute [OU] for [ɔ:]: bought will become boat

If you substitute [ᴧ] for [ɔ:]: bought will become but

Remember to protrude YOUR lips and drop YOUR JAW when you say [ɔ:]

The following words should be pronounced with [ɔ:]. Repeat them carefully after your teacher.

[ɔ:] At the Beginning [ɔ:] In the Middle [ɔ:] At the End

or boss awe
all fall raw
off song law
also store saw
awful wrong flaw
often broad draw
ought bought claw
always taught thaw
August across straw
audience naughty
 [ɔ:] SPELLED:

“o” “a” “aw” “au”

dog fall jaw auto

toss call lawn fault

lost mall dawn cause

long salt drawn pauper

Less frequent spelling patterns for [ɔ:] consist of the letters “oa” and “ou”.

EXAMPLES: broad cough thought

HINTS: a. The letter “o” followed by “ff”, “ng”, and “ss” is usually pronounced [ɔ:]

EXAMPLES: offer off long strong loss tossing

b. The letters “aw” are usually pronounced [ɔ:]

EXAMPLES: lawn draw awful

c. The letter “a” followed by “ll”, “lk”, “lt”, and “ld” is usually pronounced [ɔ:].

EXAMPLES: ball talk salt bald

offer stall awful auction

Exercise #13. The boldface words in the following questions / answers should all be pronounced
with the vowel [ɔ:]. Repeat them carefully after your teacher. Fill in the blanks with your own
words.

1. How much does coffee cost?

Coffee costs ______________________.

2. What is the reward for the lost dog?

The reward for the lost dog is ______________________.

3. Have you had that awful cough for long?

I´ve had an awful cough for ___________________.

4. Is Paul´s hair long or short?

Paul´s hair is ________________________.

5. Did you make a long distance call to Boston or Baltimore?

I made a long distance call to _____________________.

Exercise #14. Read the following dialogue aloud. Circle all words that should be pronounced with
the vowel [ɔ:].

AUDREY: Hi, Paula. Did you hear the awful news? Maude called off her wedding to Claude!

PAULA: Why, Audrey? I thought they were getting married in August.

AUDREY: Maude kept stalling and decided Claude was the wrong man.

PAULA: Poor Claude. He must be a lost soul.

AUDREY: Oh no. He´s abroad in Austria having ball!

PAULA: I almost forgot. What about the long tablecloth we bought them?

AUDREY: I already brought it back. The cost of the cloth will cover the cost of our lunch
today.

PAULA: Audrey, you´re always so thoughtful

 READING.

OUR FAVORITE CHILDHOOD GAMES

A recent study found that outdoor play is in danger of eroding, with children spending less time
than ever playing on the street in favor of sitting in front of computers and the TV. We felt a pang of
sadness - after all, who didn't love running at breakneck speed to escape the one on it or scrambling up
the nearest tree for that perfect hiding spot?
This discussion soon escalated into a full-on debate about over favorite childhood games; from
the delights of Buckaroo and the fear/excitement of hide 'n' seek to the sheer elation of Cowboys and
Indians or the thrilling mystery of Cluedo. And so we decided to list some of our favorite childhood
games - many of which we wish we could still indulge in...

Marbles
Ah, marbles. Deceptively non-interesting at first glance, they open up a whole world of wonder as a
child. You can trade them, barter with them, smash them into each other or amass them as a sweaty
collection in your backpocket ... the possibilities are endless.

Rollerskating
We're not talking your hi-tech whizz-along blades here - oh no. It's the old-school, stopper at the front
rollerskates that are the real classics. The ones that allowed you to scoot down a hill at breakneck speed
then come to a grinding halt just before that fence. Adult skating just isn't the same.

Hopscotch
Chucking a stone at a chalked number then hopping to get to it doesn't sound like a barrel of laughs, but
by some weird miracle it's been entertaining kids for decades... since the time of Henry VIII, in fact.

Wheelbarrow Races
A Sports Day staple, alongside the Egg & Spoon Race and the Three-Legged Race. In fact, there was a fair
amount of grass and rough and tumble involved (not to mention raw arm power) - but the sheer
excitement of grabbing your partner by their two legs and propelling them down the race track made it
more than worth the hassle.

Hide and Seek

"Ready or not, here I come..."
How is it that those words still leave us with an almost atavistic tendency to dive underneath the nearest
desk in paroxysms of fear and delight? A king among childhood games.

Sack Races
It had to be a child who spotted the potential of a sack for racing in. Who else would look at a grimy old
bag and visualize a mad hopping race with the sole aim being not to fall over?

SPEAKING ABOUT…
1. Discuss with the class about traditional games they played when they were kids.
2. Question: Have you played __________________ when you was a kid? Share the history…